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{{short description|Bangladeshi footballer}}
{{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}}<!--
{{Infobox football biography
* Welcome to the sandbox! *
* Please leave this part alone *
| name = Kader
* The page is cleared regularly *
| image = Md Abdul Kader.png
* Feel free to try your editing skills below *
| fullname = Md Abdul Kader
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|12|10|df=y}}
■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■-->
| birth_place = [[Chuadanga]], [[Bangladesh]]

| height = 1.79m
{{Infobox GPU
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Goal Keeper]], [[Defender (association football)| Goal Keeper]]
|name=Color Graphics Adapter
| currentclub = [[Bashundhara FC]]
|created={{Start date and age|1981}}
| clubnumber = 16
|architecture=[[Motorola 6845]], ATI CW16800
| youthyears1 =
|entry=IBM Color Graphics Adapter, ATi Graphics Solution Rev 3, ATi Color Emulation Card, Tseng Labs ColorPAK,
| youthclubs1 =
|midrange=ATi Graphics Solution plus, ATi Graphics Solution Plus SP, ATi Graphics Solution SR, Number Nine Graphics System
| years1 = 2012–2016
| highend=ATi Small Wonder Graphics Solution, Tseng Labs EVA/480
| clubs1 = [[Sheikh Jamal DC]]
|enthusiast=ATi Small Wonder Graphics Solution with game port
| caps1 = ?
|successor={{plainlist|
| goals1 = 1
*[[Plantronics Colorplus|Plantronics]]
| years2 = 2016
*[[Tandy Graphics Adapter|PCjr/Tandy]]
| clubs2 = [[Chittagong Abahani]]
*[[Enhanced Graphics Adapter|EGA]]
| caps2 = 22
*[[Multi-Color Graphics Array|MCGA]]
| goals2 = 1
*[[Professional Graphics Controller|PGC]]}}
| years3 = 2017–2021
|caption=IBM CGA graphics card
| clubs3 = [[Dhaka Abahani]]
| caps3 = 65
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2021–2023
| clubs4 = [[Sheikh Jamal DC]]
| caps4 = 42
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2023–2024
| clubs5 = [[Chittagong Abahani]]
| caps5 = 18
| goals5 = 1
| years6 = 2024–
| clubs6 = [[Rahmatganj MFS]]
| caps6 = 0
| goals6 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2014–2016
| nationalteam1 = [[Bangladesh national under-23 football team|Bangladesh U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 7
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| nationalyears2 = 2013–2022
| nationalteam2 = [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]]
| nationalcaps2 = 34
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| club-update = 5 April 2024
| nationalteam-update = 14 June 2022
| alt =
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Country|{{fba|BAN}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze | [[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games – Men's tournament|2016]]|}}
}}
}}


'''Md Abdul Kader''' ({{langx|bn|আব্দুল কাদের}}) is a Bangladeshi professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Goal Keeper (association football)|goal keeper]] for [[Bangladesh Premier League (football)|Bangladesh Premier League]] club [[Rahmatganj MFS]].<ref>{{NFT player|pid=51697}}</ref> He is known for releasing long throw-ins into the opponent's box.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/tale-long-throw-ins-1630759|title=A tale of long throw-ins|date=September 8, 2018|work=The Daily Star}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/todays-paper/sports/97789/মাঠে-ফিরতে-উদগ্রীব-আবাহনীর-রায়হান|script-title=bn:মাঠে ফিরতে উদগ্রীব আবাহনীর কাদের|work=Jaijaidin}}</ref>
'''Color Graphics Adapter''' ('''CGA'''), originally also called the ''Color/Graphics Adapter'' or ''IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter'',<ref name=":0" /> introduced in 1981, was [[IBM]]'s first color [[graphics card]] for the [[IBM PC]] and established a [[De facto standard|de facto]] [[computer display standard]].
==Club career==
===Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club===


Kader started his top-flight career with Dhanmondi giant [[Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club]]. After finishing as runners up in the league in 2012, during his debut season, Kader helped the club win both [[Bangladesh Premier League (football)|Bangladesh Premier League]] and [[Federation Cup (Bangladesh)|Federation Cup]] titles in the following year. he won the double once again in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |author=Anisur Rahman |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/sk-jamal-take-the-crown |title=Sk Jamal take the crown |work=The Daily Star |date=2013-12-14 |access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref>
==Hardware design==
The original IBM CGA graphics card was built around the [[Motorola 6845]] display controller,{{r|bradley199009}} came with 16&nbsp;[[kilobyte]]s of [[video memory]] built in, and featured several graphics and [[text mode]]s. The highest [[display resolution]] of any mode was 640 × 200, and the highest [[color depth]] supported was 4-bit (16&nbsp;colors).


===Chittagong Abahani Limited===
The CGA card could be connected either to a direct-drive [[CRT monitor]] using a [[4-bit]] digital ([[Transistor-transistor logic|TTL]]) [[RGB(I)|RGBI]] interface, such as the [[IBM 5153]] color display, or to an [[NTSC]]-compatible television or [[composite video]] [[computer monitor|monitor]] via an [[RCA connector]].<ref name=":4">{{cite book|author=A. Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VtwFil-DTEC&q=5153+color+monitor&pg=PA1050|title=Encyclopaedia of Management of Computer Hardware|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=2002|isbn=978-81-261-1030-8|page=1050}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The RCA connector provided only baseband video, so to connect the CGA card to a television set without a composite video input required a separate [[RF modulator]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=http://minuszerodegrees.net/oa/OA%20-%20IBM%20Color%20Graphics%20Monitor%20Adapter%20(CGA).pdf|title=IBM CGA manual|page=1}}</ref>
In 2016, Kader made a move to [[Chittagong Abahani]] after spending five years with the Dhanmondi club. His first goal in the league for his new club came on 14 August 2016, in a 6–1 victory against [[Uttar Baridhara Club]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Anisur Rahman |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/ctg-abahani-thrash-baridhara-1269799 |title=Ctg Abahani thrash Baridhara|work=The Daily Star |date=2016-08-15 |access-date=2023-09-29}}</ref>


===Abahani Limited Dhaka===
IBM produced the ''5153 Personal Computer Color Display'' for use with the CGA, but this was not available at release<ref name="williams198201">{{cite news|author=Williams, Gregg|date=January 1982|title=A Closer Look at the IBM Personal Computer|page=36|work=BYTE|url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1982-01/1982_01_BYTE_07-01_The_IBM_Personal_Computer#page/n37/mode/2up|access-date=19 October 2013}}</ref> and would not be released until March 1983.<ref>International Business Machines Corporation (February 4, 1983). [http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/2/897/ENUS183-002/index.html&lang=en&request_locale=en Announcement Letter Number 183-002 - IBM COLOR DISPLAY, 5153].</ref>
On 1 January 2017, Kader Joined Bangladeshi giants [[Abahani Limited Dhaka]]. During his four-year spell at the club Kader won the [[Bangladesh Premier League (football)|Bangladesh Premier League]] title in his debut season, and also won the [[Federation Cup (Bangladesh)|Federation Cup]] trophy on two occasions.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/175765|title=Abahani overpower Bashundhara 3-1|work=The Independent |location=Dhaka}}</ref> He was also part of the Abahani team that reached the knockout phase of the [[2019 AFC Cup]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://m.theindependentbd.com/printversion/details/204947|title=Abahani reach AFC Cup knock out phase|work=The Independent |location=Dhaka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theindependentbd.com/post/212272|title=Abahani defeat April 25 by 4-3|work=The Independent |location=Dhaka}}</ref> During his last season at the club, Kader registered 6 assists, all through his long throw-ins.


