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{{Infobox military conflict
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = '''Alp Tegin's invasion of Kabul and Ghazna'''
| conflict = '''Alp Tegin's invasion of Kabul and Ghazna'''
| width = 270 px
| width = 270 px
| partof =
| partof =
| image =File:Afghanistan. LOC 2001627423.jpg
| image = Afghanistan. LOC 2001627423.jpg
| name =
| name =
| image_size = 280
| image_size = 280
| alt =
| alt =
| caption = Present Afghanistan
| caption = Present Afghanistan
| date = 962-963 AD
| date = 962-963 AD
| place = [[Afghanistan]]
| place = [[Afghanistan]]
| coordinates =
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| map_label =
| territory = [[Kabul]] and [[Ghazna]] annexed by<br>Alp-Tegin
| territory = [[Kabul]] and [[Ghazna]] annexed by<br>Alp-Tegin
| result = victory for Kingdom of ghazna
| result = victory for Kingdom of ghazna
| status =
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[Kingdom]] [[of]] [[Ghazna]]
| combatant1 = [[Kingdom]] [[of]] [[Ghazna]]
| combatant2 = [[Hindu Shahi]]<br>[[Lawik dynasty]]<br>[[Kingdom]] [[of]] [[Bamiyan]]
| combatant2 = [[Hindu Shahi]]<br>[[Lawik dynasty]]<br>[[Kingdom]] [[of]] [[Bamiyan]]
| combatant3 =
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Alp-Tegin]]
| commander1 = [[Alp-Tegin]]
|commander2 = Bhimdeva shahi<br>[[Abu Bakr Lawik]]{{Surrender}}<br>[[Abu Ali Lawik]]{{POW}}<br>Shir barik{{POW}}
| commander2 = Bhimdeva shahi<br>[[Abu Bakr Lawik]]{{Surrender}}<br>[[Abu Ali Lawik]]{{POW}}<br>Shir barik{{POW}}
| commander3 =
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| units3 =
| strength1 =At Kabul:<br>10,000 forces
| strength1 = At Kabul:<br>10,000 forces
| strength2 = At Kabul:<br>3,000+ forces
| strength2 = At Kabul:<br>3,000+ forces
| strength3 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
| campaignbox =
}}
}}


'''Alp Tegin's invasion of Kabul and Ghazna''' was the military engagement where the turkic general Alp tegin launched an expeditions against the lawik kings, king of bamiyan and hindu shahis<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |pages=126}}</ref>.
'''Alp Tegin's invasion of Kabul and Ghazna''' was the military engagement where the turkic general Alp tegin launched an expeditions against the lawik kings, king of bamiyan and hindu shahis.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |pages=126}}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
Alp-Tegin was originally part of the nomadic Turks that roamed the [[Central Asia]]n [[steppe]]s, but was later captured and brought to the [[Samanid slave trade]] as a slave to the Samanid capital of [[Bukhara]], where he was raised in the Samanid court.{{sfn|Bosworth|1985|p=898}}{{sfn|Davaran|2010|p=158}}
Alp-Tegin was originally part of the nomadic Turks that roamed the [[Central Asia]]n [[steppe]]s, but was later captured and brought to the [[Samanid slave trade]] as a slave to the Samanid capital of [[Bukhara]], where he was raised in the Samanid court.{{sfn|Bosworth|1985|p=898}}{{sfn|Davaran|2010|p=158}}


[[Alp-Tegin]] was dismissed from his position as governor of Khorasan by [[Samanid]] ruler Mansur I upon the latter's accession. This dismissal led to Alp-Tegin's flight and subsequent establishment of the independent kingdom in [[Ghazna]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Houtsma |first1=M. Th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBAhUzVHvxIC&dq=ghazna+establishment+alp+tegin&pg=PA717 |title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islam |last2=Arnold |first2=T. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-307-0387-9 |pages=717 |language=en}}</ref>.
[[Alp-Tegin]] was dismissed from his position as governor of Khorasan by [[Samanid]] ruler Mansur I upon the latter's accession. This dismissal led to Alp-Tegin's flight and subsequent establishment of the independent kingdom in [[Ghazna]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Houtsma |first1=M. Th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fBAhUzVHvxIC&dq=ghazna+establishment+alp+tegin&pg=PA717 |title=Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islam |last2=Arnold |first2=T. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-307-0387-9 |pages=717 |language=en}}</ref>


