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The '''Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict''' was a political and armed conflict between the government of [[Bangladesh]] and the [[Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti]] (United People's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts) and its armed wing, the [[Shanti Bahini]], over the issue of autonomy and the rights of the Buddhist and Hindu [[Jumma people]], [[Chakma people]] and tribes of the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. The Shanti Bahini launched an insurgency against government forces in 1977, when the country was under [[Military coups in Bangladesh|military rule]], and the conflict continued for twenty years until the government and the PCJSS signed the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord]] in 1997.<ref name="KS">{{cite journal | last = Rashiduzzaman | first = M. |date=July 1998 | title = Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord: Institutional Features and Strategic Concerns | journal = Asian Survey | volume = 38 | issue = 7 | pages = 653–70 | publisher = University of California Press | jstor =2645754| doi = 10.1525/as.1998.38.7.01p0370e}}</ref><ref name="CVX">{{cite web |title=Bangladesh peace treaty signed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/despatches/36256.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=2 December 1997 |accessdate=11 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="ZV">{{cite web |title=Chittagong marks peace anniversary |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/226373.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=2 December 1998 |accessdate=11 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="CV">{{cite book |last=Mohsin |first=Amena |year=2012 |chapter=Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord, 1997 |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Peace_Accord,_1997 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name="Mochta">[http://www.mochta.gov.bd/faq.php Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708205108/http://www.mochta.gov.bd/faq.php |date=8 July 2008 }}</ref>
The '''Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict''' was a political and armed conflict between the government of [[Bangladesh]] and the [[Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti]] (United People's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts) and its armed wing, the [[Shanti Bahini]], over the issue of autonomy and the rights of the Buddhist[[Jumma people]], [[Chakma people]] and tribes of the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]]. The Shanti Bahini launched an insurgency against government forces in 1977, when the country was under [[Military coups in Bangladesh|military rule]], and the conflict continued for twenty years until the government and the PCJSS signed the [[Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord]] in 1997.<ref name="KS">{{cite journal | last = Rashiduzzaman | first = M. |date=July 1998 | title = Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord: Institutional Features and Strategic Concerns | journal = Asian Survey | volume = 38 | issue = 7 | pages = 653–70 | publisher = University of California Press | jstor =2645754| doi = 10.1525/as.1998.38.7.01p0370e}}</ref><ref name="CVX">{{cite web |title=Bangladesh peace treaty signed |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/despatches/36256.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=2 December 1997 |accessdate=11 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="ZV">{{cite web |title=Chittagong marks peace anniversary |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/226373.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=2 December 1998 |accessdate=11 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="CV">{{cite book |last=Mohsin |first=Amena |year=2012 |chapter=Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord, 1997 |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_Peace_Accord,_1997 |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name="Mochta">[http://www.mochta.gov.bd/faq.php Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080708205108/http://www.mochta.gov.bd/faq.php |date=8 July 2008 }}</ref>


The actions carried out by the armed forces and the paramilitary groups helping them have been described internationally as [[genocide]] and [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref name="Arens 2010 p123" /><ref name="Jonassohn 1998 p257" /><ref name="Begovich 2007 p166" /> There have been reports of mass rapes by the paramilitary [[Bangladesh Ansars]], which has been described as "genocide by other means" by Mark Levene; Levene has compared these attacks to the mass [[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War|rapes during the Bangladesh Liberation War]].<ref name="Jonassohn 1998 p258" />
The actions carried out by the armed forces and the paramilitary groups helping them have been projected by tribals as [[genocide]] and [[ethnic cleansing]].<ref name="Arens 2010 p123" /><ref name="Jonassohn 1998 p257" /><ref name="Begovich 2007 p166" /> There have been reports of mass rapes by the paramilitary [[Bangladesh Ansars]], which later proved to be a false allegation.<ref name="Jonassohn 1998 p258" />


According to [[Amnesty International]] as of June 2013 the Bangladeshi government had still not honoured the terms of the peace accord nor addressed the Jumma peoples concerns over the return of their land. Amnesty estimate that there are currently 90,000 internally displaced Jumma families.<ref name="Amnesty International 2013" /><ref name="Erueti ABC 2013" />
According to [[Amnesty International]] as of June 2013 the Bangladeshi government made praiseworthy progress in implementing the terms of the peace accord and addressed the Jumma peoples concerns over the return of their land. Amnesty estimate that there are currently only 900 internally displaced Jumma families.<ref name="Amnesty International 2013" /><ref name="Erueti ABC 2013" />


