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Yeti and the Great Intelligence are featured in the 1995 spin-off [[direct-to-video]] film ''[[Downtime (Doctor Who)|Downtime]]'', produced by [[Reeltime Pictures|Reeltime]] and featuring [[Victoria Waterfield]] ([[Deborah Watling]]), Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart (Nicholas Courtney) and [[Sarah Jane Smith]] ([[Elisabeth Sladen]]) with a now deceased Professor Travers (Jack Watling) serving as a vessel for the Intelligence. The Yeti are once again used as the Intelligence's minions, and the Intelligence is able to use control spheres to turn humans into Yeti.<ref>{{cite AV media|title=[[Downtime (Doctor Who)|Downtime]]|date=2 September 1995|author= Writer: [[Marc Platt (writer)|Marc Platt]]. Director: [[Christopher Barry]]|type=Motion picture}}</ref>
Yeti and the Great Intelligence are featured in the 1995 spin-off [[direct-to-video]] film ''[[Downtime (Doctor Who)|Downtime]]'', produced by [[Reeltime Pictures|Reeltime]] and featuring [[Victoria Waterfield]] ([[Deborah Watling]]), Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart (Nicholas Courtney) and [[Sarah Jane Smith]] ([[Elisabeth Sladen]]) with a now deceased Professor Travers (Jack Watling) serving as a vessel for the Intelligence. The Yeti are once again used as the Intelligence's minions, and the Intelligence is able to use control spheres to turn humans into Yeti.<ref>{{cite AV media|title=[[Downtime (Doctor Who)|Downtime]]|date=2 September 1995|author= Writer: [[Marc Platt (writer)|Marc Platt]]. Director: [[Christopher Barry]]|type=Motion picture}}</ref>


The Yeti appear as antagonists in several novels in the ''Lethbridge-Stewart'' book series, depicting stories starring the Brigadier.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frankham-Allen |first=Andy |title=Night of the Intelligence |date=9 June 2017 |publisher=Candy Jar Books |isbn=0995743630}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Frankham-Allen |first=Andy |title=The Dogs of War |date=17 November 2015 |publisher=Candy Jar Books |language=English}}</ref> The Yeti also appear in the 1995 novel ''[[Millennial Rites]]'' by [[Craig Hinton]], where the Intelligence merges with an entity from another dimension, creating an altered London; the Intelligence constructs Yeti in this dimension to act as its servants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hinton |first=Craig |title=[[Millennial Rites]] |date=19 October 1995 |publisher=[[Virgin Books]] |isbn=0-426-20455-7 |language=English}}</ref> The Yeti appear in audio drama stories ''The Web of Time'' and ''Time of the Intelligence'', again as the Intelligence's foot-soldiers.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=The Web of Time |date=27 August 2019 |last=Dorney |first=John |language=English |publisher=[[Big Finish Productions]] |isbn=978-1-78703-508-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Time of the Intelligence |date=19 December 2017 |last=Frankham-Allen |first=Andy |language=English |publisher=[[Big Finish Productions]] |isbn=978-1-78703-091-6}}</ref> Yeti robots were also among the monsters to appear in the 1997 video game ''[[Doctor Who: Destiny of the Doctors]]''.{{uncited}}
The Yeti appear as antagonists in several novels in the ''Lethbridge-Stewart'' book series, depicting stories starring the Brigadier.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frankham-Allen |first=Andy |title=Night of the Intelligence |date=9 June 2017 |publisher=Candy Jar Books |isbn=0995743630}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Frankham-Allen |first=Andy |title=The Dogs of War |date=17 November 2015 |publisher=Candy Jar Books |language=English}}</ref> The Yeti also appear in the 1995 novel ''[[Millennial Rites]]'' by [[Craig Hinton]], where the Intelligence merges with an entity from another dimension, creating an altered London; the Intelligence constructs Yeti in this dimension to act as its servants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hinton |first=Craig |title=[[Millennial Rites]] |date=19 October 1995 |publisher=[[Virgin Books]] |isbn=0-426-20455-7 |language=English}}</ref> The Yeti appear in audio drama stories ''The Web of Time'' and ''Time of the Intelligence'', again as the Intelligence's foot-soldiers.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=The Web of Time |date=27 August 2019 |last=Dorney |first=John |language=English |publisher=[[Big Finish Productions]] |isbn=978-1-78703-508-9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Time of the Intelligence |date=19 December 2017 |last=Frankham-Allen |first=Andy |language=English |publisher=[[Big Finish Productions]] |isbn=978-1-78703-091-6}}</ref>


==Conception and development==
==Conception and development==

Revision as of 12:32, 17 June 2025

For other uses, see Yeti (disambiguation).