==Battles==
==Battles==
[[File:Pınarbaşı 5.JPG|thumb|right|Alp-Tegin|300px]]
[[File:Pınarbaşı 5.JPG|thumb|right|Alp-Tegin|300px]]
[[Alp-Tegin]] fought against the powerful army of mansur l and won a prestigious victory over him near Khulam pass in 962 AD<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nāẓim |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SG83AAAAIAAJ&q=life+and+time+of+ghazni+internet+archive |title=The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna |date=1971 |publisher=CUP Archive |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref>. After a short period of time he attacked the local ruler of [[Bamiyan]], Shir barik. Alp tegin won a victory over Shir barik, defeated and took him prisoner. Later Shir barik accepted Islam and set free<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Güzel |first1=Hasan Celâl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmFtAAAAMAAJ&q=shir+alp+tegin+bamiyan |title=The Turks: Middle ages |last2=Oğuz |first2=Cem |last3=Karatay |first3=Osman |date=2002 |publisher=Yeni Türkiye |isbn=978-975-6782-57-6 |pages=85 |language=en |trans-title=He came to Ghazna after this march during which he subjugated the ruler of Bamiyan, Shir Barik, and the Indian ruler of Kabul. Alptegin defeated the ruler of Ghazna, Abu Bakr Levik (or Enuk).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Darke |first=Hubert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IaK4P5E9n7oC&dq=barik+alp+bamiyan&pg=PA113 |title=The Book of Government or Rules for Kings: The Siyar al Muluk or Siyasat-nama of Nizam al-Mulk |date=2012-08-21 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-60296-2 |language=en}}</ref>.
[[Alp-Tegin]] fought against the powerful army of mansur l and won a prestigious victory over him near Khulam pass in 962 AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nāẓim |first=Muhammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SG83AAAAIAAJ&q=life+and+time+of+ghazni+internet+archive |title=The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna |date=1971 |publisher=CUP Archive |pages=25 |language=en}}</ref> After a short period of time he attacked the local ruler of [[Bamiyan]], Shir barik. Alp tegin won a victory over Shir barik, defeated and took him prisoner. Later Shir barik accepted Islam and set free.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Güzel |first1=Hasan Celâl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OmFtAAAAMAAJ&q=shir+alp+tegin+bamiyan |title=The Turks: Middle ages |last2=Oğuz |first2=Cem |last3=Karatay |first3=Osman |date=2002 |publisher=Yeni Türkiye |isbn=978-975-6782-57-6 |pages=85 |language=en |trans-title=He came to Ghazna after this march during which he subjugated the ruler of Bamiyan, Shir Barik, and the Indian ruler of Kabul. Alptegin defeated the ruler of Ghazna, Abu Bakr Levik (or Enuk).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Darke |first=Hubert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IaK4P5E9n7oC&dq=barik+alp+bamiyan&pg=PA113 |title=The Book of Government or Rules for Kings: The Siyar al Muluk or Siyasat-nama of Nizam al-Mulk |date=2012-08-21 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-60296-2 |language=en}}</ref>


Having subdued [[Bamiyan]], he attacked the kabul shahi kingdom, Kabul shahi ruler had received 3,000 troops under the charge of lawik's son to strengthen the force. Meanwhile the news reached to [[Alp-Tegin]], he immediately selected 10,000 troops and rushed deeply into the armies of [[Hindu Shahi]] and [[Lawik]], defeated them and forced them to flee.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |pages=127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=A. C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeiKDwAAQBAJ&dq=alp+tegin+kabul+3%2C000&pg=PA110 |title=Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation |last2=Tor |first2=D. G. |date=2017-08-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-743-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzVWAAAAYAAJ&q=alp+tegin+kabul+son |title=Journal of Asian Civilisations |date=1998 |publisher=Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=C. Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-iWDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishment+ghazna+alp+tegin+kabul&pg=PT137 |title=The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650-1041: The Persian Text of Abu Sa'id 'Abd al-Hayy Gardizi |date=2018-03-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-955-9 |language=en}}</ref> Son of [[Abu Bakr Lawik]] captured by [[Alp-Tegin]] but later Alp sent him back to his father.


