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The '''Four big families of Hong Kong''' ({{zh|t=香港四大家族}})<ref name="st">Sing Tao Daily. Section C-4 HR news. 7/31/2007.</ref>{{Nonspecific|date=October 2018}} was a term for four notable [[Chinese people|Chinese]]-[[Hong Kong people|Hong Kong]] business families in the era of [[British Hong Kong]].<ref name=book1>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?isbn=9629280116|script-title=zh:香港商戰風雲錄|publisher=名流出版社|language=zh}}</ref> The four families were Li, Ho, Hui and Lo family respectively,<ref>{{cite news|title=四大望族 李家縱橫政商界|newspaper=[[Ming Pao]]|publisher=[[Media Chinese International]]|date=11 November 2011|language=zh-hk|publication-place=Hong Kong}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2011/12/21/CF1112210005.htm|script-title=zh:四大家族|department=生活語絲 column|author=Ng Hong-mun|author-link=Ng Hong-mun|date=21 December 2011|accessdate=18 October 2018|newspaper=Wen Wei Po|language=zh-hk|publication-place=Hong Kong}}</ref> while some source substituted Hui with Fu family, headed by {{ill|Fu Tak-iong|zh|傅老榕}}.<ref name=book1/> Other source substituted Hui and Lo with Chau and Lee family, notable for {{ill|Chau Wing-tai|zh|周永泰}}, [[Chau Sik-nin]] and [[Lee Hysan]], etc..<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bastillepost.com/hongkong/article/387735-%E5%90%8D%E9%96%80%E5%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%A8%E5%98%89%E8%B1%AA-%E6%B6%89%E9%A8%9917000%E8%90%AC%E8%B2%B8%E6%AC%BE%E7%BD%AA%E6%88%90%E5%80%99%E5%88%A4|script-title=zh:名門後人周嘉豪 涉騙1700萬貸款罪成候判|date=21 October 2014|accessdate=18 October 2018|newspaper=Bastille Post|publication-place=Hong Kong|language=zh-hk}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=9CIzAQAAIAAJ|magazine=新民周刊|language=zh-cn|issue=26-52|page=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1250756/behind-brandon-chaus-big-name-lies-big-ambition|title=Behind Brandon Chau's big name lies big ambition|date=1 June 2013|accessdate=19 October 2018|newspaper=South China Morning Post|publication-place=Hong Kong|quote=With their family legacy dating back to the mid-19th century, the Chaus rose at a time of other prominent local aristocrats: Lee Hysan, Li Shek-peng and Sir Robert Hotung. Under patriarch Chau Wing-tai, the family struck it rich trading gold and silver. The Chaus are widely considered to be one of the "Big Four" tycoon families of Hong Kong's colonial age that made their fortune alongside the British "hongs", or trade houses - names including Jardine, Russell, Butterfield & Swire and Wheelock. }}</ref>
The '''Four big families of Hong Kong''' ({{zh|t=香港四大家族}})<ref name="st">Sing Tao Daily. Section C-4 HR news. 7/31/2007.</ref>{{Nonspecific|date=October 2018}} was a term for four notable [[Chinese people|Chinese]]-[[Hong Kong people|Hong Kong]] business families in the era of [[British Hong Kong]].<ref name=book1>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?isbn=9629280116|script-title=zh:香港商戰風雲錄|publisher=名流出版社|language=zh}}</ref> The four families were Li, Ho, Hui and Lo family respectively,<ref>{{cite news|title=四大望族 李家縱橫政商界|newspaper=[[Ming Pao]]|publisher=[[Media Chinese International]]|date=11 November 2011|language=zh-hk|publication-place=Hong Kong}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2011/12/21/CF1112210005.htm|script-title=zh:四大家族|department=生活語絲 column|author=Ng Hong-mun|author-link=Ng Hong-mun|date=21 December 2011|accessdate=18 October 2018|newspaper=Wen Wei Po|language=zh-hk|publication-place=Hong Kong}}</ref> while some source substituted Hui with Fu family, headed by {{ill|Fu Tak-iong|zh|傅老榕}}.<ref name=book1/> Other source substituted Hui and Lo with Chau and Lee family, notable for {{ill|Chau Wing-tai|zh|周永泰}}, [[Chau Sik-nin]] and [[Lee Hysan]], etc..<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bastillepost.com/hongkong/article/387735-%E5%90%8D%E9%96%80%E5%BE%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%A8%E5%98%89%E8%B1%AA-%E6%B6%89%E9%A8%9917000%E8%90%AC%E8%B2%B8%E6%AC%BE%E7%BD%AA%E6%88%90%E5%80%99%E5%88%A4|script-title=zh:名門後人周嘉豪 涉騙1700萬貸款罪成候判|date=21 October 2014|accessdate=18 October 2018|newspaper=Bastille Post|publication-place=Hong Kong|language=zh-hk}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=9CIzAQAAIAAJ|magazine=新民周刊|language=zh-cn|issue=26-52|page=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1250756/behind-brandon-chaus-big-name-lies-big-ambition|title=Behind Brandon Chau's big name lies big ambition|date=1 June 2013|accessdate=19 October 2018|newspaper=South China Morning Post|publication-place=Hong Kong|quote=With their family legacy dating back to the mid-19th century, the Chaus rose at a time of other prominent local aristocrats: Lee Hysan, Li Shek-peng and Sir Robert Hotung. Under patriarch Chau Wing-tai, the family struck it rich trading gold and silver. The Chaus are widely considered to be one of the "Big Four" tycoon families of Hong Kong's colonial age that made their fortune alongside the British "hongs", or trade houses - names including Jardine, Russell, Butterfield & Swire and Wheelock. }}</ref>