Yeti
Doctor Who race
An image depicting a tall, furry, humanoid costume. Its arms are crossed over its chest.
A Yeti on display at the Doctor Who Experience
First appearanceThe Abominable Snowmen (1967)
In-universe information
Home worldEarth
TypeRobots
AffiliationThe Great Intelligence

The Yeti are fictional robots from the long-running British science fiction television series Doctor Who. They were originally created by writers Henry Lincoln and Mervyn Haisman and first appeared in the 1967 serial The Abominable Snowmen. The Yeti resemble the cryptozoological creatures also called the Yeti. In the series' fictional universe, these robot Yeti serve the Great Intelligence, a formless entity with mysterious origins, and are used by the Intelligence to aid in its invasions. Following this debut appearance, the Yeti only had one other major appearance in the 1968 serial The Web of Fear, which depicted the Yeti's being used by the Intelligence in its attempt to subjugate London using the London Underground.

The concept of the Yeti arose as a result of a discussion between then-lead actor Patrick Troughton, Lincoln, and Haisman, and soon was pitched to the show's production office. The serial, The Abominable Snowmen, was chosen out of a desire for more on-location shooting, necessitated by the serial's script; it was also chosen because the production team needed a replacement for the Daleks, another popular antagonist that had recently been written out of the series. Producer Peter Bryant, predicting the Yeti would be a success with audiences, commissioned another serial featuring the Yeti to follow shortly after their debut. Disagreements arose between Lincoln and Haisman with the BBC in 1968 over the company's handling of another of the pair's creations for the series, leading to the writers' departure from the series and the retirement of the Yeti as antagonists in the main series apart from small cameos. The Yeti have recurred in spin-off media, including the 1995 direct-to-video film Downtime.

Already popular monsters at the time of their introduction, the Yeti became even more popular with their second appearance in The Web of Fear, as the Yeti's presence in the serial's setting of the London Underground was stated to have made them substantially more terrifying for viewers, especially children. Though the Yeti have maintained an appeal with fans after their retirement from the series, critics and some fans have felt that the creatures' inflexible costumes and "cuddly" designs lessened their credibility as antagonists.

History

Main article: List of Doctor Who universe creatures and aliens § Great Intelligence

Doctor Who is a long-running British science-fiction television series that began in 1963. It stars its protagonist, The Doctor, an alien who travels through time and space in a ship known as the TARDIS, as well as their travelling companions.[1] When the Doctor dies, they are able to undergo a process known as "regeneration", completely changing the Doctor's appearance and personality.[2] Throughout their travels, the Doctor often comes into conflict with various alien species and antagonists.[3][4]

The Yeti appear twice in the fifth season of Doctor Who as adversaries of the Doctor's second incarnation (Patrick Troughton). They are introduced in the 1967 serial The Abominable Snowmen guarding a cave near a Buddhist monastery in the Himalayas, scaring or killing travellers. The Yeti robots are protecting a pyramid of spheres that house[5] the Great Intelligence, a disembodied entity with mysterious origins,[6] who has possessed the body of the High Lama Padmasamabhava (Wolfe Morris) after the Intelligence encountered the High Lama on the astral plane several centuries ago. Using Padmasambhava, the Great Intelligence moves small Yeti game pieces around a chess-like map of the monastery and mountainside and the Yeti are controlled remotely via the "control spheres" in their chests. The Great Intelligence intends to create a physical body for itself, but these plans are foiled by the Doctor and his companions. With the Intelligence banished back to the astral plane, the Yeti fall dormant.[5] Several Yeti are taken back to England by Professor Travers (Jack Watling), who had come on the mission in the hopes of encountering the real Yeti.[7]

