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== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

[[File:News of the Central Asia Information Bureau.png|thumb|News of the Central Asia Information Bureau. Translation:**News from the Central Asia Information Bureau**

1. For the sake of the HAT (Islamic Army of Transoxiana), Islamic forces under the command of Ziver Pasha in Eastern Bukhara
'''The finest cities and fortresses of Bukhara: Termez and Kork. In Ternava, 10,000 Russians were killed, wounded, or captured; in Kerki, 7,000 soldiers were taken prisoner.'''

2. Enver Pasha has arrived: 12,000 Afghan volunteers have joined, and the number continues to grow.

3. On behalf of the damned Lenin government's partisans (Russians), there was an attempt on the life of the chief bandit and several other Russians; Lenin was severely wounded, and the others were killed. There is hope that Denia won't survive either.

4. In the Çarjun region, after hours of clashes between Turkmen Islamic fighters and Russian forces, the Russians were killed 28, wounded 14, and lost 1 machine gun, 21 rifles, and 3 wagons of ammunition.

5. At the Genoa Conference, the Russians were told to restore the former system within four months, or all states would face a collective collapse.

Among our comrades, near the Kayalyanka region, in the Achil-Benom Russian forest, the result: 13 Russians killed, 14 rifles, two machine guns seized, with others wounded, killed, or captured, and more cartridges taken.

— Central Asia Information Department, Samarkand Branch.
]]
[[Category:Battles in 1922]]
[[Category:Battles in 1922]]
[[Category:Basmachi movement]]
[[Category:Basmachi movement]]

Revision as of 20:16, 20 June 2025

Enver Pasha's campaign in Bukhara
Part of the Basmachi movement

Territories under Enver Pasha's control or influence (1921–1922)
DateApril–May 1922[3]
Location
Bukhara and most of Uzbekistan
Result Basmachi victory
Territorial
changes
Belligerents

Basmachi movement

 Afghanistan[1]

 Russian SFSR

 Bukharan PSR[2]
Commanders and leaders

Enver Pasha[8][9][10]

Molla Abdul Kakhar [11][12][13]

Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Mikhail Frunze[14]

 Fayzulla Xoʻjayev [15][16]
Strength
26,061[17](likely exaggerated) or 20,000[18][19][20]or 16,000[21] or 7,000[22][23][24] or 3,000[25][26] Over 100,000[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]
Casualties and losses
Unknown ~17,000 dead[36]. Other estimates (1921–1923): up to 259,000[37][38] (likely exaggerated).

Enver Pasha's campaign in Bukhara or Enver Pasha's Bukhara campaign[39] was a series of military engagements between the Basmachi movement, led by Enver Pasha and Molla Abduk Kakhar, and Soviet forces in former Emirate of Bukhara during April and May 1922. The campaign resulted in the Basmachi forces temporarily gaining control over much of Eastern and parts of Western Bukhara, [40][41][42][43] challenging Soviet authority in the area. Despite initial successes, Soviet counteroffensives later that year continued to contest the region. The campaign formed part of the broader Basmachi Revolt against Soviet rule in Central Asia following the Russian Civil War.

Background

After Enver Pasha's successful siege in Dushanbe, Under Enver's leadership, the Basmachis regained control over much of Bukhara.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50] Koyenikov, the official Soviet Russian representative in Bukhara, reported to the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs that "the Basmachi were growing stronger and becoming organized in Eastern Bukhara, were also active in Western Bukhara, and that even the capital, Bukhara itself, was in danger."[51] During this period, the movement also became more centralized; regular meetings were held among the leaders of Khiva, Bukhara, and Fergana.[52][53][54][55][56] Enver Pasha's successful gains in Bukhara were on the verge of spreading to Dagestan, where signs of unrest had already begun to emerge.[57][58] He established a unified army in Bukhara, implemented a Western-style chain of command, and incorporated Turkish officers into the ranks.[59] Bukharan Army could no longer contain the movement and, fearing the collapse of their own government, the Bukharan Council of Nazirs approved yet another increase in Soviet troop commitment in the area.[60]