The head of four families are Li Sek-peng ({{zh|c=李石朋|labels=no}}), [[Robert Ho Tung]] ({{zh|t=何東|labels=no}}), Hui Oi-chow ({{zh|t=許愛周|labels=no}}) and [[Lo Cheung-shiu]] ({{zh|t=羅長肇|labels=no}}).<ref name="st" /> Today, the two families most recognizable by regular Hong Kong citizens are the Li and Ho group descendants.<ref name="st" />
The head of four families are Li Sek-peng ({{zh|c=李石朋|labels=no}}), [[Robert Hotung|Robert Ho Tung]] ({{zh|t=何東|labels=no}}), Hui Oi-chow ({{zh|t=許愛周|labels=no}}) and [[Lo Cheung-shiu]] ({{zh|t=羅長肇|labels=no}}).<ref name="st" /> Today, the two families most recognizable by regular Hong Kong citizens are the Li and Ho group descendants.<ref name="st" />
==Families==
==Families==
The following families and their descendants are listed below. Each indentation is at least one generation down, but not necessarily the next generation. Not all the descendants are shown. Most members of these families have reached [[tycoon]] status.
The following families and their descendants are listed below. Each indentation is at least one generation down, but not necessarily the next generation. Not all the descendants are shown. Most members of these families have reached [[Business magnate|tycoon]] status.