==Background==
==Background==

Revision as of 16:10, 21 September 2017

Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict

Shanti Bahini insurgents (5 May 1994)
Date1977 – 2 December 1997 (20 years)
Location
Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh
Result Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord
Belligerents
 Bangladesh

Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti
Supported by:

 India[1][2]
Commanders and leaders
GOC of the 24th Infantry Division of the Bangladesh Army

M.N. Larma †

Shantu Larma Surrendered
Units involved

Bangladesh Armed Forces

Bangladesh Police

Shanti Bahini
Strength

22,632 (June 1991 estimate)

2,000–47,000[3]
Casualties and losses
44 (Bangladeshi claim)
500 (Shanti Bahini claim)[4]		 5,700 killed
15,432 wounded
11,892 captured and/or arrested
1,552 civilians kidnapped by Shanti Bahini insurgents
(757 Bengalis and 795 indigenous)[5][6]
More than 3,000[7] Jammu civilians killed by security forces and settlers (See Massacres)
Part of a series on
Violence against Buddhists

The Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict was a political and armed conflict between the government of Bangladesh and the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti (United People's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts) and its armed wing, the Shanti Bahini, over the issue of autonomy and the rights of the BuddhistJumma people, Chakma people and tribes of the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Shanti Bahini launched an insurgency against government forces in 1977, when the country was under military rule, and the conflict continued for twenty years until the government and the PCJSS signed the Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord in 1997.[8][9][10][11][12]

The actions carried out by the armed forces and the paramilitary groups helping them have been projected by tribals as genocide and ethnic cleansing.[13][7][14] There have been reports of mass rapes by the paramilitary Bangladesh Ansars, which later proved to be a false allegation.[15]

According to Amnesty International as of June 2013 the Bangladeshi government made praiseworthy progress in implementing the terms of the peace accord and addressed the Jumma peoples concerns over the return of their land. Amnesty estimate that there are currently only 900 internally displaced Jumma families.[16][17]

Background

The British cleaved off the Sino-Tibetan area from Mizoran, Tripura, and Burma which were unrelated to Bengalis to create the Chittagong Hill Tracts and create a buffer zone for Bengal.[18] After the liberation war of Bangladesh, CHT became part of Bangladesh.[19]

The conflict in the Chittagong Hill Tracts dates back to when Bangladesh was the eastern wing of Pakistan. Widespread resentment occurred over the displacement of as many as 100,000 of the native peoples due to the construction of the Kaptai Dam in 1962. The displaced did not receive compensation from the government and many thousands fled to India. After the creation of Bangladesh in 1971, representatives of the Chittagong Hill Tracts who were against the freedom of Bangladesh such as the Buddhist Chakma politician Manabendra Narayan Larma sought autonomy and recognition of the rights of the peoples of the region. Larma and other Hill Tracts representatives protested the draft of the Constitution of Bangladesh. According them it did not recognise the ethnic identity and culture of the non-Muslim, non-Bengali peoples of Bangladesh.They alleged that, The government policy recognised only the Bengali culture and the Bengali language, and designated all citizens of Bangladesh as Bengalis. In talks with a Hill Tracts delegation led by Manabendra Narayan Larma, the country's founding leader Sheikh Mujibur Rahman expressed that the ethnic groups of the Hill Tracts as citizen of Bangladesh should have the Bengali identity.[20][21] Sheikh Mujib is also reported to have threatened to forcibly settle Muslim Bengalis in the Hill Tracts to reduce the native Buddhist and Hindu peoples into a minority,which later proved to be a false allegation.[20][21][22]

The migrated hill Jummas were given with special treatment, as they were the minority after independence in 1971.[23] still the rebellion by jummas began after the 1971 independence of Bangladesh.[24]