===Return to Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club===
Although IBM's own color display was not available, customers could either use the composite output (with an RF modulator if needed), or the direct-drive output with available third-party monitors that supported the RGBI format and scan rate. Some third-party displays lacked the intensity input, reducing the number of available colors to eight,<ref name="williams198201" /> and many also lacked IBM's unique circuitry which rendered the dark-yellow color as brown, so any software which used brown would be displayed incorrectly.
On 21 October 2021, Kader returned to [[Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club]], after spending the previous four seasons with Abahani.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/sheikh-jamal-complete-transfers-2233991|title=Sheikh Jamal complete transfers|date=November 20, 2021|work=The Daily Star}}</ref> Upon returning to the club, coach Juan Manuel Martínez Sáez converted Kader into a [[Defender (association football)|centre back]].


==International career==
==Output capabilities==
===Youth===
CGA offered several video modes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://minuszerodegrees.net/oa/OA%20-%20IBM%20Color%20Graphics%20Monitor%20Adapter%20(CGA).pdf|title=IBM CGA manual|page=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Leonard|first=Jim|title=CGA Compatibility Tester reference video|url=https://archive.org/details/CGACompatibilityReferenceVideo|access-date=2020-10-14}}</ref>
Kader has represented Bangladesh by playing for the [[Bangladesh national under-23 football team|Bangladesh under-23]] team. On 15 September 2014, he made his international debut for Bangladesh under-23 team in the match against [[Afghanistan national under-23 football team|Afghanistan]] in [[Football at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2014 Asian Games]]. He scored his first goal for the under-23 side against [[Nepal national under-23 football team|Nepal]] during the [[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games|2016 South Asian Games]].


===Senior===
Graphics modes:
On 7 March 2013, at the age of 18, Kader made his international debut for Bangladesh during a friendly match against the [[Northern Mariana Islands national football team|Northern Mariana Islands]]. In the 85th minute of the match, he entered the field as a substitute for [[Mithun Chowdhury]]. Bangladesh won the match 4–0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/match/bangladesh-v-northern-mariana-islands/lineups/e0gl4br6ru0brtafrn6en1ptn|title=Bangladesh v Northern Mariana Islands Starting XIs, 3/6/13, AFC Challenge Cup &#124; Goal.com|website=www.goal.com}}</ref>


==Career statistics==
* 160&nbsp;×&nbsp;100 in 16 colors, chosen from a 16-color palette, utilizing a specific configuration of the 80&nbsp;×&nbsp;25 text mode.
===International===
** This used 4 bits per pixel, with a total memory use of (160 * 100 * 4) / 8 = 8 kilobytes.
{{Updated|14 June 2022.}}
* 320&nbsp;×&nbsp;200 in 4 colors, chosen from 3 fixed palettes, with high- and low-intensity variants, with color 1 chosen from a 16-color palette.
** This used 2 bits per pixel, with a total memory use of (320 * 200 * 2) / 8 = 16 kilobytes.
* 640&nbsp;×&nbsp;200 in 2 colors, one black, one chosen from a 16-color palette.
** This used 1 bit per pixel, with a total memory use of (640 * 200) / 8 = 16 kilobytes.
Some software achieved greater color depth by utilizing [[artifact color]] when connected to a composite monitor.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
Text modes:
! colspan=3 | [[Bangladesh national football team|Bangladesh]]

* 40&nbsp;×&nbsp;25 with 8&nbsp;×&nbsp;8 pixel font (effective resolution of 320&nbsp;×&nbsp;200)
* 80&nbsp;×&nbsp;25 with 8&nbsp;×&nbsp;8 pixel font (effective resolution of 640&nbsp;×&nbsp;200)

IBM intended that CGA be compatible with a home television set. The 40&nbsp;×&nbsp;25 text and 320&nbsp;×&nbsp;200 graphics modes are usable with a television, and the 80&nbsp;×&nbsp;25 text and 640&nbsp;×&nbsp;200 graphics modes are intended for a monitor.<ref name="bradley199009">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1990-09/1990_09_BYTE_15-09_15th_Anniversary_Summit#page/n451/mode/2up | title=The Creation of the IBM PC | work=BYTE | date=September 1990 | access-date=2 April 2016 | author=Bradley, David J. | pages=414–420}}</ref>

==Color palette==
CGA uses a [[List of monochrome and RGB color formats#IBM PC graphics|4-bit RGBI 16-color gamut]], but not all colors are available at all times, depending on which graphics mode is being used. In the medium- and high-resolution modes, colors are stored at a lower bit depth and selected by fixed palette indexes, not direct selection from the full 16-color palette.

When four bits are used (for low-resolution mode, or for programming color registers) they are arranged according to the [[RGB(I)|RGBI]] color model:<ref name=":5" />

* The lower three bits represent red, green, and blue color components
* The fourth "intensifier" bit, when set, increases the brightness of all three color components (red, green, and blue).<ref>The color brown, represented by R=1, G=1, B=0, I=0, is an exception; whereas a straight interpretation of these bit values would resolve this color as dark yellow, the intensity of the green component is reduced, to produce brown, for only this one [[4-bit]] value. See [[List of 8-bit computer hardware palettes#CGA|this page]] for details. This special RGBI interpretation for brown is performed in the monitor; the IBM 5153 monitor designed for the CGA performs it, but some early third-party monitors did not.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+CGA palette internal bit arrangement (4-bit RGBI)<ref name=":5" />
!Color
!I
!R
!G
!B
!Color
!I
!R
!G
!B
|-
|-
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|Black
|0
|0
|0
|0
|Gray 2
|1
|0
|0
|0
|-
|-
|2013||4||0
|Blue
|0
|0
|0
|1
|Light Blue
|1
|0
|0
|1
|-
|-
|2014||3||0
|Green
|0
|0
|1
|0
|Light Green
|1
|0
|1
|0
|-
|-
|2015||10||0
|Cyan
|0
|0
|1
|1
|Light Cyan
|1
|0
|1
|1
|-
|-
|2016||8||0
|Red
|0
|1
|0
|0
|Light Red
|1
|1
|0
|0
|-
|-
|2019||4||0
|Magenta
|0
|1
|0
|1
|Light Magenta
|1
|1
|0
|1
|-
|-
|2020||2||0
|Brown
|0
|1
|1
|0
|Light Yellow
|1
|1
|1
|0
|-
|-
|2022||3||0
|Gray 1
|0
|1
|1
|1
|White
|1
|1
|1
|1
|}
These four colour bits are then interpreted internally by the monitor, or converted to NTSC colours (see below).

===With an RGBI monitor===
When using a direct-drive monitor, the four color bits are output directly to the DE-9 connector at the back of the card.