===Li family notables===
===Li family notables===
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**{{Tree list/final branch}} Li Koon-chun (李冠春, 1887–1966) - Founder of [[Bank of East Asia]], Director of [[Tung Wah Group of Hospitals]] and [[Po Leung Kuk]]<ref>Chinese university of HK. "[http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ipro/980911.htm cuhk.edu]." ''Opening Ceremony of Li Koon Chun Hall. The Chinese University of Hong Kong.'' Retrieved on 2008-11-23.</ref>
**{{Tree list/final branch}} Li Koon-chun (李冠春, 1887–1966) - Founder of [[Bank of East Asia]], Director of [[Tung Wah Group of Hospitals]] and [[Po Leung Kuk]]<ref>Chinese university of HK. "[http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ipro/980911.htm cuhk.edu]." ''Opening Ceremony of Li Koon Chun Hall. The Chinese University of Hong Kong.'' Retrieved on 2008-11-23.</ref>
***{{Tree list/final branch}} [[Li Fook-shu]] (李福樹, 1912–95) - Council member of [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]<ref>Chinese university of HK. "[http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ipro/pressrelease/991022-5.htm cuhk.edu]." ''Mrs Daisy Li Woo Tze-ha.'' Retrieved on 2008-11-23.</ref>
***{{Tree list/final branch}} [[Li Fook-shu]] (李福樹, 1912–95) - Council member of [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]]<ref>Chinese university of HK. "[http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ipro/pressrelease/991022-5.htm cuhk.edu]." ''Mrs Daisy Li Woo Tze-ha.'' Retrieved on 2008-11-23.</ref>
**** {{Tree list/final branch}}[[David Li Kwok-po|David Li]] (李國寶, 1939–) - Chairman, Bank of East Asia,<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/profile/david-li/#]</ref> Member of [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|LegCo]], ExCo, and HK Basic Law Drafting Committee
**** {{Tree list/final branch}}[[David Li]] (李國寶, 1939–) - Chairman, Bank of East Asia,<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/profile/david-li/#]</ref> Member of [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|LegCo]], ExCo, and HK Basic Law Drafting Committee
*****Adrian Li (李民橋, 1973–) Co-CEO, Bank of East Asia, CPPC Delegate
*****Adrian Li (李民橋, 1973–) Co-CEO, Bank of East Asia, CPPC Delegate
*****Brian Li (李民斌, 1974–) Co-CEO, Bank of East Asia, CPPC Delegate
*****Brian Li (李民斌, 1974–) Co-CEO, Bank of East Asia, CPPC Delegate
****[[Arthur Li Kwok-cheung|Arthur Li]] (李國章, 1945–) - Hong Kong Secretary for Education & Manpower (2002-2007), ExCo Member, CPPC Delegate, Council member of the University of Hong Kong
****[[Arthur Li]] (李國章, 1945–) - Hong Kong Secretary for Education & Manpower (2002-2007), ExCo Member, CPPC Delegate, Council member of the University of Hong Kong
***[[Simon Li]] (李福善, 1922–2013) - CPPC Delegate, HK Basic Law Drafting Committee, Candidate for HK Chief Executive (1996)
***[[Simon Li]] (李福善, 1922–2013) - CPPC Delegate, HK Basic Law Drafting Committee, Candidate for HK Chief Executive (1996)
****[[Gladys Li]] (李志喜, 1948–) - Senior Counsel, former Chairwoman, HK Bar Association
****[[Gladys Li]] (李志喜, 1948–) - Senior Counsel, former Chairwoman, HK Bar Association
***[[Ronald Li]] (李福兆, 1929–2014) - Founder & Chairman of [[Stock Exchange of Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/10/01/FI0810010006.htm|script-title=zh:港府救市事件簿|newspaper=Wen Wei Po|language=zh-hk|publication-place=Hong Kong|date=1 October 2008|accessdate=18 October 2018}}</ref>
***[[Ronald Li]] (李福兆, 1929–2014) - Founder & Chairman of [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange|Stock Exchange of Hong Kong]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/10/01/FI0810010006.htm|script-title=zh:港府救市事件簿|newspaper=Wen Wei Po|language=zh-hk|publication-place=Hong Kong|date=1 October 2008|accessdate=18 October 2018}}</ref>
****Alfred Ronald Li (李國麟, 1952–)
****Alfred Ronald Li (李國麟, 1952–)
**[[Li Tse-fong]] (李子方, 1891–1953)
**[[Li Tse-fong]] (李子方, 1891–1953)
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{{Tree list}}
{{Tree list}}
* {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Robert Hotung]] (何東, 1862–1956) - Businessman, philanthropist
* {{Tree list/final branch}} [[Robert Hotung]] (何東, 1862–1956) - Businessman, philanthropist
**Victoria Hotung (何錦姿, 1897–?) ∞ [[Man-kam Lo]]
**Victoria Hotung (何錦姿, 1897–?) ∞ [[Lo Man-kam|Man-kam Lo]]
**Robert Ho (何世禮, 1906–98)
**Robert Ho (何世禮, 1906–98)
**{{Tree list/final branch}} [[George Ho]] (何佐芝, 1918–2014) - Founder of the [[Commercial Radio Hong Kong]]<ref>Hong Kong university. "[http://www.hku.hk/daao/newsletter/summer08/ep/01.html HKU.hk]." ''Jessie Ho Professorship in Neuroscience 何馮月燕基金教授席（神經科學）.'' Retrieved on 2008-11-23.</ref>
**{{Tree list/final branch}} [[George Ho]] (何佐芝, 1918–2014) - Founder of the [[Commercial Radio Hong Kong]]<ref>Hong Kong university. "[http://www.hku.hk/daao/newsletter/summer08/ep/01.html HKU.hk]." ''Jessie Ho Professorship in Neuroscience 何馮月燕基金教授席（神經科學）.'' Retrieved on 2008-11-23.</ref>
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****[[Josie Ho]] (何超儀, 1974–) - Singer, actress
****[[Josie Ho]] (何超儀, 1974–) - Singer, actress
****[[Lawrence Ho]] (何猷龍, 1976–) - Chief exec of Melco International development<ref>WhartonHK. "[http://www.whartonhongkong07.com/bio-s-ho.html Whartonhongkong.com]." ''Biography of Lawrence Ho.'' Retrieved on 2008-11-23.</ref>
****[[Lawrence Ho]] (何猷龍, 1976–) - Chief exec of Melco International development<ref>WhartonHK. "[http://www.whartonhongkong07.com/bio-s-ho.html Whartonhongkong.com]." ''Biography of Lawrence Ho.'' Retrieved on 2008-11-23.</ref>
** [[Ho Sai-chuen]] (何世全, 1891–1938) - Doctor and member of the [[Sanitary Board]]
** [[Ho Sai-chuen]] (何世全, 1891–1938) - Doctor and member of the [[Urban Council|Sanitary Board]]
** {{Tree list/final branch}} Ho Sai-ki (何世奇)
** {{Tree list/final branch}} Ho Sai-ki (何世奇)
***[[Eric Peter Ho]] (何鴻鑾, 1927–2015) - Hong Kong government official
***[[Eric Peter Ho]] (何鴻鑾, 1927–2015) - Hong Kong government official
Line 65: Line 65:
*** Jenkin Hui ({{zh|c=許晉乾|labels=no}}, 1939–2014)
*** Jenkin Hui ({{zh|c=許晉乾|labels=no}}, 1939–2014)
*** Hui Suet Yuen ({{zh|c=許雪元|labels=no}})
*** Hui Suet Yuen ({{zh|c=許雪元|labels=no}})
*** Julian Hui ({{zh|c=許晉亨|labels=no}}, 1962–) ∞ (1) [[Pansy Ho]] ∞ (2) [[Michele Reis]]
*** Julian Hui ({{zh|c=許晉亨|labels=no}}, 1962–) ∞ (1) [[Pansy Ho]] ∞ (2) [[Michelle Reis]]
{{Tree list/end}}
{{Tree list/end}}