The Campaign

In May 1922, after receiving military aid from Afghanistan—including 800 soldiers, weapons, and 80 camel-loads of ammunition[61] Enver Pasha mobilized from his headquarters in the Kafirun region with approximately 20,000 Basmachi fighters under his command.[62] He launched a broad offensive, clearing Soviet forces from Dushanbe, Hisar, Beljivan, Kulab, Darvaz, Karategin, Saraykamar, Kurgantepe, Kabaduyan, and most of the city of Baysun,[63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70](The detailed report submitted to Galip Pasha, who had been appointed as the representative to Bukhara, confirms this information. More than half of the territory of the Emirate of Bukhara was under the military control of Enver Pasha's forces, not the Soviets.)[71] In accordance with the decisions made at the 15 April 1922 congress, he established local and civil administrations in these areas and stationed a portion of his troops in the mentioned locations to maintain control and security.[72][73][74][75][76] when Enver's forces controlled the whole of the eastern part of Bukhara,[77] the Soviets were quite worried and perceived this situation to be more complicated than some military victories won by Enver:

"What will be the outcome of this enterprise? From a military point of view, there can be only one opinion, that the large Soviet Federation which knew how to contain the English and the French attack when fighting Denikin, Kolchak and Wrangel, is strong enough to destroy the enterprise of Enver Paşa.... It is not the military aspect of this affair which makes us worry, it is more the political aspect... In effect, the past glory of Enver as man of the Muslim state, can still attract crowds of ignorant dehgans in some remote regions today."[78]

Aftermath

Enver Pasha, who managed to largely unify the Basmachi in a short period of time, succeeded in forming a general front in March 1922 by including the Fergana, Samarkand region units, and the Eastern Bukhara units. Following this development, on March 28, 1922, Enver Pasha was declared the commander of all forces in Eastern Bukhara by a decree sent by Alim Khan.[79][80]

In response to Enver's challenge, Red Army Commander S. S. Kamenev created the Bukharan Forces Group (under the control of the Turkestan Front), which included 2 cavalry brigades, 2 cavalry squadrons, and 1 rifle division-7,530 men in all. The Reds pursued Enver in two columns, one to seal the Afghan frontier and the other to envelop him from the from the north and expel him from the fertile Gissar Valley.[81] In the same year and the following year Bukhara People's Soviet Republic government fired all Ottoman prisoners of war working in Bukhara as teachers, ostensibly for provoking factionalism in the country and supporting Enver’s misdeeds.[82][83]