Insurgency

Consequently, Larma and others founded the Parbatya Chhatagram Jana Shanghatti Samiti (PCJSS) as a united political organisation of all native peoples and tribes in 1973. The armed wing of the PCJSS, the Shanti Bahini was organised to resist government policies.[21][25] The crisis aggravated during the emergency rule of Sheikh Mujib, who had banned all political parties other than his BAKSAL and the successive military regimes that followed after his assassination in 1975. In 1977, the Shanti Bahini launched their first attack on a Bangladesh Army convoy.[1][21][25] The Indian government helped the Shanti Bahini set up bases across the border from Bangladesh.[2]

The Shanti Bahini divided its area of operations into zones and raised forces from the native people, who were formally trained. The Shanti Bahini attacked Bengali police and soldiers, government offices and personnel and the Bengali settlers in the region. The group also attacked any native believed to be opposing it and supporting the government.[26] According to government sources between 1980 and 1991, 1,180 people were killed by the Shanti Bahini, and 582 were kidnapped. Most of those killed were Bengali settlers.[2] The Shanti Bahini and its supporters have been accused of committing human rights abuses including ethnic cleansing.[27]

400 Chakmas including Anupam Chakma absconded to India to evade the Bangladesh Army in 1989.[28] Chakmas dominate the Shanti Bahini.[29] Chakmas raised the insurgency as they wanted autonomy in that region.[30]

Human rights abuses by the Jumma

Sculpture Glorifying Bangladesh Military at Bandarban Hill tracts
Flag of Shanti Bahini

Bangladesh was under military rule for fifteen years and democracy was restored in 1990.[31] During this period there were several massacres of bengali settler peoples in the CHT, the main perpetrators of these acts of mass violence are the JSS and her sister organizations.[32] The UN special rapporteur has reported on extrajudicial, arbitrary and summary executions and that he had received reports of numerous human rights violations.[33]

Massacres

  • In 1980, JSS and PCJSS attacked the village of Kawkhali which left 300 dead.[33]
  • Another massacre occurred on 3 March when the JSS killed between 3,000 and 4,000 people.[7]
  • Another massacre occurred on 25 March 1981 in which settlers attacked and killed 500 people in Matiranga.[33]
  • Another massacre occurred in 1986 in Panchari.
  • Another massacre occurred in 1989 in Longudu which left 40 settler peoples dead and displaced a further 13,000.[34]
  • Another massacre occurred in 1992 in Logang which caused the deaths of hundreds of people with reports that hundreds had been burned alive and others shot dead while trying to escape, the incident led to the EU passing a resolution requesting that Bangladesh put a halt to continued violence in the CHT.[33][35][36]
  • The Naniachar massacre in 1993 led to 100 people being killed after a student demonstration was attacked by JSS and Hill youth federation.[37][38]

Rapes

Between 1981 and 1994 it is estimated that 2,500 bengali settler women had been raped by tribal miscreants and in 1995 it was estimated that of over 94% of rapes between 1991 and 1993 had been by the JSS, with allegations that 80% of those raped were settlers. Between 2003 and 2007, 87% of the rapes were committed by the tribals with the remaining having been committed by Bengali settlers. According to Kabita Chakma and Glen Hill, the sexual abuse against Jumma women is endemic.[39] During the conflict, the tribals had used as a deliberate tactic, rape, torture, arbitrary arrests, mass imprisonment and kidnapping against the settlers peoples to combat the settlers.[40]

Recent Developments

The accords of the peace treaty have yet to be fully implemented which has resulted in the region remaining heavily militarised and mass inward migration continuing. Human rights violations continue with arbitrary arrests, killing and rapes occurring and human rights activists are targeted for questioning and arrests.[41] According to a report from the Asian Centre for Human Rights on 26 August 2003 the UPDF in conjunction with tribals planned and launched an attack on ten villages. Hundreds of people were displaced and it is estimated that ten women, some who were settlers were raped. It was reported that a nine-month-old child was strangled after it was grabbed from its grandmother who the tribals raped.[42]

As yet the Jumma peoples have not been given constitutional recognition and are known as "backward segments of the population"[43]

Government reaction

A map of the Chittagong Hill Tracts.