===Lo family notables===
===Lo family notables===
{{Tree list}}
{{Tree list}}
* [[Lo Cheung-shiu]] (羅長肇, 1867–1934) - [[Compradore]] of the [[Jardine, Matheson & Co.]]
* [[Lo Cheung-shiu]] (羅長肇, 1867–1934) - [[Comprador]]e of the [[Jardine Matheson|Jardine, Matheson & Co.]]
** [[Lo Man-kam]] (羅文錦, 1893–1959) - Solicitor, founder of Lo and Lo law firm,<ref>Lo and Lo. "[http://www.loandlo.com/2_about%20us.htm Lo and Lo.]." ''About us.'' Retrieved on 2008-11-23.</ref> member of the [[Executive Council of Hong Kong|Executive]] and [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Councils of Hong Kong]], married to [[Victoria Hotung]], daughter of [[Robert Hotung]]
** [[Lo Man-kam]] (羅文錦, 1893–1959) - Solicitor, founder of Lo and Lo law firm,<ref>Lo and Lo. "[http://www.loandlo.com/2_about%20us.htm Lo and Lo.]." ''About us.'' Retrieved on 2008-11-23.</ref> member of the [[Executive Council of Hong Kong|Executive]] and [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Councils of Hong Kong]], married to [[Victoria Hotung]], daughter of [[Robert Hotung]]
*** [[Lo Tak-shing]] (羅德丞, 1935–2006) - Solicitor, member of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee]], [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]]<ref>News.gov.hk. "[http://news.gov.hk/en/category/administration/061212/html/061212en01002.htm News.gov.hk] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20090325113821/http://news.gov.hk/en/category/administration/061212/html/061212en01002.htm |date=March 25, 2009 }}." ''CE mourns Lo Tak-shing's death .'' Retrieved on 2008-11-23.</ref> Executive and Legislative Councils of Hong Kong
*** [[Lo Tak-shing]] (羅德丞, 1935–2006) - Solicitor, member of the [[Hong Kong Basic Law Drafting Committee]], [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]]<ref>News.gov.hk. "[http://news.gov.hk/en/category/administration/061212/html/061212en01002.htm News.gov.hk] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20090325113821/http://news.gov.hk/en/category/administration/061212/html/061212en01002.htm |date=March 25, 2009 }}." ''CE mourns Lo Tak-shing's death .'' Retrieved on 2008-11-23.</ref> Executive and Legislative Councils of Hong Kong
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{{Tree list/end}}
{{Tree list/end}}
==Other definitions==
==Other definitions==
Victor Wan-tai Zheng, the co-author of ''Grand Old Man of Hong Kong: Sir Robert Ho Tung'' (2007)<ref>{{cite book|script-title=zh:香港大老：何東|author1=鄭宏泰|author2=黃紹倫|publisher=[[Joint Publishing]] (Hong Kong)|language=zh-hk|isbn=9789620426957|date=2007}}</ref> and ''Opium King: Lee Hysan'' (2011)<ref>{{cite book|script-title=zh:一代煙王：利希慎|author1=鄭宏泰 [Victor Wan-tai Zheng]|author2=黃紹倫|publisher=Joint Publishing (Hong Kong)|language=zh-hk|isbn=9789620430664|date=2011}}</ref> listed 10 "Wealthy Chinese Family Busineses{{sic}} in Hong Kong" in the following order in his PhD thesis: Ho Tung Family, Li Shek-pang Family, Fung Pak-liu Family (note: {{zh|t=馮柏燎|labels=no}}, co-founder of [[Li & Fung]]), Lee Leung-yick Family (note: father of Lee Hysan), Chau Wing-tai Family, Hui Oi-chow Family, {{ill|Cheung Chuk-shan|zh|張祝珊}} Family, Kowk{{sic}} ([[Wing On]]) Family, {{ill|Fung Ping-shan|zh|冯平山}} Family and {{ill|Tang Chi-ngong|zh|鄧志昂}} Family.<ref name=thesis>{{cite thesis|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10722/36034|title=The Transfer of Ownership and Leadership: A Study of Chinese Family Business and Inheritance|date=2002|first=Victor Wan-tai|last=Zheng|publisher=University of Hong Kong|type=PhD thesis|chapter=A History of Old-established Families and the Chaozhou Community in Hong Kong}}</ref>{{rp|52-62}} In his thesis, he also listed families such as Wang Lo Kat{{sic}}([[Wong Lo Kat]]) and Lee Kam Kee{{sic}} ([[Lee Kum Kee]]), etc. in a separate category.<ref name=thesis/>{{rp|46–52}} The thesis was modified and published as ''Chinese Family Business and the Equal Inheritance System: Unravelling the Myth'' in 2010.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=OHCMAgAAQBAJ|title=Chinese Family Business and the Equal Inheritance System: Unravelling the Myth|last=Zheng|first=Victor|series=Routledge Contemporary China Series|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group)|date=2010|publication-place=Abingdon, New York|location=Hong Kong|type=ebook|isbn=978-0-203-86141-7}}</ref>
Victor Wan-tai Zheng, the co-author of ''Grand Old Man of Hong Kong: Sir Robert Ho Tung'' (2007)<ref>{{cite book|script-title=zh:香港大老：何東|author1=鄭宏泰|author2=黃紹倫|publisher=[[Joint Publishing]] (Hong Kong)|language=zh-hk|isbn=9789620426957|date=2007}}</ref> and ''Opium King: Lee Hysan'' (2011)<ref>{{cite book|script-title=zh:一代煙王：利希慎|author1=鄭宏泰 [Victor Wan-tai Zheng]|author2=黃紹倫|publisher=Joint Publishing (Hong Kong)|language=zh-hk|isbn=9789620430664|date=2011}}</ref> listed 10 "Wealthy Chinese Family Busineses{{sic}} in Hong Kong" in the following order in his PhD thesis: Ho Tung Family, Li Shek-pang Family, Fung Pak-liu Family (note: {{zh|t=馮柏燎|labels=no}}, co-founder of [[Li & Fung]]), Lee Leung-yick Family (note: father of Lee Hysan), Chau Wing-tai Family, Hui Oi-chow Family, {{ill|Cheung Chuk-shan|zh|張祝珊}} Family, Kowk{{sic}} ([[Wing On]]) Family, {{ill|Fung Ping-shan|zh|冯平山}} Family and {{ill|Tang Chi-ngong|zh|鄧志昂}} Family.<ref name=thesis>{{cite thesis|url=http://hdl.handle.net/10722/36034|title=The Transfer of Ownership and Leadership: A Study of Chinese Family Business and Inheritance|date=2002|first=Victor Wan-tai|last=Zheng|publisher=University of Hong Kong|type=PhD thesis|chapter=A History of Old-established Families and the Chaozhou Community in Hong Kong}}</ref>{{rp|52-62}} In his thesis, he also listed families such as Wang Lo Kat{{sic}} ([[Wong Lo Kat]]) and Lee Kam Kee{{sic}} ([[Lee Kum Kee]]), etc. in a separate category.<ref name=thesis/>{{rp|46–52}} The thesis was modified and published as ''Chinese Family Business and the Equal Inheritance System: Unravelling the Myth'' in 2010.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=OHCMAgAAQBAJ|title=Chinese Family Business and the Equal Inheritance System: Unravelling the Myth|last=Zheng|first=Victor|series=Routledge Contemporary China Series|publisher=Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group)|date=2010|publication-place=Abingdon, New York|location=Hong Kong|type=ebook|isbn=978-0-203-86141-7}}</ref>