Having subdued [[Bamiyan]], he attacked the kabul shahi kingdom, Kabul shahi ruler had received 3,000 troops under the charge of lawik's son to strengthen the force. Meanwhile the news reached to [[Alp-Tegin]], he immediately selected 10,000 troops and rushed deeply into the armies of [[Hindu Shahi]] and [[Lawik]], defeated them and forced them to flee<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |pages=127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=A. C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeiKDwAAQBAJ&dq=alp+tegin+kabul+3%2C000&pg=PA110 |title=Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation |last2=Tor |first2=D. G. |date=2017-08-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-743-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzVWAAAAYAAJ&q=alp+tegin+kabul+son |title=Journal of Asian Civilisations |date=1998 |publisher=Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bosworth |first=C. Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-iWDwAAQBAJ&dq=establishment+ghazna+alp+tegin+kabul&pg=PT137 |title=The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650-1041: The Persian Text of Abu Sa'id 'Abd al-Hayy Gardizi |date=2018-03-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-955-9 |language=en}}</ref>. Son of [[Abu Bakr Lawik]] captured by [[Alp-Tegin]] but later Alp sent him back to his father.
Lawik took him lightly and started preparing for battle. [[Alp-Tegin]] heard this news and rushed to crush the lawik power in [[Ghazna]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |pages=127}}</ref> soon the conflict between the two forces arose but the lawik was defeated by [[Alp-Tegin]] , and retired in the citadel.[[Alp-Tegin]] surrounded the citadel and after the 20 days of siege he defeated, and forced [[Abu Bakr Lawik]] to surrender.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=A. C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeiKDwAAQBAJ&dq=alp+tegin+kabul+3,000&pg=PA110 |title=Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation |last2=Tor |first2=D. G. |date=2017-08-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-743-5 |pages=110 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrie |first=Cameron A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7QWEAAAQBAJ&dq=alp+kabul+bamiyan+tegin&pg=PA83 |title=Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200 |date=2020-12-28 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78570-306-5 |pages=83 |language=en}}</ref> following his victory over lawik he become the ruler of [[Ghazna]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzVWAAAAYAAJ&q=ghazna+lawik+tegin |title=Journal of Asian Civilisations |date=1998 |publisher=Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref>

Lawik took him lightly and started preparing for battle. [[Alp-Tegin]] heard this news and rushed to crush the lawik power in [[Ghazna]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/tltd_20240114 |title=The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis |date=1976 |pages=127}}</ref>. soon the conflict between the two forces arose but the lawik was defeated by [[Alp-Tegin]] , and retired in the citadel.[[Alp-Tegin]] surrounded the citadel and after the 20 days of siege he defeated, and forced [[Abu Bakr Lawik]] to surrender<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Peacock |first1=A. C. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OeiKDwAAQBAJ&dq=alp+tegin+kabul+3,000&pg=PA110 |title=Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation |last2=Tor |first2=D. G. |date=2017-08-30 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-85772-743-5 |pages=110 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Petrie |first=Cameron A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7QWEAAAQBAJ&dq=alp+kabul+bamiyan+tegin&pg=PA83 |title=Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200 |date=2020-12-28 |publisher=Oxbow Books |isbn=978-1-78570-306-5 |pages=83 |language=en}}</ref>. following his victory over lawik he become the ruler of [[Ghazna]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzVWAAAAYAAJ&q=ghazna+lawik+tegin |title=Journal of Asian Civilisations |date=1998 |publisher=Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref>.


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
[[Alp-Tegin]] was succeeded by
[[Alp-Tegin]] was succeeded by
[[Abu Ishaq Ibrahim of Ghazna]]. During his reign, he lost [[Ghazna]] to [[Lawik]] and [[Hindu Shahi]]. But however ishaq ibrahim managed to take it back with the help of Samanids<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=William Bayne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&dq=alp+tegin+kabul&pg=PA165 |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |last2=Frye |first2=R. N. |date=1975-06-26 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20093-6 |pages=165 |language=en}}</ref>.
[[Abu Ishaq Ibrahim of Ghazna]]. During his reign, he lost [[Ghazna]] to [[Lawik]] and [[Hindu Shahi]]. But however ishaq ibrahim managed to take it back with the help of Samanids.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=William Bayne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&dq=alp+tegin+kabul&pg=PA165 |title=The Cambridge History of Iran |last2=Frye |first2=R. N. |date=1975-06-26 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20093-6 |pages=165 |language=en}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 11:43, 26 June 2025

Alp Tegin's invasion of Kabul and Ghazna

Present Afghanistan
Date962-963 AD
Location
Afghanistan
Result victory for Kingdom of ghazna
Territorial
changes		 Kabul and Ghazna annexed by
Alp-Tegin
Belligerents
Kingdom of Ghazna Hindu Shahi
Lawik dynasty
Kingdom of Bamiyan
Commanders and leaders
Alp-Tegin Bhimdeva shahi
Abu Bakr Lawik Surrendered
Abu Ali Lawik (POW)
Shir barik (POW)
Strength
At Kabul:
10,000 forces		 At Kabul:
3,000+ forces