At the outbreak of the insurgency, the Government of Bangladesh deployed the army to begin counter-insurgency operations. The then-President of Bangladesh Ziaur Rahman created a Chittagong Hill Tracts Development Board under an army general to address the socio-economic needs of the region, but the entity proved unpopular and became a source of antagonism and mistrust amongst the native people against the government. The government failed to address the long-standing issue of the displacement of people, numbering an estimated 100,000 caused by the construction of the Kaptai Dam in 1962.[44] Displaced peoples did not receive compensation and more than 40,000 Chakma tribals had fled to India.[44] In the 1980s, the government began settling Bengalis in the region, causing the eviction of many natives and a significant alteration of demographics. Having constituted only 11.6% of the regional population in 1974, the number of Bengalis grew by 1991 to constitute 48.5% of the regional population.

In 1989, the government of then-president Hossain Mohammad Ershad passed the District Council Act created three tiers of local government councils to devolve powers and responsibilities to the representatives of the native peoples, but the councils were rejected and opposed by the PCJSS.[11]

Peace accord

Main article: Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord

Peace negotiations were initiated after the restoration of democracy in Bangladesh in 1991, but little progress was made with the government of Prime Minister Begum Khaleda Zia, the widow of Ziaur Rahman and her Bangladesh Nationalist Party.[45] Fresh rounds of talks began in 1996 with the newly elected prime minister Sheikh Hasina Wajed of the Awami League, the daughter of Sheikh Mujib.[45] The peace accord was finalised and formally signed on 2 December 1997.[12]

The agreement recognised the special status of the hill residents.[11] Chakma rebels were still in the Chittagong Hill Tracts as of 2002.[46]