Other authors also introduced new Four big families for post colonial Hong Kong. However, much more variant existed. Such as [[Li Ka-shing]], [[Kwok Tak-seng]], [[Lee Shau-kee]] and [[Cheng Yu-tung]] families<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.orangenews.hk/finance/system/2015/12/31/010026702.shtml|script-title=zh:【2015香港富豪排位】四大家族地位動搖 |date=31 December 2015|accessdate=18 October 2018|work=Orange News|language=zh-hk|publication-place=Hong Kong}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cover-Story/After-Li-Ka-shing-Hong-Kong-s-property-tycoons-inherit-tough-market|title=After Li Ka-shing, Hong Kong's property tycoons inherit tough market|date=18 April 2018|accessdate=19 October 2018|work=Nikkei Asia Review|first=Nikki|last=Sun}}</ref> or [[Tung Chee-hwa]], [[James Tien (politician)|James Tien]], [[Henry Tang]] and [[Rong Yiren]] families.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=hSNYDwAAQBAJ|script-title=zh:富不過三代|trans-title=Wealth Doesn't Last 3 Generations: How Family Businesses Can Maintain Prosperity|author1=李秀娟|author2=李虹|language=zh-hant|publication-place=Singapore|publisher=八方文化創作室 [Global Publishing] ([[World Scientific]])|date=September 2007|isbn=978-981-4139-75-5}}</ref>
Other authors also introduced new Four big families for post colonial Hong Kong. However, much more variant existed. Such as [[Li Ka-shing]], [[Kwok Tak-seng]], [[Lee Shau-kee]] and [[Cheng Yu-tung]] families<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.orangenews.hk/finance/system/2015/12/31/010026702.shtml|script-title=zh:【2015香港富豪排位】四大家族地位動搖 |date=31 December 2015|accessdate=18 October 2018|work=Orange News|language=zh-hk|publication-place=Hong Kong}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Cover-Story/After-Li-Ka-shing-Hong-Kong-s-property-tycoons-inherit-tough-market|title=After Li Ka-shing, Hong Kong's property tycoons inherit tough market|date=18 April 2018|accessdate=19 October 2018|work=Nikkei Asia Review|first=Nikki|last=Sun}}</ref> or [[Tung Chee-hwa]], [[James Tien (politician)|James Tien]], [[Henry Tang]] and [[Rong Yiren]] families.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=hSNYDwAAQBAJ|script-title=zh:富不過三代|trans-title=Wealth Doesn't Last 3 Generations: How Family Businesses Can Maintain Prosperity|author1=李秀娟|author2=李虹|language=zh-hant|publication-place=Singapore|publisher=八方文化創作室 [Global Publishing] ([[World Scientific]])|date=September 2007|isbn=978-981-4139-75-5}}</ref>


