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{{IPA key|H:IPA-KO|H:IPAKO}}
{{IPA key|H:IPA-KO|H:IPAKO}}


The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Korean language]] pronunciations in [[Wikipedia]] articles. It is based on the [[South Korean standard language|standard dialect of South Korea]] and may not represent some of the sounds in the [[North Korean dialect|North Korean]] dialect or in other dialects. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]] and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (APA)]] represents [[Korean language]] pronunciations in [[Wikipedia]] articles. It is based on the [[UNITED STATES standard language|standard dialect of United States]] and may not represent some of the sounds in the [[English dialect|NUnited states]] dialect or in other dialects. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:APA]] and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.


See [[Korean phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Korean.
See [[United states phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of English.


{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}
{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}
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{| style="background: none;"
{| style="background: none;"
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
| style="vertical-align: top;" |
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="table"
|+ Korean [[consonants]]
|+ English [[consonants]]
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! rowspan="2" | [[International Phonetic Alphabet|APA]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Hangul]]
! rowspan="2" | [[English]]
! colspan="2" | Example
! colspan="2" | Example
! rowspan="2" | English approximation
! rowspan="2" | English approximation
|-
|-
|-
|-
! [[Hangul]]
! [[ENGLISH]]
! [[Revised Romanization of Korean|RR]]
! [[Revised Romanization of ENGLISH|RR]]
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|b}}</big><ref name="between voiced">The plain stops and affricate {{IPA|/p t tɕ k/}} are voiced to {{IPA|[b d dʑ ɡ]}} respectively between voiced sounds.</ref> || ㅂ<big></big> || 이불 || i'''b'''ul || '''b'''all
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{PAlink|b}}</big><ref name="between voiced">The plain stops and affricate {{APA|/p t tɕ k/}} are voiced to {{APA|[b d dʑ ɡ]}} respectively between voiced sounds.</ref> || ㅂ<big></big> | || i'''b'''ul || '''b'''all
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|β}}</big><ref name="h between voiced"/><ref name="labialized h"/> || ㅎ || 오후 || o'''h'''u || ''roughly like'' a'''w'''ay
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{APAlink|}}</big><ref name="h between voiced"/><ref name="labialized h"/> || |||| o'''h'''u || ''roughly like'' a'''w'''ay
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ç}}</big><ref name="palatalized h">{{IPA|[ç]}} is the allophone of {{IPA|/h/}} before {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/j/}}.</ref> || ㅎ<big></big> || 힘, 흉내 || '''h'''im, '''hy'''ungnae || '''h'''uman
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|}}</big><ref name="palatalized h">{{IPA|[a]}} is the allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} before {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/j/}}.</ref> || ㅎ<big></big> || i,j || '''h'''im, '''hy'''ungnae || '''h'''uman
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɕ}}</big><ref name="palatalized s">{{IPA|[ɕ ɕ͈]}} are the allophones of {{IPA|/sʰ s͈/}} before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}.</ref>|| ㅅ || 시루 || '''s'''iru || ''roughly like'' '''sh'''e