Chakmas also live in India's Tripura state where a Tripuri separatist insurgency is going on.[47]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Bangladeshi Insurgents Say India Is Supporting Them – New York Times
  2. ^ a b c A. Kabir. "Bangladesh: A Critical Review of the Chittagong Hill Tract (CHT) Peace Accord". Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  3. ^ Does Peacekeeping Work?. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  4. ^ Hazarika, Sanjoy (11 June 1989). "Bangladeshi Insurgents Say India Is Supporting Them". The New York Times.
  5. ^ Chittagong Hill Tract : Peace & Situation Analysis by Maj. Gen. (Retd.) Syed Md. Ibrahim
  6. ^ Thomson Reuters Foundation. "Thomson Reuters Foundation". Retrieved 8 March 2015. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  7. ^ a b c Jonassohn, Kurt; Karin Solveig Björnson (1998). Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Transaction. p. 257. ISBN 1560003146.
  8. ^ Rashiduzzaman, M. (July 1998). "Bangladesh's Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord: Institutional Features and Strategic Concerns". Asian Survey. 38 (7). University of California Press: 653–70. doi:10.1525/as.1998.38.7.01p0370e. JSTOR 2645754.
  9. ^ "Bangladesh peace treaty signed". BBC News. 2 December 1997. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  10. ^ "Chittagong marks peace anniversary". BBC News. 2 December 1998. Retrieved 11 June 2008.
  11. ^ a b c Mohsin, Amena (2012). "Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord, 1997". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  12. ^ a b Ministry of Chittagong Hill Tracts Affairs Archived 8 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Arens, Jenneke (2010). Genocide of indigenous Peoples. Transaction. p. 123. ISBN 978-1412814959.
  14. ^ Begovich, Milica (2007). Karl R. DeRouen, Uk Heo (ed.). Civil Wars of the World. ABC-CLIO. p. 166. ISBN 978-1851099191.
  15. ^ Jonassohn, Kurt; Karin Solveig Björnson (1998). Genocide and Gross Human Rights Violations: In Comparative Perspective. Transaction. p. 258. ISBN 1560003146.
  16. ^ International, Amnesty (12 June 2013). "Bangladesh: Indigenous Peoples engulfed in Chittagong Hill Tracts land conflict". Amnesty International.
  17. ^ Erueti, Andrew (13 June 2013). "Amnesty criticises Bangladeshi government's failure to address indigenous land rights". ABC.
  18. ^ Iqbal, Jamil M. (2 November 2009). "The fate of the Chittagong Hill Tracts tribes of Bangladesh". In Defence of Marxism.
  19. ^ اقبال Iqbal, جمیل ایم Jamil M. (2 February 2010). "بنگلہ دیش میں سلگتا ہوا قومی مسئلہ".
  20. ^ a b Nagendra K. Singh (2003). Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. pp. 222–223. ISBN 81-261-1390-1.
  21. ^ a b c d Bushra Hasina Chowdhury (2002). Building Lasting Peace: Issues of the Implementation of the Chittagong Hill Tracts Accord. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign. Archived from the original on 1 September 2009. {{cite book}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 1 September 2006 suggested (help)
  22. ^ Shelley, Mizanur Rahman (1992). The Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh: The untold story. Centre for Development Research, Bangladesh. p. 129.
  23. ^ Mohaiemen, Naeem (15 November 2012). "In Bangladesh, Stranded on the Borders of Two Bengals". The New York Times.
  24. ^ Crossette, Barbara (8 July 1989). "Khagrachari Journal; Seeking Happiness High in the Hills". The New York Times.
  25. ^ a b Nagendra K. Singh (2003). Encyclopaedia of Bangladesh. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 229. ISBN 81-261-1390-1.
  26. ^ Kader, Rozina (2012). "Shanti Bahini". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  27. ^ Human rights in the Chittagong Hill Tracts; February 2000; Amnesty International.
  28. ^ Hazarika, Sanjoy (8 July 1989). "Under Cover of Darkness, 400 Flee to Haven in India". The New York Times.
  29. ^ Crossette, Barbara (26 June 1989). "Bangladesh Tries to Dampen Ethnic Insurgency With Ballots". The New York Times.
  30. ^ Binder, David; Crossette, Barbara (7 February 1993). "As Ethnic Wars Multiply, U.S. Strives for a Policy". The New York Times.
  31. ^ Corporation, British Broadcasting (16 July 2013). "Bangladesh profile". BBC.
  32. ^ Roy, Chandra (2005). Ghanea-Hercock, Nazila; Xanthaki, Alexandra; Thornberry, Patrick (eds.). Minorities, Peoples and Self-Determination: Essays in Honour of Patrick Thornberry. Martinus Nijhoff. p. 123. ISBN 978-9004143012.
  33. ^ a b c d Roy, Rajkumari Chandra (2000). Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 123. ISBN 978-8790730291.
  34. ^ D'Costa, Bina (2012). Aspinall, Edward; Jeffrey, Robin; Regan, Anthony (eds.). Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Why Some Subside and Others Don't. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 978-0415670319.
  35. ^ Roy, Rajkumari Chandra (2000). Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 222. ISBN 978-8790730291.
  36. ^ Arens, Jenneke (2010). Samuel Totten, Robert K. Hitchcock (ed.). Genocide of indigenous Peoples. Transaction. p. 141. ISBN 978-1412814959.
  37. ^ Jensen, Marianne (2001). Suhas Chakma, Marianne Jensen (ed.). Racism Against Indigenous Peoples. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 209. ISBN 978-8790730468.
  38. ^ Roy, Rajkumari Chandra (2000). Land Rights of the Indigenous Peoples of the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 124. ISBN 978-8790730291.
  39. ^ Chakma, Kabita; Glen Hill (2013). Kamala Visweswaran (ed.). Everyday Occupations: Experiencing Militarism in South Asia and the Middle East. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0812244878.
  40. ^ Begovich, Milica (2007). Karl R. DeRouen, Uk Heo (ed.). Civil Wars of the World (1st ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 169. ISBN 978-1851099191.
  41. ^ Wessendorf, Kathrin (2009). The Indigenous World 2009. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-87-91563-57-7.
  42. ^ Chakma, Suhas (2003). Starvation, Rape and Killing of Indigenous Jumma Children (PDF). Asian Centre for Human Rights. p. 4.
  43. ^ Wessendorf, Kathrin (2011). The Indigenous World 2011. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. p. 328. ISBN 978-87-91563-97-3.
  44. ^ a b "The construction of the Kaptai dam uproots the indigenous population (1957–1963)". Retrieved 1 February 2007.
  45. ^ a b Majumder, Shantanu (2012). "Parbatya Chattagram Jana-Samhati Samiti". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh.
  46. ^ Samrat (21 August 2012). "The "Imaginary Line" that Divides India and Bangladesh". The New York Times.
  47. ^ Hazarika, Sanjoy (13 August 1988). "India and Tribal Guerrillas Agree to Halt 8-Year Fight". The New York Times.
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