Some academic research even expanded into the big 10 families: [[Li Ka-shing]] family, [[John Samuel Swire|Swire]] family, [[Keswick family]], [[Kwok Tak-Seng]] family, [[Pao Yue-kong]] family, [[Kadoorie family]], [[Lee Shau-kee]] family, [[Cheng Yu-tung]] family, [[Chan Tseng-Hsi]] family and [[Ng Teng Fong]] family.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=B4mZAAAAIAAJ|script-title=zh:香港的第三产业|publisher=广东人民出版社|date=1992|language=zh-cn}}</ref> Most of the latter members are overlapped with another concept "real estate tycoons" ({{zh|t=地產霸權|l=property/real estate hegemony}}), which popularize by Alice Poon's ''[[Land and the Ruling Class in Hong Kong]]''. In her book, she listed the Lis [Ka-shing], the Kwoks [Tak-seng], the Lees [Shau-kee], the Chengs [Yu-tung], the Pao [Yue-kong] and Woo [Peter] and the Kadoories, as the powerful Hong Kong families who controlled "property-cum-utility/public services conglomerates".<ref>{{cite book|title=Land and the Ruling Class in Hong Kong|edition=2nd|first=Alice|last=Poon|publisher=[[Enrich Professional Publishing]]|location=Richmond (BC)|publication-place=Singapore, Hong Kong|date=2011|isbn=978-981-4339-10-0|type=hardback|chapter=The Ruling Class|quote=In all cases, these property-cum-utility/public services conglomerates are controlled by powerful Hong Kong families: the Lis of the Cheung Kong/Hutchison group, the Kwoks of the Sun Hung Kai Properties group, the Lees of the Henderson group, the Chengs of the New World Development group, the Pao and Woo of the Wharf/Wheelock group and the Kadoories of the CLP Holdings group.|pages=22–23}}</ref> The Chinese translation of the book, used {{zh|t=香港六大家族|l=Hong Kong "big 6" families|labels=no}}, as section title.<ref>{{cite book|title= dei6 caan2 baa3 kyun4|script-title=zh:地產霸權|trans-title=Land and the Ruling Class in Hong Kong|edition=1st|author=潘慧嫻 [Poon, Alice]|translator=顏詩敏|publisher=天窗出版社 [Enrich Publishing], [[Hong Kong Economic Journal]] (co-publishers)|location=Richmond (BC)|publication-place=Hong Kong|date=July 2010|isbn=978-988-19218-7-1|language=zh-hant|script-chapter=zh:誰統治香港|trans-chapter=The Ruling Class|page=45}}</ref>
Some academic research even expanded into the big 10 families: [[Li Ka-shing]] family, [[John Samuel Swire|Swire]] family, [[Keswick family]], [[Kwok Tak-seng]] family, [[Yue-Kong Pao|Pao Yue-kong]] family, [[Kadoorie family]], [[Lee Shau-kee]] family, [[Cheng Yu-tung]] family, [[T.H. Chan|Chan Tseng-Hsi]] family and [[Ng Teng Fong]] family.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=B4mZAAAAIAAJ|script-title=zh:香港的第三产业|publisher=广东人民出版社|date=1992|language=zh-cn}}</ref> Most of the latter members are overlapped with another concept "real estate tycoons" ({{zh|t=地產霸權|l=property/real estate hegemony}}), which popularize by Alice Poon's ''[[Land and the Ruling Class in Hong Kong]]''. In her book, she listed the Lis [Ka-shing], the Kwoks [Tak-seng], the Lees [Shau-kee], the Chengs [Yu-tung], the Pao [Yue-kong] and Woo [Peter] and the Kadoories, as the powerful Hong Kong families who controlled "property-cum-utility/public services conglomerates".<ref>{{cite book|title=Land and the Ruling Class in Hong Kong|edition=2nd|first=Alice|last=Poon|publisher=[[Enrich Professional Publishing]]|location=Richmond (BC)|publication-place=Singapore, Hong Kong|date=2011|isbn=978-981-4339-10-0|type=hardback|chapter=The Ruling Class|quote=In all cases, these property-cum-utility/public services conglomerates are controlled by powerful Hong Kong families: the Lis of the Cheung Kong/Hutchison group, the Kwoks of the Sun Hung Kai Properties group, the Lees of the Henderson group, the Chengs of the New World Development group, the Pao and Woo of the Wharf/Wheelock group and the Kadoories of the CLP Holdings group.|pages=22–23}}</ref> The Chinese translation of the book, used {{zh|t=香港六大家族|l=Hong Kong "big 6" families|labels=no}}, as section title.<ref>{{cite book|title= dei6 caan2 baa3 kyun4|script-title=zh:地產霸權|trans-title=Land and the Ruling Class in Hong Kong|edition=1st|author=潘慧嫻 [Poon, Alice]|translator=顏詩敏|publisher=天窗出版社 [Enrich Publishing], [[Hong Kong Economic Journal]] (co-publishers)|location=Richmond (BC)|publication-place=Hong Kong|date=July 2010|isbn=978-988-19218-7-1|language=zh-hant|script-chapter=zh:誰統治香港|trans-chapter=The Ruling Class|page=45}}</ref>


As of 2018, Li Ka-shing and Lee Shau-kee were ranked first and second in the ''Forbes' Hong Kong's 50 Richest'' respectively, while [[Thomas Kwok|Thomas]] and [[Raymond Kwok]] brothers, sons of the late Kwok Tak-seng, were ranked 4th; their eldest brother, [[Walter Kwok]], was ranked 10th alone. While [[Richard Li]], the younger son of Li Ka-shing, was separately ranked as the 19th. [[Henry Cheng]], son of the late Cheng Yu-tung, was ranked 49th. Some of the members of the aforementioned "new" families were also on the list, such as [[Peter Woo]], son-in-law of the late Pao Yue-kong (6th), [[Michael Kadoorie]] (12th), Tung Chee-hwa and [[Tung Chee-chen|Chee-chen]] brothers (17th) and Chan Tan Ching-fen, widow of Chan Tseng-His{{sic}} (35th).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/hong-kong-billionaires/|title= Hong Kong's 50 Richest 2018|accessdate=18 October 2018|publisher=Forbes}}</ref>
As of 2018, Li Ka-shing and Lee Shau-kee were ranked first and second in the ''Forbes' Hong Kong's 50 Richest'' respectively, while [[Thomas Kwok|Thomas]] and [[Raymond Kwok]] brothers, sons of the late Kwok Tak-seng, were ranked 4th; their eldest brother, [[Walter Kwok]], was ranked 10th alone. While [[Richard Li]], the younger son of Li Ka-shing, was separately ranked as the 19th. [[Henry Cheng]], son of the late Cheng Yu-tung, was ranked 49th. Some of the members of the aforementioned "new" families were also on the list, such as [[Peter Woo]], son-in-law of the late Pao Yue-kong (6th), [[Michael Kadoorie]] (12th), Tung Chee-hwa and [[Tung Chee-chen|Chee-chen]] brothers (17th) and Chan Tan Ching-fen, widow of Chan Tseng-His{{sic}} (35th).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/hong-kong-billionaires/|title= Hong Kong's 50 Richest 2018|accessdate=18 October 2018|publisher=Forbes}}</ref>

