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'''Urum''' is a [[Turkic language]] spoken by several thousand ethnic Greeks who inhabit a few villages in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and Southeastern [[Ukraine]]. Over the past few generations, there has been a deviation from teaching children Urum to the more common languages of the [[Caucasus|region]], leaving a fairly limited amount of new speakers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3004|title=Did you know Urum is endangered?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-02-10}}</ref> The Urum language is often considered a variant of [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]].
'''Urum''' is a [[Turkic language]] spoken by several thousand ethnic Greeks who inhabit a few villages in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and Southeastern [[Ukraine]]. Over the past few generations, there has been a deviation from teaching children Urum to the more common languages of the [[Caucasus|region]], leaving a fairly limited amount of new speakers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3004|title=Did you know Urum is endangered?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-02-10}}</ref> The Urum language is often considered a variant of [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]].


The name ''[[Urum (disambiguation)|Urum]]'' is derived from ''[[Rûm]]'' ("Rome"), the term for the [[Byzantine Empire]] in the Muslim world. The [[Ottoman Empire]] used it to describe non-Muslims within the empire. The initial vowel in Urum is [[Prosthesis (linguistics)|prosthetic]]. Turkic languages originally did not have {{IPA|/ɾ/}} in the word-initial position and so in borrowed words, it used to add a vowel before it. The common use of the term ''Urum'' appears to have led to some confusion, as most [[Turkish language|Turkish]]-speaking Greeks were called Urum. The Turkish-speaking population in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] is often confused with the distinct community in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.publish.diaspora.ru/magazin/articles/russia026_1.shtml |script-title=ru:Понтийские греки |last=Казаков |first=Алексей |date=December 2000 |language=Russian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
The name ''[[Urum (disambiguation)|Urum]]'' is derived from ''[[Rûm]]'' ("Rome"), the term for the [[Byzantine Empire]] in the Muslim world. The [[Ottoman Empire]] used it to describe non-Muslims within the empire. The initial vowel in Urum is [[Prosthesis (linguistics)|prosthetic]]. Turkic languages originally did not have {{IPA|/ɾ/}} in the word-initial position and so in borrowed words, it used to add a vowel before it. The common use of the term ''Urum'' appears to have led to some confusion, as most [[Turkish language|Turkish]]-speaking Greeks were called Urum. The Turkish-speaking population in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] is often confused with the distinct community in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publish.diaspora.ru/magazin/articles/russia026_1.shtml|script-title=ru:Понтийские греки|last=Казаков|first=Алексей|date=December 2000|language=Russian|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080127062418/http://www.publish.diaspora.ru/magazin/articles/russia026_1.shtml|archivedate=2008-01-27|df=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=uum
| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=uum
| title = Ethnologue Report for Urum
| title = Ethnologue Report for Urum
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| volume = 2
| volume = 2
| pages = 99–112}}</ref>
| pages = 99–112}}</ref>
For Caucasian Urum, there is a language documentation project that collected a dictionary,<ref>{{cite web |author=Skopeteas, Moisidi, Sella-Mazi, and Yordanoglu |year=2010 |title=Urum basic lexicon. Ms. |publisher= University of Bielefeld |format=Pdf |url=http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-lexicon.pdf}}</ref> a set of grammatically relevant clausal constructions,<ref>{{cite web |author=Verhoeven, Moisidi, and Yordanoglu |year=2010 |title= Urum basic grammatical structures. Ms. |publisher= University of Bremen |format=PDF |url=http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-sentence.pdf }}</ref> and a text corpus.<ref>{{cite web |author=Skopeteas and Moisidi |year=2010 |title=Urum text collection. Ms. |publisher= University of Bielefeld |format=PDF |url=http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-text.pdf}}</ref> The website of the project contains issues about language and history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Urum documentation project |url=http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/}}</ref>
For Caucasian Urum, there is a language documentation project that collected a dictionary,<ref>{{cite web |author=Skopeteas, Moisidi, Sella-Mazi, and Yordanoglu |year=2010 |title=Urum basic lexicon. Ms. |publisher=University of Bielefeld |format=Pdf |url=http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-lexicon.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091745/http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-lexicon.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-26 |df= }}</ref> a set of grammatically relevant clausal constructions,<ref>{{cite web |author=Verhoeven, Moisidi, and Yordanoglu |year=2010 |title=Urum basic grammatical structures. Ms. |publisher=University of Bremen |format=PDF |url=http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-sentence.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091804/http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-sentence.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-26 |df= }}</ref> and a text corpus.<ref>{{cite web |author=Skopeteas and Moisidi |year=2010 |title=Urum text collection. Ms. |publisher=University of Bielefeld |format=PDF |url=http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-text.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091833/http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/download/docs/uum-text.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-26 |df= }}</ref> The website of the project contains issues about language and history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Urum documentation project |url=http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/ |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426091722/http://urum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/ |archivedate=2012-04-26 |df= }}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 03:45, 27 December 2017