Within the monitor, the four signals are interpreted to drive the red, green and blue color guns. With respect to the RGBI color model described above, the monitor would translate the digital four-bit color number to some seven distinctive analog voltages in the range from 0.0 to 1.0 for each gun.<ref name="viler">{{cite web|url=https://int10h.org/blog/2022/06/ibm-5153-color-true-cga-palette/|title=The IBM 5153's True CGA Palette and Color Output|publisher=VileR|date=2022-06-11|access-date=2024-05-18}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
! style="color:black; background:#aa0;" colspan="2"|dark yellow
|- style="color:black; background:#aa0;"
|| 6
|| #AAAA00
|}

Color 6 is treated specially; normally, color 6 would become ''dark yellow'', as seen to the left, but in order to achieve a more pleasing brown tone, special circuitry in most RGBI monitors, starting with the IBM 5153 color display,<ref>International Business Machines Corporation (1983): IBM Personal Computer XT Technical Reference Manual, pages D-42 to D-43.</ref> makes an exception for color 6 and changes its hue from dark yellow to brown by reducing the analogue green signal's amplitude. The exact amount of reduction differed between monitor models: the original IBM 5153 Personal Computer Color Display reduces the green signal's amplitude by about one third,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forum.vcfed.org/index.php?threads/representing-ibm-5153-color-output-more-accurately.1234458/ |title=Representing IBM 5153 color output more accurately &#124; Vintage Computer Federation Forums |publisher=Forum.vcfed.org |date= December 2021|accessdate=2022-03-21}}</ref> while the IBM 5154 Enhanced Color Display internally converts all 4-bit RGBI color numbers to 6-bit ECD color numbers,<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=http://minuszerodegrees.net/oa/OA%20-%20IBM%20Enhanced%20Color%20Display%20(5154).pdf|title=IBM Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library: IBM Enhanced Color Display |page=4}}</ref> which amounts to halving the green signal's amplitude. The Tandy CM-2,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/tandy-service-manual-cm-2-color-monitor-26-3212|title=Tandy CM-2 Color Monitor Service Manual|page=48}}</ref> CM-4<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tandy CM-4 Color Monitor Service Manual|page=41}}</ref> and CM-11<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/Sams_Computerfacts_Radio_Shack_Model_CM11_Monitor_1988_Howard_Sams|title=Sams&Company ComputerFacts Technical Service Data: Magnavox® Model 7BM613074G - Radio Shack® Model CM11 Monitor|year=1988 |page=11}}</ref> monitors provide a potentiometer labelled "BROWN ADJ." to adjust the amount of green signal reduction.

This "RGBI with tweaked brown" palette was retained as the default palette of later PC graphics standards such as [[Enhanced Graphics Adapter|EGA]] and [[VGA]], which can select colors from much larger gamuts, but default to these until reprogrammed.

Later video cards/monitors in CGA emulation modes would approximate the colors with the following formula:
''red'' := 2/3×(''colorNumber'' & 4)/4 + 1/3×(''colorNumber'' & 8)/8
''green'' := 2/3×(''colorNumber'' & 2)/2 + 1/3×(''colorNumber'' & 8)/8
''blue'' := 2/3×(''colorNumber'' & 1)/1 + 1/3×(''colorNumber'' & 8)/8
if (color == 6)
green := green * 2/3

which yields the canonical CGA palette:<ref name="viler"/>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="4" | Full CGA 16-color palette
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:#000;" | 0
| style="background:#000;" | black<br />#000000
| style="background:#555;" | 8
| style="background:#555;" | dark gray<br />#555555
|- style="color:white;"
| style="background:#00a;" | 1
| style="background:#00a;" | blue<br />#0000AA
| style="background:#55f;" | 9
| style="background:#55f;" | light blue<br />#5555FF
|-
|-
!Total!!34!!0
| style="color:white; background:#0a0;" | 2
| style="color:white; background:#0a0;" | green<br />#00AA00
| style="color:black; background:#5f5;" | 10
| style="color:black; background:#5f5;" | light green<br />#55FF55
|-
| style="color:white; background:#0aa;" | 3
| style="color:white; background:#0aa;" | cyan<br />#00AAAA
| style="color:black; background:#5ff;" | 11
| style="color:black; background:#5ff;" | light cyan<br />#55FFFF
|-
| style="color:white; background:#a00;" | 4
| style="color:white; background:#a00;" | red<br />#AA0000
| style="color:black; background:#f55;" | 12
| style="color:black; background:#f55;" | light red<br />#FF5555
|-
| style="color:white; background:#a0a;" | 5
| style="color:white; background:#a0a;" | magenta<br />#AA00AA
| style="color:black; background:#f5f;" | 13
| style="color:black; background:#f5f;" | light magenta<br />#FF55FF
|-
| style="color:white; background:#a50;" | 6
| style="color:white; background:#a50;" | brown<br />#AA5500
| style="color:black; background:#ff5;" | 14
| style="color:black; background:#ff5;" | yellow<br />#FFFF55
|- style="color:black;"
| style="background:#aaa;" | 7
| style="background:#aaa;" | light gray <br />#AAAAAA
| style="background:#fff;" | 15
| style="background:#fff;" | white<br />#FFFFFF
|-
| colspan="4" |<small>''Note: Color [[Web colors|hex values]] shown are 8-bit RGB''</small>
|-
| colspan="4" |<small>''equivalents, internally CGA is 4-bit RGBI''</small>
|}
|}


===International goals===
===With a composite color monitor/television set===
====Olympic Team====
[[File:CGA-NTSC-colors.png|thumb|CGA's 16 colors when using the NTSC output (post-1983 card revision)|alt=]]For the composite output, these four-bit color numbers are encoded by the CGA's onboard hardware into an NTSC-compatible signal fed to the card's RCA output jack. For cost reasons, this is not done using an [[RGB]]-to-[[YIQ]] converter as called for by the NTSC standard, but by a series of flip-flops and delay lines.<ref>Dean et al. (1984): Composite video color signal generation from digital color signals. U.S. Patent #4,442,428</ref><ref>International Business Machines Corporation (1983): IBM Personal Computer XT Technical Reference Manual, page D-40.</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"

! # !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
Consequently, the hues seen are lacking in purity; notably, both cyan and yellow have a greenish tint, and color 6 again looks dark yellow instead of brown.<ref>{{cite web|last=VileR|date=Apr 15, 2015|title=CGA in 1024 Colors - a New Mode: the Illustrated Guide|url=https://int10h.org/blog/2015/04/cga-in-1024-colors-new-mode-illustrated/|access-date=2020-10-17|quote=... CGA palette, as rendered by an early ('old-style') card's composite output}}</ref>

The relative luminances of the colors produced by the composite color-generating circuit differ between CGA revisions: they are identical for colors 1-6 and 9-14 with early CGAs produced until 1983,<ref>{{cite tech report |title=IBM Personal Computer |type=Technical Reference |series=IBM Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library |edition=revised |date=April 1983 |page=D-50 |url=https://archive.org/download/bitsavers_ibmpcpc150renceApr83_25494749/1502234_PC_Technical_Reference_Apr83.pdf }}</ref> and are different for later CGAs due to the addition of additional resistors.<ref>{{cite tech report |title=IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter |type=Technical Reference |series=IBM Options and Adapters |page=32 |url=http://www.minuszerodegrees.net/oa/OA%20-%20IBM%20Color%20Graphics%20Monitor%20Adapter%20(CGA).pdf }}</ref>

==Standard text modes==
{{Unsourced section|date=May 2023}}
CGA offers four BIOS [[text mode]]s ('''Modes 0''' to '''3''', called alphanumeric or A/N modes in IBM's documentation). In these modes, individual pixels on the screen cannot be addressed directly. Instead, the screen is divided into a grid of character cells, each displaying a character defined in one of two bitmap fonts, "normal" and "thin," included in the card's ROM. The fonts are fixed and cannot be modified or selected from software, only by a jumper on the board itself.