Revision as of 19:45, 21 December 2018

The Four big families of Hong Kong (Chinese: 香港四大家族)[1][not specific enough to verify] was a term for four notable Chinese-Hong Kong business families in the era of British Hong Kong.[2] The four families were Li, Ho, Hui and Lo family respectively,[3][4] while some source substituted Hui with Fu family, headed by Fu Tak-iong [zh].[2] Other source substituted Hui and Lo with Chau and Lee family, notable for Chau Wing-tai [zh], Chau Sik-nin and Lee Hysan, etc..[5][6][7]

The head of four families are Li Sek-peng (李石朋), Robert Ho Tung (何東), Hui Oi-chow (許愛周) and Lo Cheung-shiu (羅長肇).[1] Today, the two families most recognizable by regular Hong Kong citizens are the Li and Ho group descendants.[1]

Families

The following families and their descendants are listed below. Each indentation is at least one generation down, but not necessarily the next generation. Not all the descendants are shown. Most members of these families have reached tycoon status.

Li family notables

  • Li Shek-pang (李石朋, 1863–1916) also known as Li Pui-choi (李佩材) - Originally from Guangdong

Ho family notables

  • Robert Hotung (何東, 1862–1956) - Businessman, philanthropist
    • Victoria Hotung (何錦姿, 1897–?) ∞ Man-kam Lo
    • Robert Ho (何世禮, 1906–98)
    • George Ho (何佐芝, 1918–2014) - Founder of the Commercial Radio Hong Kong[12]
      • George Joseph Ho (何驥 1950–) - Chairman of the Commercial Radio Hong Kong
  • Ho Fook (何福, 1863–1926) - Businessman, philanthropist
    • Ho Sai Kwong (何世光)
      • Stanley Ho (何鴻燊, 1921–) - Head of Macau casinos
        • Pansy Ho (何超瓊, 1962–) - Actress and managing director of various casinos
        • Josie Ho (何超儀, 1974–) - Singer, actress
        • Lawrence Ho (何猷龍, 1976–) - Chief exec of Melco International development[13]
    • Ho Sai-chuen (何世全, 1891–1938) - Doctor and member of the Sanitary Board
    • Ho Sai-ki (何世奇)
      • Eric Peter Ho (何鴻鑾, 1927–2015) - Hong Kong government official
  • Ho Kom-tong (何甘棠, 1866–1950) - Businessman, philanthropist
    • Grace Ho (何愛瑜) ∞ Lee Hoi-chuen
      • Bruce Lee (李小龍, 1940–73) - Movie star and martial artist
        • Brandon Lee (李國豪, 1965–93) - Actor and martial artist

Hui family notables

Lo family notables

Other definitions

Victor Wan-tai Zheng, the co-author of Grand Old Man of Hong Kong: Sir Robert Ho Tung (2007)[18] and Opium King: Lee Hysan (2011)[19] listed 10 "Wealthy Chinese Family Busineses [sic] in Hong Kong" in the following order in his PhD thesis: Ho Tung Family, Li Shek-pang Family, Fung Pak-liu Family (note: 馮柏燎, co-founder of Li & Fung), Lee Leung-yick Family (note: father of Lee Hysan), Chau Wing-tai Family, Hui Oi-chow Family, Cheung Chuk-shan [zh] Family, Kowk [sic] (Wing On) Family, Fung Ping-shan [zh] Family and Tang Chi-ngong [zh] Family.[20]: 52–62  In his thesis, he also listed families such as Wang Lo Kat [sic] (Wong Lo Kat) and Lee Kam Kee [sic] (Lee Kum Kee), etc. in a separate category.[20]: 46–52  The thesis was modified and published as Chinese Family Business and the Equal Inheritance System: Unravelling the Myth in 2010.[21]

Other authors also introduced new Four big families for post colonial Hong Kong. However, much more variant existed. Such as Li Ka-shing, Kwok Tak-seng, Lee Shau-kee and Cheng Yu-tung families[22][23] or Tung Chee-hwa, James Tien, Henry Tang and Rong Yiren families.[24]

Some academic research even expanded into the big 10 families: Li Ka-shing family, Swire family, Keswick family, Kwok Tak-seng family, Pao Yue-kong family, Kadoorie family, Lee Shau-kee family, Cheng Yu-tung family, Chan Tseng-Hsi family and Ng Teng Fong family.[25] Most of the latter members are overlapped with another concept "real estate tycoons" (Chinese: 地產霸權; lit. 'property/real estate hegemony'), which popularize by Alice Poon's Land and the Ruling Class in Hong Kong. In her book, she listed the Lis [Ka-shing], the Kwoks [Tak-seng], the Lees [Shau-kee], the Chengs [Yu-tung], the Pao [Yue-kong] and Woo [Peter] and the Kadoories, as the powerful Hong Kong families who controlled "property-cum-utility/public services conglomerates".[26] The Chinese translation of the book, used 香港六大家族; 'Hong Kong "big 6" families', as section title.[27]

