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<!--[[Image:Santamonicarecyclingcenter.jpg|thumb|right|A recycling center in [[Santa Monica, California]], [[USA]].]]-->
<!--[[Image:Santamonicarecyclingcenter.jpg|thumb|right|A recycling center in [[Santa Monica, California]], [[USA]].]]-->


===Reuse===
==Composting ==
Organic household waste is collected separately in some towns in Germany, and may be used for fertilizer or landfilled in more sensitive locations where other waste cannot be.
[[Image:Garrafa_cerveja.jpg|thumb|right|The 600 ml brown bottle is the "standard [[beer]] reused bottle" in [[Brazil]].]]

[[Reuse]] is distinguished from recycling, where the good is reduced to a raw material and used in the making of a new good (example: crushing of bottles to make glass for new bottles). Refillable bottles are used extensively in many European countries; for example in [[Denmark]], 98% of bottles are refillable, and 98% of those are returned by consumers. [http://www.alternet.org/envirohealth/21651/] These systems are typically supported by deposit laws and other regulations.

In some developing nations like India and Pakistan, the cost of new bottles often forces manufacturers to collect and refill old glass bottles for selling [[cola]] and other drinks. India and Pakistan also have a way of reusing old newspapers: "Kabadiwalas" buy these from the readers for scrap value and reuse them in packaging or in recycling plants. These scrap intermediaries also help in disposing other articles and metals from the consumers and is a lucrative business for the resellers. {{fact}}

In the former [[East Germany]], organic household waste was collected and used as fodder for pigs. This integrated system was made possible by the state's control of agriculture; the complexities of continuing it in a market economy after German reunification meant the system had to be discontinued. Organic household waste is still collected separately in some towns in Germany, and may be used for fertilizer or landfilled in more sensitive locations where other waste cannot be.


In many countries, organic household waste, especially yard waste such as leaves on a seasonal basis, is often collected and heaped up to form [[compost]].
In many countries, organic household waste, especially yard waste such as leaves on a seasonal basis, is often collected and heaped up to form [[compost]].

Revision as of 12:28, 14 June 2006

"Recycle" redirects here. For the audio software by the same name, see ReCycle (program). For software reuse, see code reuse.

 

The international symbol for recycling.

Recycling is the collection of used materials that would otherwise become waste in order to break them down and remake them into new products. This is in contrast with reuse: collecting waste such as food containers to be cleaned, refilled and resold. Recycling prevents waste and reduces the consumption of new raw materials. Commonly recycled materials include glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, and steel. These materials can be derived either from pre-consumer waste (materials used in manufacturing) or post-consumer waste (materials discarded by the consumer).

Overview

File:Plastic recycle.jpg
Sorted household plastic waiting to be taken away for reprocessing in New York City.

Many manufactured products are not readily biodegradable and take up space in landfills or must be incinerated. Recycling is an alternative to this. In theory, recycling would allow a continuing reuse of materials for the same purpose. In most cases this is true, especially with metals and glass. In the case of fiber, recycling most often extends the useful life of this material, but in a less-versatile form. For example, when paper is recycled, the fibers shorten, making it less useful for high grade papers. Other materials can suffer from contamination, making them unsuitable for food packaging.

Of the twenty four OECD-countries where figures were available, 16% of household waste was recycled in 2002.[citation needed]

US issues

A neighbourhood recycling station in Oxford, England.

State support for recycling may be more expensive than alternatives such as landfill; recycling efforts in New York City in the USA cost $57 million per year.1 Environmentalists argue that the benefits to society from recycling compensate for any difference in cost.

A number of U.S. states, such as California, Hawaii, Oregon, Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Vermont, Massachusetts, Iowa, Michigan and New York have passed laws that establish deposits or refund values on beverage containers in order to promote recycling. Most are five cents per can or bottle. Michigan's deposit is 10 cents.

Some cities, such as New York City and Seattle, have even created laws that enforce fines upon citizens who throw away certain recyclable materials.

Composting

Organic household waste is collected separately in some towns in Germany, and may be used for fertilizer or landfilled in more sensitive locations where other waste cannot be.

In many countries, organic household waste, especially yard waste such as leaves on a seasonal basis, is often collected and heaped up to form compost.

Recycling methods

The method used to recycle materials differs for each material recycled. Information on the process used for commonly recycled materials is available at:

History

Recycling and rubbish bin in a German railway station.

Recycling is generally at its peak during wartime or energy shortages. Massive government promotion campaigns were carried out in World War II in every country involved in the war, urging citizens to conserve metals and fibre. In America, the process of recycling was given significant patriotic importance. Organizations such as the Boy Scouts of America and the common family unit worked diligently to help in the war effort. A classic example of this can be found in the WWII demand for aluminum. These wartime resource conservation programs established during the war were continued in some countries without an abundance of natural resources, such as Japan, after the war ended.

In the USA, the next big investment in recycling occurred in the 1970s, due to rising energy costs (recycling aluminum uses only 5% of the energy required by virgin production; glass, paper and metals have less dramatic but very significant energy savings when recycled feedstock is used). The passage of the Clean Water Act of 1977 in the USA created strong demand for bleached paper (office paper whose fibre has already been bleached white increased in value as water effluent became more expensive).

In 1973, the city of Berkeley, California began one of the first curbside recycling programs with monthly pick ups of newspapers from residences. On September 17, 1981, the first ever blue box recycling program was launched in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada. Today, more than 90% of Ontario households have access to recycling programs and annually they divert more than 650,000 tonnes (1 tonne = 2,200 pounds) of secondary resource materials. The "blue box" program has expanded in various forms throughout Canada and to countries around the world such as United Kingdom, France and Australia, serving more than 40 million households in countries around the world. Windsor, Ontario uses a red box for paper and cardboard items only while Ottawa, Ontario uses a black box for this purpose.

In 1987, a barge called the Mobro 4000, containing a little over 3,000 tons of garbage departed from Islip, New York to deposit its load of garbage in Morehead City, North Carolina. However, before it reached its destination, rumors that it contained medical waste caused officials at Morehead City to deny the barge permission to unload its garbage. As a result, the barge traveled down the East Coast of the United States searching for a place to unload, eventually being denied in Mexico and Belize. The barge finally returned to Islip, where the trash was incinerated after a brief legal battle. The barge's journey became a small media event. According to the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston [1], Kelly Ferguson (editor of a pulp and paper industry newsletter) [2], and conservative columnist John Tierney [3], media coverage of the Mobro 4000 led to the false public perception that American landfills were nearly out of space. They say that this perception led to increased public interest in programs to recycle household goods.

A recycling and rubbish bin in a Berlin public-transport station

Another major event that initiated recycling efforts occurred in 1989 when the city of Berkeley, California, banned the use of polystyrene packaging for keeping McDonald's hamburgers warm. One effect of this ban was to raise the ire of management at Dow Chemical, the world’s largest manufacturer of polystyrene, which led to the first major efforts to show that plastics can be recycled. By 1999, there were 1,677 companies in the USA alone involved in the post-consumer plastics recycling business.

See also

Recycling methods and processes
Types of recycling
General topics

References

  1. Logomasini, Angela. 2002. Forced Recycling Is a Waste The Wall Street Journal. March 19 2002.
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