Fonts are stored as bitmaps at a color depth of 1-bit, with a "1" representing the character and a "0" representing the background. These colors can be chosen independently, for each character on the screen, from the full 16-color CGA palette. The character set is defined by [[hardware code page]] [[code page 437|437]].

The font bitmap data is only available to the card itself, it cannot be read by the CPU. In graphics modes, text output by the BIOS operates by copying text from the font ROM bit-by-bit to video memory.

===40 × 25 mode===
BIOS '''Modes 0''' and '''1''' are both 40 columns by 25 rows text modes, with each character a pattern of 8×8 dots. The effective screen resolution in this mode is 320 × 200 pixels (a pixel [[aspect ratio]] of 1:1.2.) The card has sufficient video RAM for eight different text pages in this mode.

The difference between these two modes can only be seen on a composite monitor, where mode 0 disables the color burst, making all text appear in grayscale. Mode 1 enables the color burst, allowing for color. Mode 0 and Mode 1 are functionally identical on RGB monitors and on later adapters that emulate CGA without supporting composite color output.

=== 80 × 25 mode ===
BIOS '''Modes 2''' and '''3''' select 80 columns by 25 rows text modes, with each character still an 8×8 dot pattern, but displayed at a higher scan rate. The effective screen resolution of this mode is 640 × 200 pixels. In this mode, the card has enough video RAM for four different text pages.

As with the 40-column text modes, Mode 2 disables the color burst in the composite signal and Mode 3 enables it.

===Textmode color===
Each character cell stored four bits for foreground and background color. However, in the card's default configuration, the fourth bit of the background color does not set intensity, but sets the blink attribute for the cell. All characters on the screen with this bit set will periodically blink, meaning their foreground color will be changed to their background color so the character becomes invisible. All characters blink in unison.

By setting a hardware register, the blink feature can be disabled, restoring access to high-intensity background colors.

All blinking characters on the screen blink in sync. The blinking attribute effect is enabled by default and the high-intensity background effect is disabled; disabling blinking is the only way to freely choose the latter eight-color indexes (8-15) for the background color.

Notably, the [[GW-BASIC]] and Microsoft [[QBASIC]] programming languages included with MS-DOS supported all the text modes of the CGA with full color control, but did not provide a normal means through the BASIC language to switch the CGA from blink mode to 16-background-color mode. This was still possible however by directly programming the hardware registers using the OUT statement of the BASIC language.

==Standard graphics modes==
CGA offers graphics modes at three resolutions: 160 × 100, 320 × 200 and 640 × 200. In all modes every pixel on the screen can be set directly, but the color depth for the higher modes does not permit selecting freely from the full 16-color palette.

=== 320 × 200 ===
In the medium-resolution 320 × 200 modes ('''Modes 4''' and '''5'''), each pixel is two bits, which select colors from a four-color palette. In mode 4, there are two palettes, and in mode 5 there is a single palette.<!-- PLEASE NOTE: This table setup has been carefully designed to allow for the images/tables to be displayed correctly at a variety of resolutions, including 800×600. Please don't change it without ensuring that your changes also work for users with lower/different resolutions. Not all users accessing Wikipedia are doing so from 1024×768 (or bigger) displays. -->
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0 auto"
|+CGA hardware palettes on a RGBI monitor
! rowspan="3" |#!! colspan="4" |Mode 4!! colspan="2" |Mode 5
|-
! colspan="2" |Palette 0!! colspan="2" |Palette 1!! rowspan="2" |low intensity!! rowspan="2" |high intensity
|-
!low intensity!!high intensity!!low intensity!!high intensity
|-
|0
| style="color:white; background:#000;"| 0 – background
| style="color:white; background:#000;"| 0 – background
| style="color:white; background:#000;"| 0 – background
| style="color:white; background:#000;"| 0 – background
| style="color:white; background:#000;"| 0 – background
| style="color:white; background:#000;"| 0 – background
|-
|1
| style="color:white; background:#0a0;"| 2 – green
| style="color:black; background:#5f5;"| 10 – light green
| style="color:white; background:#0aa;"| 3 – cyan
| style="color:black; background:#5ff;"| 11 – light cyan
| style="color:white; background:#0aa;"| 3 – cyan
| style="color:black; background:#5ff;"| 11 – light cyan
|-
|2
| style="color:white; background:#a00;"| 4 – red
| style="color:black; background:#f55;"| 12 – light red
| style="color:white; background:#a0a;"| 5 – magenta
| style="color:black; background:#f5f;"| 13 – light magenta
| style="color:white; background:#a00;"| 4 – red
| style="color:black; background:#f55;"| 12 – light red
|-
|-
| 1. || 11 February 2016 || SAI Centre, [[Paltan Bazaar]] || {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Nepal national under-23 football team|Nepal U23]] || style="text-align:center;" | '''2'''–0 || style="text-align:center;" | 2–0 || [[2016 South Asian Games]]
|3
| style="color:white; background:#a50;"| 6 – brown
| style="color:black; background:#ff5;"| 14 – yellow
| style="color:black; background:#aaa;"| 7 – light gray
| style="color:black; background:#fff;"| 15 – white
| style="color:black; background:#aaa;"| 7 – light gray
| style="color:black; background:#fff;"| 15 – white
|}
|}
Several choices can be made by programming hardware registers. First, the selected palette. Second, the intensity – which is defined for the entire screen, not on a per-pixel basis. Third, color 0 (the "background" color) can be set to any of the 16 colors.


==Honours==
The specific BIOS graphics mode influences which palettes are available. BIOS Mode 4 offers two palettes: green/red/brown and cyan/magenta/white.
'''Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club'''
*[[Bangladesh Premier League (football)|Bangladesh Premier League]]: [[2013–14 Bangladesh Football Premier League|2013–14]], [[2015 Bangladesh Football Premier League|2014–15]]
*[[Federation Cup (Bangladesh)|Federation Cup]]: [[2013 Bangladesh Federation Cup|2013–14]]


'''Abahani Limited Dhaka'''
As with the text modes 0 and 2, '''Mode 5''' disables the color burst to allow colors to appear in grayscale on composite monitor. However, unlike the text modes, this also affects the colors displayed on an RGBI monitor, altering them to the cyan/red/white palette seen above. This palette is not documented by IBM, but was used in some software.
*[[Bangladesh Premier League (football)|Bangladesh Premier League]]: [[2017 Bangladesh Football Premier League|2017–18]]
*[[Federation Cup (Bangladesh)|Federation Cup]]: [[2017 Bangladesh Federation Cup|2017]], [[2018 Bangladesh Federation Cup|2018]]


'''Chittagong Abahani Limited'''
===640 × 200===
*[[Independence Cup (Bangladesh)|Independence Cup]]: [[2016 Independence Cup (Bangladesh)|2016]]
In the high-resolution 640 × 200 mode ('''Mode 6'''), each pixel is one bit, providing two colors which can be chosen from the 16-color palette by programming hardware registers.