As of 2018, Li Ka-shing and Lee Shau-kee were ranked first and second in the Forbes' Hong Kong's 50 Richest respectively, while Thomas and Raymond Kwok brothers, sons of the late Kwok Tak-seng, were ranked 4th; their eldest brother, Walter Kwok, was ranked 10th alone. While Richard Li, the younger son of Li Ka-shing, was separately ranked as the 19th. Henry Cheng, son of the late Cheng Yu-tung, was ranked 49th. Some of the members of the aforementioned "new" families were also on the list, such as Peter Woo, son-in-law of the late Pao Yue-kong (6th), Michael Kadoorie (12th), Tung Chee-hwa and Chee-chen brothers (17th) and Chan Tan Ching-fen, widow of Chan Tseng-His [sic] (35th).[28]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Sing Tao Daily. Section C-4 HR news. 7/31/2007.
  2. ^ a b 香港商戰風雲錄 (in Chinese). 名流出版社.
  3. ^ "四大望族 李家縱橫政商界". Ming Pao (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong: Media Chinese International. 11 November 2011.
  4. ^ Ng Hong-mun (21 December 2011). 四大家族. 生活語絲 column. Wen Wei Po (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  5. ^ 名門後人周嘉豪 涉騙1700萬貸款罪成候判. Bastille Post (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 21 October 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  6. ^ 新民周刊 (in Chinese (China)). No. 26–52. p. 27 https://books.google.com.au/books?id=9CIzAQAAIAAJ. {{cite magazine}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ "Behind Brandon Chau's big name lies big ambition". South China Morning Post. Hong Kong. 1 June 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2018. With their family legacy dating back to the mid-19th century, the Chaus rose at a time of other prominent local aristocrats: Lee Hysan, Li Shek-peng and Sir Robert Hotung. Under patriarch Chau Wing-tai, the family struck it rich trading gold and silver. The Chaus are widely considered to be one of the "Big Four" tycoon families of Hong Kong's colonial age that made their fortune alongside the British "hongs", or trade houses - names including Jardine, Russell, Butterfield & Swire and Wheelock.
  8. ^ Chinese university of HK. "cuhk.edu." Opening Ceremony of Li Koon Chun Hall. The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  9. ^ Chinese university of HK. "cuhk.edu." Mrs Daisy Li Woo Tze-ha. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  10. ^ [1]
  11. ^ 港府救市事件簿. Wen Wei Po (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 1 October 2008. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  12. ^ Hong Kong university. "HKU.hk." Jessie Ho Professorship in Neuroscience 何馮月燕基金教授席（神經科學）. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  13. ^ WhartonHK. "Whartonhongkong.com." Biography of Lawrence Ho. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  14. ^ The Standard HK. "The Standard.com." Chief condemns stadium violence. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  15. ^ SFOC. "SFOC." Elected officer. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  16. ^ Lo and Lo. "Lo and Lo.." About us. Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  17. ^ News.gov.hk. "News.gov.hk Archived March 25, 2009, at archive.today." CE mourns Lo Tak-shing's death . Retrieved on 2008-11-23.
  18. ^ 鄭宏泰; 黃紹倫 (2007). 香港大老：何東 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Joint Publishing (Hong Kong). ISBN 9789620426957.
  19. ^ 鄭宏泰 [Victor Wan-tai Zheng]; 黃紹倫 (2011). 一代煙王：利希慎 (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Joint Publishing (Hong Kong). ISBN 9789620430664.
  20. ^ a b Zheng, Victor Wan-tai (2002). "A History of Old-established Families and the Chaozhou Community in Hong Kong". The Transfer of Ownership and Leadership: A Study of Chinese Family Business and Inheritance (PhD thesis). University of Hong Kong.
  21. ^ Zheng, Victor (2010). Written at Hong Kong. Chinese Family Business and the Equal Inheritance System: Unravelling the Myth (ebook). Routledge Contemporary China Series. Abingdon, New York: Routledge (Taylor & Francis Group). ISBN 978-0-203-86141-7.
  22. ^ 【2015香港富豪排位】四大家族地位動搖. Orange News (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). Hong Kong. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  23. ^ Sun, Nikki (18 April 2018). "After Li Ka-shing, Hong Kong's property tycoons inherit tough market". Nikkei Asia Review. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  24. ^ 李秀娟; 李虹 (September 2007). 富不過三代 [Wealth Doesn't Last 3 Generations: How Family Businesses Can Maintain Prosperity] (in Traditional Chinese). Singapore: 八方文化創作室 [Global Publishing] (World Scientific). ISBN 978-981-4139-75-5.
  25. ^ 香港的第三产业 (in Chinese (China)). 广东人民出版社. 1992.
  26. ^ Poon, Alice (2011). "The Ruling Class". Written at Richmond (BC). Land and the Ruling Class in Hong Kong (hardback) (2nd ed.). Singapore, Hong Kong: Enrich Professional Publishing. pp. 22–23. ISBN 978-981-4339-10-0. In all cases, these property-cum-utility/public services conglomerates are controlled by powerful Hong Kong families: the Lis of the Cheung Kong/Hutchison group, the Kwoks of the Sun Hung Kai Properties group, the Lees of the Henderson group, the Chengs of the New World Development group, the Pao and Woo of the Wharf/Wheelock group and the Kadoories of the CLP Holdings group.
  27. ^ 潘慧嫻 [Poon, Alice] (July 2010). 誰統治香港 [The Ruling Class]. Written at Richmond (BC). dei6 caan2 baa3 kyun4 地產霸權 [Land and the Ruling Class in Hong Kong] (in Traditional Chinese). Translated by 顏詩敏 (1st ed.). Hong Kong: 天窗出版社 [Enrich Publishing], Hong Kong Economic Journal (co-publishers). p. 45. ISBN 978-988-19218-7-1.
  28. ^ "Hong Kong's 50 Richest 2018". Forbes. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
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