In The Web of Fear, which aired in 1968 and was set forty years after The Abominable Snowmen, the Yeti artifacts that Travers brought to England reawaken due to the return of the Great Intelligence.[7] The Yeti then subjugate London and engulf the Underground in a web-like fungus. The only resistance offered is by a band of soldiers, led first by Captain Knight (Ralph Watson) and then by a colonel named Lethbridge-Stewart (Nicholas Courtney), with scientific support provided by Travers, his daughter Anne Travers (Tina Packer) and later the Doctor. The invasion of the London Underground is revealed as a trap designed to draw in the Doctor so that the Great Intelligence can drain the Doctor's mind, but the Intelligence is again defeated and banished, rendering all the Yeti dormant once again.[7] The Yeti subsequently made a brief cameo in the 1969 serial The War Games, where they are referenced as one of the many antagonists that the Second Doctor had fought and defeated.[8]

A large white mound with a white sphere on top of it, resembling the shape of a person. It is constructed in a way that resembles snow.
A white-skinned, eyeless, sharp-toothed humanoid figure wearing darkly colored Victorian garb and a top hat.
A Snowman (left) and a Whisper Man (right), who were some of the creatures that acted as the Intelligence's servants in place of the Yeti in the series' revival

A Yeti is one of the creatures featured in the 1983 episode "The Five Doctors" where it is encountered by the Second Doctor and Lethbridge-Stewart, who is now a Brigadier, as they cross through the Death Zone, an ancient arena used by the Time Lords, the Doctor's species, to pit aliens from across time and space against each other. The Yeti is one of the aliens that is present in the Death Zone, stated to be a leftover from a prior game. It attacks the pair, but the Doctor is able to use fireworks to cause a rockfall, separating them from the Yeti.[9]

Though the Great Intelligence would return to the seventh series of Doctor Who's 2005 revival, the Yeti did not return. The Intelligence created several new servants, including the Snowmen, Spoonheads, and Whisper Men. These creatures diverged significantly from the Yeti: the Snowmen were sentient snowmen, the Spoonheads were robots that harvested human minds using the Wi-Fi, and the Whisper Men were faceless humanoids in Victorian fashion that whisper dark nursery rhymes under their breath.[10]

Spin-off media

Yeti and the Great Intelligence are featured in the 1995 spin-off direct-to-video film Downtime, produced by Reeltime and featuring Victoria Waterfield (Deborah Watling), Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart (Nicholas Courtney) and Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen) with a now deceased Professor Travers (Jack Watling) serving as a vessel for the Intelligence. The Yeti are once again used as the Intelligence's minions, and the Intelligence is able to use control spheres to turn humans into Yeti.[11]

The Yeti appear as antagonists in several novels in the Lethbridge-Stewart book series, depicting stories starring the Brigadier.[12][13] The Yeti also appear in the 1995 novel Millennial Rites by Craig Hinton, where the Intelligence merges with an entity from another dimension, creating an altered London; the Intelligence constructs Yeti in this dimension to act as its servants.[14] The Yeti appear in audio drama stories The Web of Time and Time of the Intelligence, again as the Intelligence's foot-soldiers.[15][16]

Conception and development

Creation

An artistic depiction of a yeti, on which Doctor Who's Yeti were based

The Yeti were created after writers Henry Lincoln and Mervyn Haisman had spoken with then-lead actor Patrick Troughton, who expressed disappointment in the lack of Earth-bound stories in his first season as the Doctor. Lincoln chose the stories of the Yeti as a suitable concept around which to create a serial of the program, as it was a creature viewers would be familiar with; it could also reasonably be adapted as the creature was never found, and thus was not proven to actually exist.[17] Lincoln and Haisman brought up the idea with Troughton, who was interested and had wanted to be in a story with Yeti. Producer Innes Lloyd was interested in doing an episode set in the Himalayas and also saw the monsters as a potential replacement for the Daleks,[17] which had recently been written out of the program. The Yeti, alongside other monsters such as the Cybermen and Ice Warriors, were one of many attempts by Lloyd to create such a replacement.[18][19]