'''Bangladesh U23'''
In this mode, the video picture is stored as a simple bitmap, with one bit per pixel setting the color to "foreground" or "background". By default the colors are black and bright white, but the foreground color can be changed to any entry in the 16-color CGA palette. The background color cannot be changed from black on an original IBM CGA card.
* [[South Asian Games]] bronze medal: [[2016 South Asian Games|2016]]


== References ==
This mode disables the composite color burst signal by default. The BIOS does not provide an option to turn the color burst on in 640 × 200 mode, and the user must write directly to the mode control register to enable it.
{{reflist}}


== External links ==
==Further graphics modes and tweaks==
* {{NFT player|51697}}
*{{Soccerway}}
* {{GSA player|id=rayhan-Abdul/53118}}


{{Authority control}}
A number of official and unofficial features exist that can be exploited to achieve special effects.

* In 320 × 200 graphics mode, the background color (which also affects the border color), which defaults to black on mode initialization, can be changed to any of the other 15 colors of the CGA palette. This allows for some variation, as well as flashing effects, as the background color can be changed without having to redraw the screen (i.e. without changing the contents of the video RAM).
* In text mode, the border color (displayed outside the regular display area and including the [[overscan]] area) can be changed from the default black to any of the other 15&nbsp;colors.
* Through precision timing, it is possible to switch to another palette while the video is being output, allowing the use of any one of the six palettes per scanline. An example of this is ''[[California Games]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mobygames.com/game/shots/p,2/gameId,1823/gameShotId,7722/|title=California Games Screenshots for DOS|website=MobyGames|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811015804/https://www.mobygames.com/game/shots/p,2/gameId,1823/gameShotId,7722/|archivedate=2022-08-11}}</ref> when run on a stock 4.77&nbsp;MHz 8088. Running on a faster computer does not produce the effect, as the method the programmers used to switch palettes at predetermined locations is extremely sensitive to machine speed. The same can be done with the background color, as is used to create the river and road in ''[[Frogger]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mobygames.com/game/pc-booter/frogger/screenshots/gameShotId,132859/|title=Frogger (1983) screenshots|website=MobyGames}}</ref> Another documented example of the technique is in [[Atarisoft]]'s port of ''[[Jungle Hunt]]'' to the PC.
* Additional colors can be approximated using [[Dithering#Digital photography and image processing|dithering]].
* Using palette 0 at low intensity and dark blue as the background color provides the three primary [[RGB]] colors, as well as brown.

Some of these above tweaks can be combined. Examples can be found in several games.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mobygames.com/attribute/sheet/p,2/attributeId,5/|title=Video Modes Supported : CGA (Tweaked)|website=MobyGames}}</ref>

===160 × 100 16 color mode===
[[File:Single pixel in CGA 160x100 mode.svg|thumb|A single big "pixel" in 160 × 100 mode. This is the two top rows of half of character 221. Note the eight constituent non-square pixels and the overall 1:1.2 aspect ratio.]][[File:Paku Paku.png|thumb|Title screen of PakuPaku, a [[Pac-Man]] clone that uses 160 × 100 mode]]
Technically, this mode is not a graphics mode, but a tweak of the 80 × 25 text mode.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://minuszerodegrees.net/oa/OA%20-%20IBM%20Color%20Graphics%20Monitor%20Adapter%20(CGA).pdf |title=IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter |via=IBM Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library |publisher=IBM |series=6361509 |pages=9, 20}}</ref> The character cell height register is changed to display only two lines per character cell instead of the normal eight lines. This quadruples the number of text rows displayed from 25 to 100. These "tightly squeezed" text characters are not full characters. The system only displays their top two lines of pixels (eight each) before moving on to the next row.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: small"
|-
|[[File:ASCII.221.character.svg|13px]]
|style="color: #000; background: #fff;"|Character 221
|-
|[[File:Half-block.character.blue.red.svg|13px]]
|style="color: #00a; background: #f55;"|221 with blue text and red background color
|-
|[[File:Half-block.character.red.blue.svg|13px]]
| style="color:#f55; background:#00a;"|221 with red text and blue background color.
|-
|[[File:ASCII.222.character.svg|13px]]
|style="color: #fff; background: #000;"|Character 222
|}

Character 221 of the CGA character set consists of a box occupying the entire left half of the character matrix. (Character 222 consists of a box occupying the entire right half.)

Because each character can be assigned different foreground and background colors, it can be colored (for example) blue on the left (foreground color) and bright red on the right (background color). This can be reversed by swapping the foreground and background colors.

Using either character 221 or 222, each half of each truncated character cell can thus be treated as an individual pixel—making 160 horizontal pixels available per line. Thus, 160 × 100 pixels at 16&nbsp;colors, with an aspect ratio of 1:1.2, are possible.

Although a roundabout way of achieving a 16-color graphics display, this works quite well and the mode is '<u><big><u>'''''EVEN'''''</u></big></u>' mentioned (although not explained) in IBM's official hardware documentation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/bitsavers_ibmpccardsptionsandAdaptersVolume2Apr84_25079400/Technical_Reference_Options_and_Adapters_Volume_2_Apr84#page/n49/mode/2up/search/%22low-resolution+color+graphics+mode%22|title=ibm :: pc :: cards :: Technical Reference Options and Adapters Volume 2 Apr84|page=50|website=[[The Internet Archive]]|date=April 1984|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref> This mode was used as early as 1983 on the game ''Moon Bugs''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moon Bugs (1983) screenshots |url=https://www.mobygames.com/game/pc-booter/moon-bugs/screenshots |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=MobyGames}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Windmill Software |title=Moon Bugs |date=1983 |url=http://archive.org/details/msdos_Moon_Bugs_1983 |access-date=2023-01-06}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=CGA in 1024 Colors - a New Mode: the Illustrated Guide |url=https://int10h.org/blog/2015/04/cga-in-1024-colors-new-mode-illustrated/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=int10h.org}}</ref>

More detail can be achieved in this mode by using other characters, combining [[ASCII art]] with the aforesaid technique. This was explored by ''Macrocom, Inc'' on two games: ''Icon: Quest for the Ring'' (released in 1984) and ''[[The Seven Spirits of Ra]]'' (released in 1987).<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Icon: Quest for the Ring for DOS (1984) |url=https://www.mobygames.com/game/icon-quest-for-the-ring |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=MobyGames}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Seven Spirits of Ra for DOS (1987) |url=https://www.mobygames.com/game/seven-spirits-of-ra |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=MobyGames}}</ref>

The same text cell height reduction technique can also be used with the 40 × 25 text mode, yielding a resolution of 80 × 100.