Alp Tegin's invasion of Kabul and Ghazna was the military engagement where the turkic general Alp tegin launched an expeditions against the lawik kings, king of bamiyan and hindu shahis.[1]

Background

[edit]

Alp-Tegin was originally part of the nomadic Turks that roamed the Central Asian steppes, but was later captured and brought to the Samanid slave trade as a slave to the Samanid capital of Bukhara, where he was raised in the Samanid court.[2][3]

Alp-Tegin was dismissed from his position as governor of Khorasan by Samanid ruler Mansur I upon the latter's accession. This dismissal led to Alp-Tegin's flight and subsequent establishment of the independent kingdom in Ghazna.[4]

Battles

[edit]
Alp-Tegin

Alp-Tegin fought against the powerful army of mansur l and won a prestigious victory over him near Khulam pass in 962 AD.[5] After a short period of time he attacked the local ruler of Bamiyan, Shir barik. Alp tegin won a victory over Shir barik, defeated and took him prisoner. Later Shir barik accepted Islam and set free.[6][7]

Having subdued Bamiyan, he attacked the kabul shahi kingdom, Kabul shahi ruler had received 3,000 troops under the charge of lawik's son to strengthen the force. Meanwhile the news reached to Alp-Tegin, he immediately selected 10,000 troops and rushed deeply into the armies of Hindu Shahi and Lawik, defeated them and forced them to flee.[8][9][10][11] Son of Abu Bakr Lawik captured by Alp-Tegin but later Alp sent him back to his father.

Lawik took him lightly and started preparing for battle. Alp-Tegin heard this news and rushed to crush the lawik power in Ghazna.[12] soon the conflict between the two forces arose but the lawik was defeated by Alp-Tegin , and retired in the citadel.Alp-Tegin surrounded the citadel and after the 20 days of siege he defeated, and forced Abu Bakr Lawik to surrender.[13][14] following his victory over lawik he become the ruler of Ghazna.[15]

Aftermath

[edit]

Alp-Tegin was succeeded by Abu Ishaq Ibrahim of Ghazna. During his reign, he lost Ghazna to Lawik and Hindu Shahi. But however ishaq ibrahim managed to take it back with the help of Samanids.[16]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis. 1976. p. 126.
  2. ^ Bosworth 1985, p. 898.
  3. ^ Davaran 2010, p. 158.
  4. ^ Houtsma, M. Th; Arnold, T. W. (2006). Biographical Encyclopaedia of Islam. Cosmo Publications. p. 717. ISBN 978-81-307-0387-9.
  5. ^ Nāẓim, Muhammad (1971). The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna. CUP Archive. p. 25.
  6. ^ Güzel, Hasan Celâl; Oğuz, Cem; Karatay, Osman (2002). The Turks: Middle ages [He came to Ghazna after this march during which he subjugated the ruler of Bamiyan, Shir Barik, and the Indian ruler of Kabul. Alptegin defeated the ruler of Ghazna, Abu Bakr Levik (or Enuk).]. Yeni Türkiye. p. 85. ISBN 978-975-6782-57-6.
  7. ^ Darke, Hubert (2012-08-21). The Book of Government or Rules for Kings: The Siyar al Muluk or Siyasat-nama of Nizam al-Mulk. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-60296-2.
  8. ^ The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis. 1976. p. 127.
  9. ^ Peacock, A. C. S.; Tor, D. G. (2017-08-30). Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85772-743-5.
  10. ^ Journal of Asian Civilisations. Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations. 1998. p. 15.
  11. ^ Bosworth, C. Edmund (2018-03-30). The Ornament of Histories: A History of the Eastern Islamic Lands AD 650-1041: The Persian Text of Abu Sa'id 'Abd al-Hayy Gardizi. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-83860-955-9.
  12. ^ The Last Two Dynasties of The Shāhis. 1976. p. 127.
  13. ^ Peacock, A. C. S.; Tor, D. G. (2017-08-30). Medieval Central Asia and the Persianate World: Iranian Tradition and Islamic Civilisation. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-85772-743-5.
  14. ^ Petrie, Cameron A. (2020-12-28). Resistance at the Edge of Empires: The Archaeology and History of the Bannu basin from 1000 BC to AD 1200. Oxbow Books. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-78570-306-5.
  15. ^ Journal of Asian Civilisations. Taxila Institute of Asian Civilisations. 1998. p. 15.
  16. ^ Fisher, William Bayne; Frye, R. N. (1975-06-26). The Cambridge History of Iran. Cambridge University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-521-20093-6.
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