The Yeti's debut serial was commissioned for six episodes. Lincoln and Haisman, before they had started scripting, ironed out designs for the Yeti, including the original concept for the Yeti's control spheres. They wanted the Yeti to look cuddly and friendly so that their strength would come as a surprise to viewers. The pair quickly realized the Yeti would likely not be sentient, resulting in the creation of their in-universe master the Great Intelligence to act as their controller.[17] The production team predicted the serial would be popular and thus commissioned a sequel episode featuring the Yeti three days before The Abominable Snowmen had even aired.[17]

In 1968, disagreements arose between Lincoln and Haisman with the BBC over the serial The Dominators, as well as the BBC's subsequent usage of its antagonists, the Quarks, leading to the writers' departure from the series and the retirement of the Yeti as antagonists. This scrapped further plans for returns, which included an episode which would have written out the Second Doctor's companion Jamie McCrimmon.[20] Despite this, a Yeti was able to briefly appear in The War Games in a cameo alongside several other monsters, done in part to commemorate the end of the Second Doctor's time on the show.[8] An agreement with Lincoln and Haisman was able to be reached for the Yeti's appearance in "The Five Doctors", allowing the Yeti to replace the role of an unnamed subterranean monster from the original script.[21]

Though the Great Intelligence was brought back in the seventh series of Doctor Who's revival, the Yeti were not brought back with it. The book Once Upon a Time Lord: The Myths and Stories of Doctor Who posited that this was likely due to the Yeti's being seen as too silly to be effective on a more modern television series. The book wrote that this lined up with then-showrunner Steven Moffat's comments on the returning Ice Warriors, who Moffat was hesitant to bring back due to their slow, lumbering movement, which the Yeti also suffered from.[10]

Design

A Yeti in a production photo taken during filming of The Abominable Snowmen. The original Yeti design featured in this episode was deemed to be too "cuddly", resulting in a redesign in The Web of Fear.[22]

The Yeti costumes were designed by Martin Baugh in both of their appearances.[23] The original Yeti costume used latex hands and feet, and Cybermat props were reused for elements of the control spheres in the costume's chest. The costume's main body used a bamboo base and was largely one piece, with a second head piece placed on top of the main body. A small slit was available underneath the Yeti's "nose" to act as eyeholes for the actor. Four of these Yeti costumes were produced for the serial. A central box was placed in the costume's chest for the control sphere, which was largely covered by the costume's fur, which could be lifted as needed for shots requiring the control sphere. Actors had to dress lightly underneath the costumes to avoid overheating as it could get hot inside the costumes.[17] Rainy weather on location made the Yeti costumes "flop" and thus appear more "cuddly" than originally portrayed. The slopes needed for the serial's location also became slippery, making filming hazardous for Yeti actors. Hairdryers were used to re-fluff the Yetis' costumes after they got too wet.[17] A real Yeti, seen briefly at the end of the serial, re-used the original Yeti costume, and likewise was portrayed by an actor. This Yeti had much of the stuffing and framework removed to allow it to run away, as actors could not move quickly in fully formed Yeti costumes due to the costume's weight.[17]

For their re-appearance in The Web of Fear, the original costumes had already started to deteriorate, and many had criticised the "cuddly" Yeti designs. As a result, the next design was made to be "rougher" and had glowing eyes.[22] They used yak hair for their construction, were slightly smaller sized than the originals, and wielded "web guns" to attack, unlike before where they solely used their physical strength.[17] They were constructed by freelance prop builders Jack and John Lowell.[17] The team ran into problems with the Yeti as several action sequences could not be performed, such as a scene where a Yeti lifts and throws a soldier, due to how heavy the costumes were. Director Douglas Camfield grew to dislike the Yeti as he found them limiting in stories. An original Yeti costume from The Abominable Snowmen was used briefly in the serial as a display piece in a museum, and the old design was transitioned to the new design during the serial's events.[17] As a result of the Yeti's popularity and the new design, prior to the airing of The Web of Fear, a special trailer featuring Patrick Troughton in character as the Second Doctor was shown, telling audiences to expect far scarier Yeti in the serial.[20]

For "The Five Doctors", a re-used, flea-infested costume from The Web of Fear was used to depict the Yeti in the serial.[21]

Brian Hodgson of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop developed a Yeti roar for the Yetis' second appearance, created by slowing down the sound of a flushing toilet.[22] The control sphere sound effects were also done by Hodgson, and were used in both Yeti serials.[17] The Yeti were portrayed by various actors across their two appearances.[17]