==Composite output==
{{see also|Composite artifact colors}}
Using the composite output instead of an RGBI monitor produced lower-quality video, due to NTSC's [[Composite artifact colors|inferior separation]] between luminance and chrominance.<ref>{{cite web|last=Analog Devices|title=Low Cost RGB to NTSC/PAL Encoder with Luma Trap Port|url=https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD725.pdf|access-date=2020-10-18|page=14|quote=A basic problem arises when the luma signal ... contains frequency components that fall within the chroma band.}}</ref> This is especially a problem with 80-column text:<ref>{{cite web|last=Analog Devices|title=Low Cost RGB to NTSC/PAL Encoder with Luma Trap Port|url=https://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/AD725.pdf|access-date=2020-10-18|page=15|quote=The sharp transitions from black to white ... contain frequency components ..., and those in the chroma band create cross chrominance.}}</ref>

[[File:CGA CompVsRGB Text.png|center|590px |thumb|80-column text on RGB (left) vs. composite monitor (right)]]

For this reason, each of the text and graphics modes has a duplicate mode which disables the composite [[colorburst]], resulting in a black-and-white picture, but also eliminating color bleeding to produce a sharper picture. On RGBI monitors, the two versions of each mode are usually identical, with the exception of the 320 × 200 graphics mode, where the "monochrome" version produces a third palette.

===Extended artifact colors===
Programmers discovered that this flaw could be turned into an asset, as distinct patterns of high-resolution dots would turn into consistent areas of solid colors, thus allowing the display of completely new [[artifact colors]]. Both the standard 320 × 200 four-color and the 640 × 200 color-on-black graphics modes could be used with this technique.

====Internal operation====
''Direct colors'' are the normal 16 colors as described above under "The CGA color palette".

''Artifact colors'' are seen because the composite monitor's NTSC chroma decoder misinterprets some of the luminance information as color. By carefully placing pixels in appropriate patterns, a programmer can produce specific cross-color artifacts yielding a desired new color; either from purely black-and-white pixels in 640 × 200 mode, or resulting from a ''combination'' of ''direct'' and ''artifact'' colors in 320 × 200 mode.

Thus, with the choice between 320 × 200 vs. 640 × 200 mode, the choice between the two palettes, and one freely-selectable color (the background in 320 × 200 modes and the foreground in 640 × 200 mode), it is possible to use many different sets of artifact colors, making for a total [[gamut]] of over 100&nbsp;colors.

Later [[Demoscene|demonstrations]] by enthusiasts have increased the maximum number of colors the CGA can display at the same time to 1024.<ref name="cga8088mph1k">{{cite web |last=VileR |date=2015-04-15 |title=8088 MPH: CGA in 1024 Colors - a New Mode: the Illustrated Guide |url=https://int10h.org/blog/2015/04/cga-in-1024-colors-new-mode-illustrated/ |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=int10h.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=2015-04-08 |title=1K colours on CGA: How it's done |url=https://www.reenigne.org/blog/1k-colours-on-cga-how-its-done/ |access-date=2018-04-27 |website=Reenigne Blog}}</ref> This technique involves a text mode tweak which quadruples the number of text rows. Certain ASCII characters such as U and ‼ are then used to produce the necessary patterns, which result in non-dithered images with an effective resolution of 80 × 100 on a composite monitor.<ref name="cga8088mph1k" />

160 cycles of the NTSC color clock occur during each line's output, so in 40 column mode each pixel occupies half a cycle and in 80 column mode each pixel uses a quarter of a cycle. Limiting the character display to the upper one or two scanlines, and taking advantage of the pixel arrangement in certain characters of the [[codepage 437]], it is possible to display up to 1024 colors.<ref name="cga8088mph1k" /> This technique was used in the [[Demoscene|demo]] ''8088 MPH''.<ref name=":3" />

====Availability and caveats====
The 320 × 200 variant of this technique (see above) is how the standard BIOS-supported graphics mode looks on a composite color monitor. The 640 × 200 variant, however, requires modifying a bit (color burst disable) directly in the CGA's hardware registers. As a result, it is usually referred to as a separate "mode."

Being completely dependent on the NTSC encoding/decoding process, composite color artifacting is not available on an RGBI monitor, nor is it emulated by EGA, VGA or contemporary graphics adapters.

The modern, games-centric PC emulator [[DOSBox]] supports a CGA mode, which can emulate a composite monitor's color artifacting. Both 640 × 200 composite mode and the more complex 320 × 200 variant are supported.

====Resolution and usage====
Composite artifacting, whether used intentionally or as an unwanted artifact, reduces the effective horizontal resolution to a maximum of 160 pixels, more for black-on-white or white-on-black text, without changing the vertical resolution. The resulting composite video display with "artifacted" colors is sometimes described as a 160 × 200 / 16-color "mode", though technically it was a technique using a standard mode.

The low resolution of this composite color artifacting method led to it being used almost exclusively in games. Many high-profile titles offered graphics optimized for composite color monitors. ''[[Ultima II]]'', the first game in the game series to be ported to IBM PC, used CGA composite graphics. ''[[King's Quest I]]'' also offered 16-color graphics on the PC, PCjr and Tandy 1000, but provided a 'RGB mode' at the title screen which would utilize only the ordinary CGA graphics mode, limited to 4 colors.

==Limitations, bugs and errata==
Video timing on the CGA is provided by the [[Motorola 6845]] video controller. This integrated circuit was originally designed only for character-based alphanumeric (text) displays and can address a maximum of 128 character rows.

To realize graphics modes with 200 scanlines on the CGA, the MC6845 is programmed with 100 character rows per picture and two scanlines per character row. Because the video memory address output by the MC6845 is identical for each scanline within a character row, the CGA must use the MC6845's "row address" output (i.e. the scanline within the character row) as an additional address bit to fetch raster data from video memory.<ref>{{cite tech report |title=IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter |type=Technical Reference |date=August 2, 1984 |series=IBM Options and Adapters |page=41 |url=http://www.minuszerodegrees.net/oa/OA%20-%20IBM%20Enhanced%20Graphics%20Adapter.pdf }}</ref>

This implies that unless the size of a single scanline's raster data is a power of two, raster data cannot be laid out continuously in video memory. Instead, graphics modes on the CGA store the even-numbered scanlines contiguously in memory, followed by a second block of odd-numbered scanlines starting at video memory position 8,192. This arrangement results in additional overhead in graphics modes for software that manipulates video memory.

Even though the MC6845 video controller can provide the timing for [[interlaced video]], the CGA's circuitry aligns the synchronization signals in such a way that scanning is always progressive. Consequently, it is impossible to double the vertical resolution to 400 scanlines using a standard 15&nbsp;kHz monitor.

The higher bandwidth used by 80-column text mode results in random short horizontal lines appearing onscreen (known as "snow") if a program writes directly to video memory during screen drawing. The BIOS avoids the problem by only accessing the memory during horizontal retrace, or by temporarily turning off the output during scrolling. While this causes the display to flicker, IBM decided that doing so was better than snow.{{r|bradley199009}} The "snow" problem does not occur on any other video adapter, or on most CGA clones.