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɕ}}</big><ref name="palatalized s">{{IPA|[ɕ ɕ͈]}} are the allophones of {{IPA|/sʰ s͈/}} before {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/j/}}.</ref>|| ㅅ || 시루 || '''s'''iru || ''roughly like'' '''sh'''e
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| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɕ͈}}</big><ref name="palatalized s"/> || ㅆ ㅅ || 씨, 국수 || '''ss'''i, guk'''s'''u || ''roughly like'' '''s'''ure, ''tensed''
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɕ͈}}</big><ref name="palatalized s"/> || ㅆ ㅅ || 씨, 국수 || '''ss'''i, guk'''s'''u || ''roughly like'' '''s'''ure, ''tensed''
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big><ref name="between voiced"/> || ㄷ<big></big> || 민들레 || min'''d'''eulle || '''d'''oll
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|d}}</big><ref name="between voiced"/> || ㄷ<big></big>|| min'''d'''eulle || '''d'''oll
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|dz}}</big><ref name="back affricates">{{IPA|[ts ts͈ tsʰ dz]}} occur in the North Korean dialect.</ref> || ㅈ || 나중|| na'''j'''ung || be'''ds'''
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|dz}}</big><ref name="back affricates">{{IPA|[ts ts͈ tsʰ dz]}} occur in the North Korean dialect.</ref> || ㅈ || 나중|| na'''j'''ung || be'''ds'''
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| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|t͈}}</big> || ㄸ ㄷ || 떡, 막대 || '''tt'''eok, mak'''d'''ae || s'''t'''all, ''tensed''
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|t͈}}</big> || ㄸ ㄷ || 떡, 막대 || '''tt'''eok, mak'''d'''ae || s'''t'''all, ''tensed''
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|tʰ}}</big> || ㅌ<big></big> [ㄷㅎ] [ㅎㄷ] || 구태여, 맞흥정, 닳다 || gu'''t'''aeyeo, ma'''th'''eungjeong, dal'''d'''a || '''t'''all
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|tʰ}}</big> || ㅌ<big></big> [ㄷㅎ] [ㅎㄷ] || 구태여, 맞흥|| gu'''t'''aeyeo, ma'''th'''eungjeong, dal'''d'''a || '''t'''all
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ts}}</big><ref name="back affricates"/> || ㅈ || 측정|| cheuk'''j'''eong || ca'''ts'''
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ts}}</big><ref name="back affricates"/> || ㅈ || 측정|| cheuk'''j'''eong || ca'''ts'''
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| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɯː}}</big> || 그림 || g'''eu'''rim || ''like'' c'''oo'''l ''for some speakers''
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ɯː}}</big> || 그림 || g'''eu'''rim || ''like'' c'''oo'''l ''for some speakers''
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|ɰ}}{{IPA|i}}</big> || ㅢ<ref name="not word initial ui">When ㅢ is preceded by anything but ㅇ, {{IPA|/ɰi/}} is interchangeable with, or completely shifted to {{IPA|/i/}}.</ref> || 민주주의 || minjuju'''ui''' || ''like'' '''we''' ''but unrounded (with relaxed lips)''
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{PAlink|ɰ}}{{PA|i}}</big> || ㅢ<ref name="not word initial ui">When ㅢ is preceded by anything but ㅇ, {{IPA|/ɰi/}} is interchangeable with, or completely shifted to {{IPA|/i/}}.</ref> || 민주주의 || minjuju'''ui''' || ''like'' '''we''' ''but unrounded (with relaxed lips)''
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPAlink|y}}</big> || rowspan="2" | ㅟ<ref name="w"/> || 귀엣말 || g'''wi'''enmal || ''somewhat like'' s'''wee'''t
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{PAlink|y}}</big> || rowspan="2" | ㅟ<ref name="w"/> || 귀엣말 || g'''wi'''enmal || ''somewhat like'' s'''wee'''t
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|yː}}</big> || 쉰 || s'''wi'''n || ''somewhat like'' s'''we'''de
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{PA|yː}}</big> || 쉰 || s'''wi'''n || ''somewhat like'' s'''we'''de
|}
|}