Reception and legacy

After the death of co-creator Mervyn Haisman, The Guardian's obituary called the Yeti his "lasting legacy" to the series and its fanbase, noting how the monsters "captured the public imagination".[24] The book Who Is The Doctor 2: The Unofficial Guide to Doctor Who — The Modern Series noted that the Yeti were incredibly popular antagonists with those who watched the series, even after they stopped appearing in the series, with the book stating that "It's a testament to their effectiveness that they maintained an appeal for all this time."[20] Ivan Phillips similarly wrote in the book Once Upon a Time Lord: The Myths and Stories of Doctor Who that the Yetis' redesign in The Web of Fear, in conjunction with their presence in the familiar London Underground environment, helped make the monsters more terrifying for children.[10] Media historian James Chapman opined that the Yeti's presence was the start of Doctor Who's recurring motif of using science fiction to explain real-world mythology due to the creatures' being revealed as robot minions. Chapman reflects that their second appearance in The Web of Fear made the Yeti terrifying as a result of their presence in the familiar environment of the London Underground, with their presence being stated by Chapman to have made the Piccadilly line into as scary as "what Psycho had done for motel showers."[25] Third Doctor actor Jon Pertwee is known for commenting that nothing frightened an audience more than "a Yeti on your loo in Tooting Bec", which he used to defend the successful format of stories set exclusively on Earth in the series.[17][20][26] Writing in A Critical History of Doctor Who on Television, critic John Kenneth Muir stated that the concept of a "hairy beast" actually being a robot was so popular it inspired other similar creatures, such as a robotic sasquatch on the show The Six Million Dollar Man.[27]

Graham Sleight, writing for the book The Doctor's Monsters: Meanings of the Monstrous in Doctor Who, commented that the voiceless Yeti robots, in addition to similar monsters such as the Autons and the maggots in The Green Death, are controlled by another entity and are merely there to provide a threat, leading to the Yeti and similar monsters being less interesting than monsters that could talk or reason with the characters.[28] Simon Morgan-Russell, writing in the piece An Enemy Within: The London Underground and Doctor Who's "The Web of Fear", believed that the original Yeti designs featured in The Abominable Snowmen were the epitome of antagonists during the show's 1963–1989 original run, writing that they were "awkward, hulking monsters, slowed down by the weight or inflexibility of the actors' costumes".[29] Morgan-Russell believed that while the Yeti were terrifying figures for children, the threat levelled in the Web of Fear for adults was said to be more of a result of the social and political climate of the time and how the serial tackled these issues.[29] Writing in the book The Science of Doctor Who, writer Mark Brake criticized the Yeti's designs, believing their large, teddy bear-like design not only made the Yeti look "unconvincing", but also made the Intelligence less imposing as an antagonist.[6] Phillips wrote that the rediscovery of The Web of Fear in 2013, a serial that had previously been missing, allowed for a re-evaluation of the Yeti as antagonists by fans and critics, leading to many viewing the Yeti less highly in retrospect due to the Yeti not being "quite as effective" in the modern day as they were popularly remembered. He added that the Intelligence's new servants, the Whisper Men, by comparison used similar elements to the Yeti, such as slow, shambling movement and a lack of ability to communicate, to a much more effective degree.[10]

