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{{Infobox historical era|start=15 November 1889|end=15 November 1894|image=File:Proclamação da República by Benedito Calixto 1893.jpg|name=Republic of the Sword|leader title=President(s)|leader=[[Deodoro da Fonseca]] (1891-1891)<br>[[Floriano Peixoto]] (1891-1894)|before=[[Empire of Brazil]]|after=[[First Brazilian Republic]]}} |
{{Infobox historical era|start=15 November 1889|end=15 November 1894|image=File:Proclamação da República by Benedito Calixto 1893.jpg|name=Republic of the Sword|leader title=President(s)|leader=[[Deodoro da Fonseca]] (1891-1891)<br>[[Floriano Peixoto]] (1891-1894)|before=[[Empire of Brazil]]|after=[[First Brazilian Republic]]}} |
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The period began in 1889 when Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca launched a military coup against the monarchy, which ended the [[Empire of Brazil]] and led to the [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Proclamation of the Republic]]. The |
The period began in 1889 when Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca launched a military coup against the monarchy, which ended the [[Empire of Brazil]] and led to the [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|Proclamation of the Republic]]. The first two years of the republic were dictatorial under Deodoro, until a constitution was promulgated in 1891, and he was elected president. However, Deodoro was not able to adjust to sharing power with congress, and dissolved it soon after he was elected.<ref name=":0" /> This resulted in the Vice President, Floriano Peixoto, usurping the presidency. During his presidency, civil and military unrest such as the [[Federalist Revolution]] and the [[Revolta da Armada#Second revolt|Second Navy Revolt]] was common. He resigned and handed over the presidency to [[Prudente de Morais]], the first civilian president in [[Brazilian History]], in 1894, ending the Republic of the Sword. |
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== Background == |
== Background == |
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Work in progress; comments welcomeThe Republic of the Sword, (Portuguese: República da Espada, Portuguese pronunciation: [ɹɪpˈʌblɪkə dˈɑː ɛspˈɑːdə]), was the era in Brazilian history where the First Brazilian Republic was ruled by Marshals Deodoro da Fonseca and Floriano Peixoto.
| Republic of the Sword | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| 15 November 1889 – 15 November 1894 | |||
| |||
 | |||
| President(s) | Deodoro da Fonseca (1891-1891) Floriano Peixoto (1891-1894) | ||
The period began in 1889 when Marshal Deodoro da Fonseca launched a military coup against the monarchy, which ended the Empire of Brazil and led to the Proclamation of the Republic. The first two years of the republic were dictatorial under Deodoro, until a constitution was promulgated in 1891, and he was elected president. However, Deodoro was not able to adjust to sharing power with congress, and dissolved it soon after he was elected.[1] This resulted in the Vice President, Floriano Peixoto, usurping the presidency. During his presidency, civil and military unrest such as the Federalist Revolution and the Second Navy Revolt was common. He resigned and handed over the presidency to Prudente de Morais, the first civilian president in Brazilian History, in 1894, ending the Republic of the Sword.
Background
After the Paraguayan War, the military gained political influence.[2] King Pedro II's diabetes removed him from his position as mediator, which caused tension between the imperial elite and the military as there was no moderating force between them.[3] Pedro II's successor, Princess Isabel, had a husband which had a controversial personality.[3] The church also weared down the government to some extent.[3]
A rumor that Deodoro da Fonseca would be arrested, and a meeting with prestigious civilian and military men resulted in him launching a coup'd'tat on 15 November 1891, which was bloodless and unopposed.[2] It is unknown if whether on the day itself he had declared the birth of the republic, or had simply removed the head of the cabinet, the Viscount of Ouro Preto from power. Nonetheless, the republic had been founded.[3]
1889-1891, Dictatorial rule
The military men who had participated in the coup had sworn an oath to uphold the monarchy and overthrowing it was considered a treasonous act.[1] Hence, after the coup, they needed to legitimize themselves. They decided to do so by stating that their actions were for the sake of Brazil, and not for the sake of regime change.[1]
The military knew that a dictatorship would have to be in place for at least 5 years, and a more patriotic faction led by Floriano Peixoto believed that it should be longer.[4] The new republic did not have enough popular support and could not risk popular elections.[1] The first two years of the republic would be dictatorial under Deodoro da Fonseca.[4]
Deodoro da Fonseca's rule
Following the coup, Deodoro was chosen to be the leader of the newly created republic.
Many of the tasks that the new government had to solve were solved by executive decree, which drew criticism from republicans and non-republicans.[4] The first decree that was issued stated that a federative republic would operate until the promulgation of a constitution. After this, came decrees that gave voting rights to the literate and those who enjoyed civil and political rights.[4] The next decrees dissolved provincial assemblies which had been established under the empire, granted more power to state organs (Eg. Judiciary, Executive, Legislative), separated church and state, and reformed civil law under the judiciary and its code. Many of these reforms would later be added and expanded on in the constitution of 1891.[4]
WIP
References
- ^ a b c d "Brazil - The Old or First Republic, 1889-1930". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2025-06-23.
- ^ a b Meade, Teresa A. (2010). A brief history of Brazil (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Checkmark Books. ISBN 978-0-8160-7788-5.
- ^ a b c d Fausto, Boris; Brakel, Arthur (2014). A concise history of Brazil. Cambridge concise histories (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-63524-1.
- ^ a b c d e Hill, Lawrence (1947). Brazil. United Nations.