In the 80-column text mode, the pixel clock frequency is doubled, and all synchronization signals are output for twice the number of clock cycles in order to last for their proper duration. The composite output's [[color burst]] signal circuit is an exception: because it still outputs the same number of cycles, now at the doubled clock rate, the color burst signal produced is too short for most monitors, yielding no or unstable color. Hence, IBM documentation lists the 80-column text mode as a "feature" only for RGBI and black-and-white composite monitors.<ref>{{cite tech report |title=IBM Color/Graphics Monitor Adapter |type=Technical Reference |series=IBM Options and Adapters |page=7 |url=http://www.minuszerodegrees.net/oa/OA%20-%20IBM%20Color%20Graphics%20Monitor%20Adapter%20(CGA).pdf }}</ref> Stable color can still be achieved by setting the border color to brown, which happens to produce a phase identical to the correct [[color burst]] signal and serves as a substitute for it.

==Dual-head support==
The CGA was released alongside the IBM [[IBM Monochrome Display Adapter|MDA]], and can be installed alongside the MDA in the same computer. A command included with PC DOS permits switching the display output between the CGA and MDA cards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dual-Head operation on vintage PCs|url=https://www.seasip.info/VintagePC/dualhead.html|access-date=2020-08-16|website=www.seasip.info}}</ref> Some programs like [[Lotus 1-2-3]]<ref name="derfler198303">{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7wCiNAUEuAMC&pg=RA1-PA187 |title=A Program You Can Count On |magazine=[[PC Magazine]] |date=March 1983 |access-date=2013-10-21 |author-last=Derfler |author-first=Frank J. Jr. |pages=187 |volume=1 |issue=10}}</ref> and [[AutoCAD]] support using both displays concurrently.

==Software support==
CGA was widely supported in PC software up until the early 1990s. Some of the software that supported the board was:

* [[Visi On]] (an early GUI, used the 640x200 monochrome mode)
* [[Windows 3.0]] (and earlier versions, supported the 640x200 monochrome mode<ref>{{cite web|url=https://toogam.com/software/archive/drivers/videodrv/mswinvid/cga/q84753.htm|title = Manually Installing the CGA Display Driver}}</ref>)
* [[OS/2 1.1]] (and earlier versions)
* [[Graphics Environment Manager]] (GEM)

==Competing adapters==
''[[BYTE]]'' in January 1982 described the output from CGA as "very good—slightly better than color graphics on existing microcomputers".{{r|williams198201}} ''[[PC Magazine]]'' disagreed, reporting in June 1983 that "the IBM monochrome display is absolutely beautiful for text and wonderfully easy on the eyes, but is limited to simple character graphics. Text quality on displays connected to the color/graphics adapter ... is at best of medium quality and is conducive to eyestrain over the long haul".<ref name="fastie198306">{{Cite magazine |last=Fastie |first=Will |date=June 1983 |title=The Graphical PC |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=14Kfbrc6cbAC&pg=PA575 |magazine=PC Magazine}}</ref>

In a retrospective commentary, ''[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]'' also took a negative view on the CGA, stating, "Even for the time (early 1980s), these graphics were terrible, paling in comparison to other color machines available on the market."<ref>{{cite magazine|title=The Next Generation 1996 Lexicon A to Z|magazine=[[Next Generation (magazine)|Next Generation]]|issue=15 |publisher=[[Imagine Media]]|date=March 1996|page=31}}</ref>

CGA had several competitors:

* For business and word processing use, IBM provided the '''[[Monochrome Display Adapter]]''' (MDA) at the same time as CGA. MDA was much more popular than CGA at first.<ref name="byte198311">{{cite news | url=https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1983-11/1983_11_BYTE_08-11_Inside_the_IBM_PC#page/n89/mode/2up | title=IBM's Estridge | work=BYTE | date=November 1983 | access-date=19 March 2016 |author1=Curran, Lawrence J. |author2=Shuford, Richard S. | pages=88–97}}</ref> Since a great many PCs were sold to businesses, the sharp, high-resolution monochrome text was more desirable for running applications.
* In 1982, the non-IBM '''[[Hercules Graphics Card]]''' (HGC) was introduced, the first third-party video card for the PC. In addition to an MDA-compatible text mode, it offered a monochrome graphics mode with a resolution of 720×348 pixels, higher than the CGA.
* Also in 1982 the '''[[Plantronics Colorplus]]''' board was introduced, with twice the memory of a standard CGA board (32k, compared to 16k). The additional memory can be used in graphics modes to double the color depth, giving two additional graphics modes—16 colors at 320 × 200 resolution, or 4 colors at 640 × 200 resolution.
* The [[IBM PCjr]] (1984) and compatible [[Tandy 1000]] (1985) featured onboard "extended CGA" video hardware that extended video RAM beyond 16&nbsp;kB, allowing 16&nbsp;colors at 320 × 200 resolution and four colors at 640 × 200 resolution. Because the Tandy 1000 long outlived the PCjr, the video modes became known as '''"[[Tandy Graphics Adapter]]" or "TGA"''', and were very popular for games during the 1980s. Similar but less widely used was the [[Plantronics Colorplus]].
* In 1984, IBM also introduced the '''[[Professional Graphics Controller]]''', a high-end graphics solution intended for e.g. [[CAD]] applications. It was mostly backwards compatible with CGA. The PGC did not see widespread adoption due to its $4,000 price tag, and was discontinued in 1987.

Other alternatives:

* [[Paradise Systems]] introduced in 1984 the first successful CGA-compatible card for MDA monitors. It displayed CGA's 16 colors in shades of monochrome. Because it was hardware-compatible with CGA, the Paradise card did not need special software support or additional drivers.<ref name="stark19841002">{{cite news | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-tPdHcBE9wC&pg=PA59 | title=Paradise Graphics Card: It's Easier Being Green | work=PC Magazine | date=1984-10-02 | access-date=25 October 2013 | author=Stark, Craig L. | page=59}}</ref>
* Another extension in some CGA-compatible chipsets (including those in the [[Olivetti M24]] / AT&T 6300, the [[Digital Equipment Corporation|DEC]] [[VAXmate]], and some [[Compaq]] and [[Toshiba]] portables) is a doubled vertical resolution. This gives a higher quality 8 × 16 text display and an additional 640 × 400 graphics mode.

The CGA card was succeeded in the consumer space by IBM's [[Enhanced Graphics Adapter]] (EGA) card, which supports most of CGA's modes and adds an additional resolution (640 × 350) as well as a software-selectable palette of 16&nbsp;colors out of 64 in both text and graphics modes.