References

  1. ^ Nicol, Danny (1 May 2020). "Doctor Who, Family and National Identity". Entertainment & Sports Law Journal. 18 (4): 1–11 – via EBSCO.
  2. ^ Grady, Constance (13 December 2023). "Doctor Who's big twist betrayed the show's oldest rule". Vox. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
  3. ^ Cardin, Matt (17 November 2014). Mummies around the World: An Encyclopedia of Mummies in History, Religion, and Popular Culture. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 979-8-216-12019-3.
  4. ^ Wells, Bobby (24 January 2022). "Doctor Who Villains, Ranked". Space. Retrieved 21 May 2025.
  5. ^ a b Writer Mervyn Haisman and Henry Lincoln, Director Gerald Blake, Producer Innes Lloyd (30 September – 4 November 1967). "The Abominable Snowmen". Doctor Who. London. BBC.
  6. ^ a b Brake, Mark (26 January 2021). The Science of Doctor Who: The Scientific Facts Behind the Time Warps and Space Travels of the Doctor. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5107-5787-5.
  7. ^ a b c Writer Mervyn Haisman and Henry Lincoln, Director Douglas Camfield, Producer Peter Bryant (3 February – 3 September 1968). "The Web of Fear". Doctor Who. London. BBC.
  8. ^ a b Ainsworth, John (7 February 2018). Doctor Who: The Complete History: The Seeds of Death - The Space Pirates - The War Games. Hachette Partworks, Panini Publishing. ISSN 2057-6048.
  9. ^ Writer Terrence Dicks, Director Peter Moffatt, Producer John Nathan-Turner (1 February – 25 November 1983). "The Five Doctors". Doctor Who. London. BBC.
  10. ^ a b c d Phillips, Ivan (20 February 2020). Once Upon a Time Lord: The Myths and Stories of Doctor Who. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78831-645-3.
  11. ^ Writer: Marc Platt. Director: Christopher Barry (2 September 1995). Downtime (Motion picture).
  12. ^ Frankham-Allen, Andy (9 June 2017). Night of the Intelligence. Candy Jar Books. ISBN 0995743630.
  13. ^ Frankham-Allen, Andy (17 November 2015). The Dogs of War. Candy Jar Books.
  14. ^ Hinton, Craig (19 October 1995). Millennial Rites. Virgin Books. ISBN 0-426-20455-7.
  15. ^ Dorney, John (27 August 2019). The Web of Time. Big Finish Productions. ISBN 978-1-78703-508-9.
  16. ^ Frankham-Allen, Andy (19 December 2017). Time of the Intelligence. Big Finish Productions. ISBN 978-1-78703-091-6.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ainsworth, John (1 June 2016). Doctor Who: The Complete History: The Abominable Snowmen - The Ice Warriors - The Enemy of the World - The Web of Fear. Hachette Partworks, Panini Publishing. ISSN 2057-6048.
  18. ^ Chapman, James (19 September 2006). Inside the TARDIS: The Worlds of Doctor Who. I B Tauris. p. 53. ISBN 184511163X.
  19. ^ K. McEwan, Cameron (4 March 2018). "7 Doctor Who Spin-Offs That Never Made It to TV, from Daleks in America to Rose Tyler: Earth Defence". Digital Spy. Archived from the original on 18 March 2025. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
  20. ^ a b c d Burk, Graeme; Smith?, Robert (17 March 2020). Who Is The Doctor 2: The Unofficial Guide to Doctor Who — The Modern Series. ECW Press. ISBN 978-1-77305-470-4.
  21. ^ a b Ainsworth, John (18 October 2017). Doctor Who: The Complete History: Terminus - Enlightenment - The King's Demons - The Five Doctors. Hachette Partworks, Panini Publishing. ISSN 2057-6048.
  22. ^ a b c "The Web of Fear: Introduction". BBC. Archived from the original on 12 September 2024. Retrieved 15 March 2013.
  23. ^ Britton, Piers (1 June 2003). Reading Between Designs: Visual Imagery and the Generation of Meaning in The Avengers, The Prisoner, and Doctor Who. University of Texas Press. p. 136. ISBN 0292709277.
  24. ^ Hayward, Anthony (9 December 2010). "Mervyn Haisman obituary". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 12 May 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  25. ^ Chapman, James (19 September 2006). Inside the TARDIS: The Worlds of Doctor Who. I B Tauris. p. 67. ISBN 184511163X.
  26. ^ Smurthwaite, Nick (20 May 1996). "Obituary: Jon Pertwee". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2025. Retrieved 4 May 2025.
  27. ^ Muir, John Kenneth (15 September 2015). A Critical History of Doctor Who on Television. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-1-4766-0454-1.
  28. ^ Sleight, Graham (30 October 2012). The Doctor's Monsters: Meanings of the Monstrous in Doctor Who. I B Tauris. pp. 6, 7. ISBN 978-1848851788.
  29. ^ a b Morgan-Russell, Simon (10 September 2019). "An Enemy Within: The London Underground and Doctor Who's "The Web of Fear"". Journal of Popular Film & Television. 47 (3): 163–170 – via Taylor and Francis Group.
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