References

  1. ^ Hikmet Özdemir 3 Jöntürkün ölümü Enver-Cemal-Talat p.278
  2. ^ Kangas, Roger David, Ph.D. Faizulla Khodzhaev: National Communism in Bukhara and Soviet Uzbekistan, 1896-1938 p.220
  3. ^ Basmacılar Türkistan Milli Mücadele Tarihi Baymirza Hayit p.205
  4. ^ Basmacılar Türkistan Milli Mücadele Tarihi Baymirza Hayit p.205
  5. ^ Alone Through The Forbidden Land Krist, Gustav p. 78
  6. ^ John King, John Noble, Andrew Humphreys Central Asia p.367
  7. ^ Bulletin périodique de la presse russe France. Ministère de la guerre (1791-1936) p. 1
  8. ^ Basmacılar Türkistan Milli Mücadele Tarihi Baymirza Hayit p.209
  9. ^ Aydın İdil Enver Paşa'nın son savaşı p.227
  10. ^ BCA, 23/8/1922, File: 43111, Background File: 30.10.0.0, Location number: 247.671.11
  11. ^ Basmacılar Türkistan Milli Mücadele Tarihi Baymirza Hayit p.205
  12. ^ Central asian review Vol VII p.245
  13. ^ Glenda Fraser, Basmachi Vol 1 p.58
  14. ^ Dr. Robert F. Baumann Russian-Soviet Unconventional Wars in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan p.121
  15. ^ Chahryar Adle, Unesco, Madhavan K. Palat, Anara Tabyshalieva History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary period : from the mid-nineteenth to the end of the twentieth century p.177
  16. ^ Kangas, Roger David, Ph.D. Faizulla Khodzhaev: National Communism in Bukhara and Soviet Uzbekistan, 1896-1938 p.220
  17. ^ CSASA, file 7, cat. 2, d. 466. p. 58.
  18. ^ Belleten, Salahi R. Sonyel, Enver Paşa ve Orta Asya'da Başgösteren "Basmacı" Akımı, p.1186
  19. ^ Okan Yeşilot-Burcu Özdemir, Sovyet Arşiv Belgeleri Işığında Basmacı Hareketi, p.288
  20. ^ These numbers are the total number of basmachi forces in central asia, not only during the campaign
  21. ^ Marie Broxup The basmachi p.60
  22. ^ The Basmachi movement from within: An account of Zeki Velidi Togan H. B. Paksoy p.390
  23. ^ центральная азия и закавказье история и современность p.64
  24. ^ Some Soviet sources assert that Frunze operated against a force of 40,000 in Bukhara, but it is improbable. Moreover, even had such a force existed, it could not have concentrated in a single effort
  25. ^ Dr. Robert F. Baumann Russian-Soviet Unconventional Wars in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan p.112
  26. ^ https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/regional-relations/a-garden-and-a-tomb-in-kabul-2-the-fate-of-the-last-amir-of-bukhara-and-his-countrys-relations-with-afghanistan/
  27. ^ Sovyetlerde Türklüğün ve İslam'ın bazı maddeleri Baymirza hayit p.230
  28. ^ Enver Paşa Basmacılar isyanı (Enver Pasha and the basmachi movement) - İlyas Kara p. 133
  29. ^ Dr. Robert F. Baumann Russian-Soviet Unconventional Wars in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan p. 100
  30. ^ Cihan Yalvar 1918-1922 yılları arasında Emir Timurun Mirası: "Buhara Emirliği" p.230
  31. ^ Murat Bardakçı, Enver p.349
  32. ^ Unesco History of Civilizations of Central Asia p.177
  33. ^ David H. Mould Postcards from Stanland Journeys in Central Asia p.49
  34. ^ Bradley Mayhew, Paul Clammer, Michael Kohn Central Asia p.367
  35. ^ John King, John Noble, Andrew Humphreys Central Asia: A Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit p.32
  36. ^ Aslan Turlybek, Enver Paşa, p. 366.
  37. ^ Glenda Fraser, Basmachi, Vol. 1, p. 59
  38. ^ Castagné, Les Basmatchis, p. 201
  39. ^ Glenda Fraser, Basmachi Vol 1 p.42
  40. ^ Unesco History of Civilizations of Central Asia p.177
  41. ^ Bulletin périodique de la presse russe France. Ministère de la guerre (1791-1936) p.1
  42. ^ Some aspects of the basmachi movement and the role of enver pasha in Turkestan Mehmed shahingoz and Amina akhanteva p.31
  43. ^ The revolt of the basmachi according to red army journals (1920–1922) Helene Aymen de Lageard p. 8
  44. ^ Dr. Robert F. Baumann Russian-Soviet Unconventional Wars in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan p.112
  45. ^ Dr. Robert F. Baumann Russian-Soviet Unconventional Wars in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan p.100
  46. ^ Okan Yeşilot-Burcu Özdemir, Sovyet Arşiv Belgeleri Işığında Basmacı Hareketi, p.288
  47. ^ Fate Saw the Jewel: Enver Pasha's Post-War Intrigues, 1918-1922Ben Tannenbaum p.63
  48. ^ Enver Pasha and the Basmaji movement in Central Asia S.R. Sonyel p. 56
  49. ^ Dilip Hiro Inside Central Asia p.42
  50. ^ An interdisciplinary journal for the study of history, philosophy, religion and classics Vol 3 Issue 1 2008 Donna O'Kearney Enver Pasha and the Basmachi Rebellion p.102