==Specifications==

===DE-9 connector for RGBI monitor===
[[File:Numbered DE9 female Diagram.svg|thumb|DE-9 connector seen when looking at the back of a PC]]The Color Graphics Adapter uses a standard [[DE-9 connector]] for direct-drive video (to an RGBI monitor). The connector on the card is female and the one on the monitor cable is male.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''CGA DE-9 connector pin assignments'''
|-
!'''<small>Pin</small>'''
!'''<small>Function</small>'''
|-
|<small>1</small>|| <small>Ground</small>
|-
|<small>2</small>|| <small>Ground</small>
|- style="color: white; background: #a00;"
|<small>3</small>|| <small>Red</small>
|- style="color: white; background: #0a0;"
|<small>4</small>|| <small>Green</small>
|- style="color: white; background: #00a;"
|<small>5</small>|| <small>Blue</small>
|- style="color: white; background: #555;"
|<small>6</small>|| <small>Intensity</small>
|-
|<small>7</small>|| ''<small>Reserved</small>''
|-
|<small>8</small>|| <small>Horizontal Sync</small>
|-
|<small>9</small>|| <small>Vertical Sync</small>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+CGA TTL signal
|-
!Type
|| Digital, TTL
|-
!Resolution
|| 640h × 200v, 320h × 200v
|-
!H-freq
|| 15699.8&nbsp;Hz (14.318181&nbsp;MHz/8/114)
|-
!V-freq
|| 59.923&nbsp;Hz (H-freq/262)
|-
!Colors
|| 16
|}

=== RCA connector for composite monitor or television ===
[[File:Back panel of CGA Video Adapter 1501981 (PCB number 1501982) (15808883229).jpg|thumb|Back of a CGA Video Adapter board, with the RCA composite output connector visible on the right]]
The Color Graphics Adapter uses a standard [[RCA connector]] for connection to an [[NTSC]]-compatible television or [[composite video]] [[computer monitor|monitor]].<ref name=":4" /> The connector on the card is female and the one on the monitor cable is male.
{| class="wikitable"
|+CGA analog signal
|-
!Type
|| Analog composite NTSC compatible
|-
!Resolution
|| 640h × 200v, 320h × 200v
|-
!H-freq
|| 15699.8&nbsp;Hz (14.318181&nbsp;MHz/8/114)
|-
!V-freq
|| 59.923&nbsp;Hz (H-freq/262)
|-
!Colors
|| 16, hundreds of artifact colors
|}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdul, Kader}}
==References==
[[Category:1994 births]]
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Category:Living people]]
;Notes
[[Category:Bangladeshi men's footballers]]
{{refbegin}}
[[Category:Bangladesh men's international footballers]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051024001342/http://nemesis.lonestar.org/reference/video/cga.html IBM PC-Compatible CGA Video Reference] – includes technical details
[[Category:Bangladesh men's youth international footballers]]
* [http://www.oldskool.org/pc/cgacal/ CGA monitor calibration] – Technical information on the IBM 5153 monitor's color decoding and calibration
[[Category:Bangladesh Premier League footballers]]
* IBM Personal Computer Hardware Library: Technical Reference (Revised edition, 1983)
[[Category:Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club players]]
* This article was originally based on material from the [[Free On-line Dictionary of Computing]].
[[Category:Abahani Limited Dhaka players]]
{{refend}}
[[Category:Chittagong Abahani Limited players]]
[[Category:Rahmatganj MFS players]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for Bangladesh]]
[[Category:South Asian Games bronze medalists for Bangladesh]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:People from Tangail District]]
[[Category:Footballers from Dhaka Division]]
[[Category:21st-century Bangladeshi sportsmen]]

Revision as of 17:10, 10 June 2025

Kader
Personal information
Full name Md Abdul Kader
Date of birth (1991-12-10) 10 December 1991 (age 33)
Place of birth Chuadanga, Bangladesh
Height 1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)
Position(s) Goal Keeper, Goal Keeper
Team information
Current team
 Bashundhara FC
Number 16
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
2012–2016 Sheikh Jamal DC ? (1)
2016 Chittagong Abahani 22 (1)
2017–2021 Dhaka Abahani 65 (0)
2021–2023 Sheikh Jamal DC 42 (0)
2023–2024 Chittagong Abahani 18 (1)
2024– Rahmatganj MFS 0 (0)
International career‡
2014–2016 Bangladesh U23 7 (1)
2013–2022 Bangladesh 34 (0)
Medal record
Representing  Bangladesh
South Asian Games
Bronze medal – third place 2016
*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 5 April 2024
‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 14 June 2022

Md Abdul Kader (Bengali: আব্দুল কাদের) is a Bangladeshi professional footballer who plays as a goal keeper for Bangladesh Premier League club Rahmatganj MFS.[1] He is known for releasing long throw-ins into the opponent's box.[2][3]

Club career

Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club

Kader started his top-flight career with Dhanmondi giant Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club. After finishing as runners up in the league in 2012, during his debut season, Kader helped the club win both Bangladesh Premier League and Federation Cup titles in the following year. he won the double once again in 2014.[4]

Chittagong Abahani Limited

In 2016, Kader made a move to Chittagong Abahani after spending five years with the Dhanmondi club. His first goal in the league for his new club came on 14 August 2016, in a 6–1 victory against Uttar Baridhara Club.[5]

Abahani Limited Dhaka

On 1 January 2017, Kader Joined Bangladeshi giants Abahani Limited Dhaka. During his four-year spell at the club Kader won the Bangladesh Premier League title in his debut season, and also won the Federation Cup trophy on two occasions.[6] He was also part of the Abahani team that reached the knockout phase of the 2019 AFC Cup.[7][8] During his last season at the club, Kader registered 6 assists, all through his long throw-ins.

Return to Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club

On 21 October 2021, Kader returned to Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club, after spending the previous four seasons with Abahani.[9] Upon returning to the club, coach Juan Manuel Martínez Sáez converted Kader into a centre back.

International career

Youth

Kader has represented Bangladesh by playing for the Bangladesh under-23 team. On 15 September 2014, he made his international debut for Bangladesh under-23 team in the match against Afghanistan in 2014 Asian Games. He scored his first goal for the under-23 side against Nepal during the 2016 South Asian Games.

Senior

On 7 March 2013, at the age of 18, Kader made his international debut for Bangladesh during a friendly match against the Northern Mariana Islands. In the 85th minute of the match, he entered the field as a substitute for Mithun Chowdhury. Bangladesh won the match 4–0.[10]

Career statistics

International

As of 14 June 2022.
Bangladesh
Year Apps Goals
2013 4 0
2014 3 0
2015 10 0
2016 8 0
2019 4 0
2020 2 0
2022 3 0
Total 34 0

International goals

Olympic Team

# Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
1. 11 February 2016 SAI Centre, Paltan Bazaar Nepal Nepal U23 2–0 2–0 2016 South Asian Games

Honours

Sheikh Jamal Dhanmondi Club

Abahani Limited Dhaka

Chittagong Abahani Limited

Bangladesh U23

References

  1. ^ Sandbox at National-Football-Teams.com
  2. ^ "A tale of long throw-ins". The Daily Star. September 8, 2018.
  3. ^ মাঠে ফিরতে উদগ্রীব আবাহনীর কাদের. Jaijaidin.
  4. ^ Anisur Rahman (2013-12-14). "Sk Jamal take the crown". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2020-03-15.
  5. ^ Anisur Rahman (2016-08-15). "Ctg Abahani thrash Baridhara". The Daily Star. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  6. ^ "Abahani overpower Bashundhara 3-1". The Independent. Dhaka.
  7. ^ "Abahani reach AFC Cup knock out phase". The Independent. Dhaka.
  8. ^ "Abahani defeat April 25 by 4-3". The Independent. Dhaka.
  9. ^ "Sheikh Jamal complete transfers". The Daily Star. November 20, 2021.
  10. ^ "Bangladesh v Northern Mariana Islands Starting XIs, 3/6/13, AFC Challenge Cup | Goal.com". www.goal.com.
  • Sandbox at National-Football-Teams.com
  • {{Soccerway}} template missing ID and not present in Wikidata.
  • Sandbox at Global Sports Archive
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Sandbox&oldid=1294928441"