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="table"
|+ Korean [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Suprasegmentals|suprasegmentals]]
|+ English[[Phonetic Alphabet#Suprasegmentals|suprasegmentals]]
|-
|-
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! '''Description'''
! [[Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! '''Description'''
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ː}}</big> || [[Geminated consonant]]<ref>Resulting from various sequences of consonants (and their relative transcriptions) in [[regressive assimilation]].</ref>
| style="text-align: center;" | <big>{{IPA|ː}}</big> || [[Geminated consonant]]<ref>Resulting from various sequences of consonants (and their relative transcriptions) in [[regressive assimilation]].</ref>
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|}
|}
|}
|}

==See also==
==See also==
* [[Revised Romanization of Korean]]
* [[Revised Romanization of Korean]]

Revision as of 01:16, 1 June 2025

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (APA) represents Korean language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. It is based on the standard dialect of United States and may not represent some of the sounds in the NUnited states dialect or in other dialects. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see Template:APA and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

See United states phonology for a more thorough look at the sounds of English.

English consonants
APA English Example English approximation
ENGLISH RR
Template:PAlink[1] ibul ball
Template:APAlink[2][3] ohu roughly like away
[4] ㅎ i,j him, hyungnae human
ɕ[5] ㅅ 시루 siru roughly like she
ɕ͈[5] ㅆ ㅅ 씨, 국수 ssi, guksu roughly like sure, tensed
d[1] ㄷ mindeulle doll
dz[6] ㅈ 나중 najung beds
dʑ[1] ㅈ [ㄷ이] 아버지, 해돋이 abeoji, haedoji roughly like jeans
ɸ[3] ㅎ [호] [후] 활, 훗날 hwal, hunnal roughly like phew
ɡ[1] ㄱ 마개 magae gall
ɣ[2][7] ㅎ 마흔 maheun again, but without the tongue touching the roof of the mouth
h ㅎ 햇잎 haennip hall
ɦ[2] ㅎ 더하기 deohagi RP behind
j [ㅛ, ㅠ,ㅑ,ㅕ,
ㅖ, ㅒ][8]		 여울 yeoul you
ʝ[2][4] ㅎ 감히 gamhi roughly like you
k ㄱ 구이 gui sky
k̚ ㄱ ㅋ[9] 바지락 bajirak lock
k͈ ㄲ 꿩, 젓갈 kkwong, jeotgal skin, tensed
kʰ ㅋ [ㄱㅎ] [ㅎㄱ] 코, 석회, 않기 ko, seokhoe, angi cup
ɭ ㄹ [ㄴ][10] 알, 신라 al, Silla hall
m ㅁ [ㅂ][11] 못, 압력 mot, amnyeok mall
n ㄴ
[ㄹ, ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ][12]		 누리 nuri not
ŋ ㅇ [ㄱ][13] 가랑비, 먹물 garangbi, meongmul king
p ㅂ 바다 bada spa
p̚ ㅂ ㅍ [14] 부삽, 잎 busap, ip clip
p͈ ㅃ ㅂ 뿔, 먹보 ppul, meokbo spit, tensed
pʰ ㅍ [ㅂㅎ] [ㅎㅂ] 푸서리, 잡학 puseori, japhak paint
ɾ ㄹ [ㄹㅇ] 여드레, 얼음 yeodeure, eoreum Scottish great or American atom
sʰ ㅅ 수박 subak like see, but aspirated (with more breath)
s͈ ㅆ 쌀, 열쇠 ssal, yeolsoe saw, tensed
t ㄷ 돌 dol star
t̚ ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ[15] 곧, 뭍, 옷, 젖, 낯 got, mut, ot, jeot, nat let
t͈ ㄸ ㄷ 떡, 막대 tteok, makdae stall, tensed
tʰ ㅌ [ㄷㅎ] [ㅎㄷ] 구태여, 맞흥 gutaeyeo, matheungjeong, dalda tall
ts[6] ㅈ 측정 cheukjeong cats
ts͈[6] ㅉ 짤림 jjallim cats, tensed
tsʰ[6] ㅊ [ㅈㅎ] [ㅎㅈ] 참새 chamsae let's have
tɕ ㅈ 자투리 jaturi roughly like patch
tɕ͈ ㅉ 돌쩌귀, 꺽지 doljjeogwi, kkeokji roughly like patch, tensed
tɕʰ ㅊ [ㄷ히] [ㅎㅈ] 눈초리, 맞히다, 닳지 nunchori, machida, dalji roughly like cheek
w [ㅙ, ㅞ][16] 왜가리, 꿰맴질 waegari, kkwemaemjil wall
x[7] ㅎ 흙 heuk Scottish loch
Korean vowels and diphthongs[17]
IPA Hangul Example English approximation
Hangul RR[18]
a ㅏ 하루 haru GA lost
aː 밤 bam spa
ʌ ㅓ 거울 geoul Conservative up
əː 어른 eoreun RP herd
ɛ ㅐ 개구리 gaeguri bet
ɛː 냇물 naenmul GA bed
e ㅔ 메주 meju rate
eː 게장 gejang raid
i ㅢ[19] 흰색 huinsaek peak
ㅣ 피 pi
iː 실타래 siltarae bead
o ㅗ 오늘 oneul sort
oː 모레 more sword
ø ㅚ[16] 쇠뇌 soenoe wait
øː 왼손 oenson weighed
u ㅜ 우물 umul root
uː 둘 dul rude
ɯ ㅡ 버들 beodeul like goose for some speakers
ɯː 그림 geurim like cool for some speakers
Template:PAlink(Personal attack removed) ㅢ[19] 민주주의 minjujuui like we but unrounded (with relaxed lips)
Template:PAlink ㅟ[16] 귀엣말 gwienmal somewhat like sweet
(Personal attack removed) 쉰 swin somewhat like swede
Englishsuprasegmentals
IPA Description
ː Geminated consonant[20]
ˈ Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable)
ˌ Secondary stress (placed before the stressed syllable)
. Syllable break