  51. ^ Baymirza Hayit Basmacılar Türkistan Milli Mücadele Tarihi pp.207-208
  52. ^ Cihan Yalvar 1918-1922 yılları arasında Emir Timurun Mirası: "Buhara Emirliği" p. 230
  53. ^ Nurettin Hatunoğlu, Türkistan’da Son Türk Devleti Buhara Emirliği ve Alim Han, Ötüken Neşriyat, 2011 İstanbul pp.322, 323
  54. ^ Musa Gümüş Türkistanda Vatan Müdafaacıları: Korbaşılar hareketi ve Enver Paşa p.660
  55. ^ Martha Olcott, “The Basmachi or Freemen's Revolt in Turkestan 1918-24”, Soviet Studies, Vol. 33, 1981, P. 363.
  56. ^ Okan Yeşilot-Burcu Özdemir, Sovyet Arşiv Belgeleri Işığında Basmacı Hareketi, p.288
  57. ^ Enver Paşa Basmacılar isyanı (Enver Pasha and the basmachi movement) - İlyas Kara p. 132
  58. ^ Cemal Kutay Enver Paşa Lenine Karşı p.61
  59. ^ The Basmachi or Freemen's revolt in Turkestan 1918–24 Martha B. Olcott p. 359
  60. ^ Kangas, Roger David, Ph.D. Faizulla Khodzhaev: National Communism in Bukhara and Soviet Uzbekistan, 1896-1938 p.220
  61. ^ Hikmet Özdemir 3 Jöntürkün ölümü Enver-Cemal-Talat p.278
  62. ^ Some sources suggest 7,000 or 3,000
  63. ^ Ali Fuat Cebesoy Moskova Hatıraları p.335
  64. ^ Tekin Eror Enver Paşa’nın Türkistan Kurtuluş Savaşı pp.122-123
  65. ^ Aydın idil Enver Paşa'nın son savaşı p.227
  66. ^ Enver Paşa's Last Stand, in Turkistan (1921-1922) - Jack Snowden p.14
  67. ^ Current History (1916-1940), Vol. 16, No. 6 (SEPTEMBER, 1922), p. 952
  68. ^ Science and Innovation International Scientific Journal - The Role of Anwar Pasha in history of Turkestan - Nabiyev Muhammadali p.605
  69. ^ Some aspects of the basmachi movement and the role of enver pasha in Turkestan Mehmed shahingoz and Amina akhanteva p.31
  70. ^ Jeffrey S. Dixon, Meredith Reid Sarkers A guide to Intra-State Wars p.473
  71. ^ BCA, 23/8/1922, File: 43111, Background File: 30.10.0.0, Location number: 247.671.11
  72. ^ Musa Gümüş Türkistanda Vatan Müdafaacıları: Korbaşılar hareketi ve Enver Paşa p.674
  73. ^ Musa Gümüş Türkistanda Vatan Müdafaacıları: Korbaşılar hareketi ve Enver Paşa p.660
  74. ^ Tekin Eror Enver Paşa’nın Türkistan Kurtuluş Savaşı pp.122-123
  75. ^ İlyas Kara Enver Paşa ve basmacılar hareketi p.134
  76. ^ Ali Fuat Cebesoy Moskova Hatıraları p.335
  77. ^ Ben Tannenbaum Fate Saw the Jewel: Enver Pasha’s Post-War Intrigues, 1918-1922 p.63
  78. ^ An Ottoman warrior abroad: Enver Paşa as an expatriate - Şuhnaz Yilmaz p. 58
  79. ^ Cihan Yalvar 1918-1922 yılları arasında Emir Timurun Mirası: "Buhara Emirliği" p. 230
  80. ^ Nurettin Hatunoğlu, Türkistan’da Son Türk Devleti Buhara Emirliği ve Alim Han, Ötüken Neşriyat,2011 İstanbul p.322.
  81. ^ Dr. Robert F. Baumann Russian-Soviet Unconventional Wars in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan pp.112-113
  82. ^ Tsentral'nyi Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Respubliki Uzbekistan (Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan), fond. 48, delo. 103, l. 28ob
  83. ^ Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (in Russian: Российский государственный архив социально-политической истории, also known as RGASPI), fond. 62, opis (inventory). 1, delo. 7, list. 71 (19.03.1923)
News of the Central Asia Information Bureau. Translation:**News from the Central Asia Information Bureau** 1. For the sake of the HAT (Islamic Army of Transoxiana), Islamic forces under the command of Ziver Pasha in Eastern Bukhara The finest cities and fortresses of Bukhara: Termez and Kork. In Ternava, 10,000 Russians were killed, wounded, or captured; in Kerki, 7,000 soldiers were taken prisoner. 2. Enver Pasha has arrived: 12,000 Afghan volunteers have joined, and the number continues to grow. 3. On behalf of the damned Lenin government's partisans (Russians), there was an attempt on the life of the chief bandit and several other Russians; Lenin was severely wounded, and the others were killed. There is hope that Denia won't survive either. 4. In the Çarjun region, after hours of clashes between Turkmen Islamic fighters and Russian forces, the Russians were killed 28, wounded 14, and lost 1 machine gun, 21 rifles, and 3 wagons of ammunition. 5. At the Genoa Conference, the Russians were told to restore the former system within four months, or all states would face a collective collapse. Among our comrades, near the Kayalyanka region, in the Achil-Benom Russian forest, the result: 13 Russians killed, 14 rifles, two machine guns seized, with others wounded, killed, or captured, and more cartridges taken. — Central Asia Information Department, Samarkand Branch.
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