Urum
Урум
PronunciationTemplate:IPA-tt
Native toGeorgia, Ukraine
EthnicityUrums (Turkic-speaking Greeks)
Native speakers
(190,000 cited 2000)[1]
Dialects
  • Tsalka
  • North Azovian
Cyrillic, Greek
Language codes
ISO 639-3uum
Glottologurum1249
ELPUrum
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Urum is a Turkic language spoken by several thousand ethnic Greeks who inhabit a few villages in Georgia and Southeastern Ukraine. Over the past few generations, there has been a deviation from teaching children Urum to the more common languages of the region, leaving a fairly limited amount of new speakers.[2] The Urum language is often considered a variant of Crimean Tatar.

The name Urum is derived from Rûm ("Rome"), the term for the Byzantine Empire in the Muslim world. The Ottoman Empire used it to describe non-Muslims within the empire. The initial vowel in Urum is prosthetic. Turkic languages originally did not have /ɾ/ in the word-initial position and so in borrowed words, it used to add a vowel before it. The common use of the term Urum appears to have led to some confusion, as most Turkish-speaking Greeks were called Urum. The Turkish-speaking population in Georgia is often confused with the distinct community in Ukraine.[3][4]

Sounds

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
  Labial Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p b t d c ɟ k ɡ    
Affricate         ts¹   tʃ dʒ            
Fricative f v θ ð ² s z ʃ ʒ     x ɣ h  
Nasal m n             ŋ    
Flap/Tap     ɾ                    
Lateral     l                    
Approximant                 j        

(1) /ts/ is found only in loanwords.

(2) /θ/ and /ð/ are found only in loanwords from Greek.

Writing system

A few manuscripts are known to be written in Urum using Greek characters.[5] During the period between 1927 and 1937, the Urum language was written in reformed Latin characters, the New Turkic Alphabet, and used in local schools; at least one primer is known to have been printed. In 1937 the use of written Urum stopped. Alexander Garkavets uses the following alphabet:[6]

А а Б б В в Г г Ғ ғ Д д (Δ δ) Д′ д′
(Ђ ђ) Е е Ж ж Җ җ З з И и Й й К к
Л л М м Н н Ң ң О о Ӧ ӧ П п Р р
С с Т т Т′ т′ (Ћ ћ) У у Ӱ ӱ Υ υ Ф ф
Х х Һ һ Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы
Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я Ѳ ѳ

In an Urum primer issued in Kiev in 2008 the following alphabet is suggested: [7]

А а Б б В в Г г Ґ ґ Д д Д' д' Дж дж
Е е З з И и Й й К к Л л М м Н н
О о Ӧ ӧ П п Р р С с Т т Т' т' У у
Ӱ ӱ Ф ф Х х Ч ч Ш ш Ы ы Э э

Publications

Very little has been published on the Urum language. There exists a very small lexicon,[8] and a small description of the language.[9] For Caucasian Urum, there is a language documentation project that collected a dictionary,[10] a set of grammatically relevant clausal constructions,[11] and a text corpus.[12] The website of the project contains issues about language and history.[13]

References

Urum language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
  1. ^ Urum at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ "Did you know Urum is endangered?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  3. ^ Казаков, Алексей (December 2000). Понтийские греки (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2008-01-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ Gordon, Raymond G. (ed.) (2005). "Ethnologue Report for Urum". Ethnologue: Languages of the World. SIL International. {{cite web}}: |first= has generic name (help)
  5. ^ "Urum". Language Museum. Archived from the original on July 5, 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  6. ^ Гаркавець, Олександр (2000). Урумський словник (pdf, html) (in Ukrainian and Urum). p. 632.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  7. ^ Смолина, Мария (2008). Урумский язык. Урум дили (приазовский вариант). Учебное пособие для начинающих с аудиоприложением (in Russian and Urum). p. 168. ISBN 966-8535-15-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  8. ^ Podolsky, Baruch (1985). A Tatar - English Glossary. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-00299-9.
  9. ^ Podolsky, Baruch (1986). "Notes on the Urum Language". Mediterranean Language Review. 2: 99–112.
  10. ^ Skopeteas, Moisidi, Sella-Mazi, and Yordanoglu (2010). "Urum basic lexicon. Ms" (PDF). University of Bielefeld. Archived from the original (Pdf) on 2012-04-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Verhoeven, Moisidi, and Yordanoglu (2010). "Urum basic grammatical structures. Ms" (PDF). University of Bremen. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Skopeteas and Moisidi (2010). "Urum text collection. Ms" (PDF). University of Bielefeld. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "Urum documentation project". Archived from the original on 2012-04-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
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