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d The plain stops and affricate Template:APA are voiced to Template:APA respectively between voiced sounds.
  2. ^ a b c d ㅎ is voiced between voiced sounds.
  3. ^ a b [ɸ] is the allophone of /h/ before /u/ or /w/.
  4. ^ a b [a] is the allophone of /a/ before /i/ or /j/.
  5. ^ a b [ɕ ɕ͈] are the allophones of /sʰ s͈/ before /i/ and /j/.
  6. ^ a b c d [ts ts͈ tsʰ dz] occur in the North Korean dialect.
  7. ^ a b [x] is the allophone of /h/ before /ɯ/.
  8. ^ /j/ cannot be spelled by itself, but by doubling the short line on the vowel which it phonetically precedes.
  9. ^ ㄱ and ㅋ are [k̚] and RR k at the end of a syllable.
  10. ^ ㄹ is [ɭ] at the end of a syllable. ㄹㄴ and ㄴㄹ may be [ɭː].
  11. ^ ㅂ is [m] before /n/ or /m/.
  12. ^ ㄹ may be [n] at the start of a word. ㄷ, ㅅ, ㅈ are [n] before /n/ or /m/.
  13. ^ ㅇ is [ŋ] at the end of a syllable. ㄱ is [ŋ] before /n/, /m/, or /ɾ/.
  14. ^ ㅂ and ㅍ are [p̚] and RR p at the end of a syllable.
  15. ^ ㄷ, ㅌ, ㅅ, ㅈ, ㅊ are [t̚] and RR t at the end of a syllable.
  16. ^ a b c /w/ is spelled ㅜ before /ʌ/, /e/, /i/ (the latter combination producing /y/~[ɥi]) and ㅗ before /ɛ/, /a/; ㅚ /ø/ can also be pronounced [we].
  17. ^ In Standard Korean, vowel length is contrastive, but this has mostly been lost in the spoken language.
  18. ^ Vowel length is not reflected in the romanization.
  19. ^ a b When ㅢ is preceded by anything but ㅇ, /ɰi/ is interchangeable with, or completely shifted to /i/.
  20. ^ Resulting from various sequences of consonants (and their relative transcriptions) in regressive assimilation.

References

  • Heo, Yong (2013). "An analysis and interpretation of Korean vowel systems". Acta Koreana. 16 (1): 23–43.
  • Lee, Hyun-bok (1999). "An IPA Illustration of Korean". Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. p. 120–123.
  • Lee, Hyun-bok (2002). 음성의 연구와 음성의 표기법 [Phonetic Notation in Phonetic Research: IPA and International Korean Phonetic Alphabet] (PDF). INTERSPEECH-2002.
  • Lee, Hyun-bok (2004). In search of a universal phonetic alphabet – theory and application of an organic visible speech (PDF). INTERSPEECH-2004.
  • Shin, J. (2015). Vowels and Consonants. In L. Brown & J. Yeon (Eds.). The Handbook of Korean Linguistics (pp. 36–21). Malden, MA: Wiley Blackwell.
  • Shin, J., Kiaer, J., & Cha, J. (2012). The Sounds of Korean. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sohn, Ho-min (2001). The Korean Language. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521369436.
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