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== Dialect continuum ==
== Dialect continuum ==
Kurmanji forms a [[dialect continuum]] of great variability. Loosely, six subdialect areas can be distinguished:<ref>{{citation|title=Regional variation in Kurmanji: A preliminary classification of dialects|first1=Ergin|last1=Öpengin|first2=Geoffrey|last2=Haig|journal=Kurdish Studies|volume=2|year=2014|issn=2051-4883}}</ref>
Kurmanji forms a [[dialect continuum]] of great variability. Loosely, six subdialect areas can be distinguished:<ref>{{citation|title=Regional variation in Kurmanji: A preliminary classification of dialects|first1=Ergin|last1=Öpengin|first2=Geoffrey|last2=Haig|journal=Kurdish Studies|volume=2|year=2014|issn=2051-4883}}</ref>
* '''Northwestern Kurmanji''', spoken in the [[Kahramanmaraş Province|Kahramanmaraş]] (in Kurmanji: ''Meraş''), [[Malatya Province|Malatya]] (''Meletî'') and [[Sivas Province|Sivas]] (''Sêwaz'') provinces of the northwest of [[Turkish Kurdistan]].
* '''Northwestern Kurmanji''', spoken in the [[Kahramanmaraş Province|Kahramanmaraş]] (in Kurmanji: ''Meraş''), [[Malatya Province|Malatya]] (''Meletî'') and [[Sivas Province|Sivas]] (''Sêwaz'') provinces of [[Turkey]].
* '''Southwestern Kurmanji''', spoken in the [[Adıyaman Province|Adıyaman]] (''Semsûr''), [[Gaziantep Province|Gaziantep]] (''Entab'') and [[Şanlıurfa Province|Şanlıurfa]] (''Riha'') provinces of the southwest of Turkish Kurdistan, and [[Aleppo Governorate]] (''Parêzgeha Heleb'') in the west of [[Syrian Kurdistan]].
* '''Southwestern Kurmanji''', spoken in the [[Adıyaman Province|Adıyaman]] (''Semsûr''), [[Gaziantep Province|Gaziantep]] (''Entab'') and [[Şanlıurfa Province|Şanlıurfa]] provinces of Turkey and the [[Aleppo Governorate]] of [[Syria]].
* '''Northern Kurmanji''' or '''Serhed Kurdish''', spoken mainly in the [[Ağrı Province|Ağrı]] (''Agirî''), [[Erzurum Province|Erzurum]] (''Erzerom'') and [[Muş Province|Muş]] (''Mûş'') provinces of the northeast of Turkish Kurdistan, as well as adjacent areas.
* '''Northern Kurmanji''' or '''Serhed Kurdish''', spoken mainly in the [[Ağrı Province|Ağrı]] (''Agirî''), [[Erzurum Province|Erzurum]] (''Erzerom'') and [[Muş Province|Muş]] (''Mûş'') provinces of Turkey, as well as adjacent areas.
* '''Southern Kurmanji''', spoken in [[Al-Hasakah Governorate]] (''Parêzgeha Hesîçe'') in the east of Syrian Kurdistan, [[Sinjar District]] (''Şingal'') in the west of [[Iraqi Kurdistan]], and in several adjacent parts of the south of Turkish Kurdistan, centered on the [[Mardin Province|Mardin]] (''Mêrdîn'') and [[Batman Province|Batman]] (''Êlih'') provinces.
* '''Southern Kurmanji''', spoken in the [[Al-Hasakah Governorate]] in Syria, the [[Sinjar District]] in Iraq, and in several adjacent parts of Turkey centering on the [[Mardin Province|Mardin]] and [[Batman Province|Batman]] provinces.
* '''Southeastern Kurmanji''' or '''Badînî''', spoken in [[Hakkâri Province]] (''Parêzgeha Colêmêrgê'') in the southeast of Turkish Kurdistan, and the [[Dohuk Governorate]] (''Parêzgeha Dihokê'') and parts of [[Erbil Governorate]] (''Parêzgeha Hewlêr'') in the north of Iraqi Kurdistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kurdish language |url=http://previous.cabinet.gov.krd/p/page.aspx?l=12&s=050000&r=305&p=215 |website=previous.cabinet.gov.krd |accessdate=13 August 2019}}</ref>
* '''Southeastern Kurmanji''' or '''Badînî''', spoken in the [[Hakkâri Province|Hakkâri]] province of Turkey and [[Dohuk Governorate]] and parts of [[Erbil Governorate]] of [[Iraqi Kurdistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kurdish language |url=http://previous.cabinet.gov.krd/p/page.aspx?l=12&s=050000&r=305&p=215 |website=previous.cabinet.gov.krd |accessdate=13 August 2019}}</ref>
* '''Anatolian Kurmanji''' is spoken in [[Central Anatolia]] (''Anatolya Navîn''), especially in [[Konya]], [[Ankara]], and [[Aksaray]], by [[Kurds of Central Anatolia|Anatolian Kurds]]
* '''Anatolian Kurmanji''' is spoken in [[central Anatolia]], especially in [[Konya]], [[Ankara]], [[Aksaray]], by [[Kurds of Central Anatolia|Anatolian Kurds]]

===Ezdîkî and Yazidi politics===
Among some [[Yazidi]]s, the [[glossonym]] Ezdîkî is used for Kurmanji to differentiate themselves from Kurds. While Ezdîkî is no different from Kurmanji,<ref name="IranicaY" /><ref>{{cite journal |title=The Human Rights Situation of the Yezidi Minority in the Transcaucasus |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/485fa2342.pdf |date=May 2008 |page=5 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |publisher=Refworld}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Sebastian Maisel |title=Yezidis in Syria: Identity Building among a Double Minority |date=2017 |publisher=Lexington Books |location=Lanham |page=123}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuMAgAAQBAJ&q=ezdiki&pg=PA68|title=The Caucasus - An Introduction|last=Coene|first=Frederik|date=2009-10-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135203023|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Tork Dalalyan |title=Construction of Kurdish and Yezidi Identities among the Kurmanji-speaking Population of the Republic of Armenia, in: Changing Identities: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia – 2011 |journal=Changing Identities: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia (Collection of Selected Works, Edited by V. Voronkov, S. Khutsishvili, J. Horan), Heinrich Böll Stiftung South Caucasus |date=2011 |page=6 |url=https://www.academia.edu/23284513 |accessdate=23 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref> some attempt to prove that Ezdîkî is an independent language, including claims that it is a [[Semitic language]]. This has been criticized as not being based on scientific evidence and lacking scientific consensus.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Majid Hassan Ali |title=The identity controversy of religious minorities in Iraq: the crystallization of the Yazidi identity after 2003 |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |date=15 February 2019 |volume=47 |issue=5 |page=8 |doi=10.1080/13530194.2019.1577129 |publisher=Routledge |s2cid=150358224 |issn=1353-0194}}</ref>

On January 25, 2002, Armenia ratified the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] and placed Kurdish under state protection.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4M4wDwAAQBAJ&q=jesidisch+sprache&pg=PA186|title=Handbuch des Russischen in Deutschland: Migration – Mehrsprachigkeit – Spracherwerb |last1=Witzlack-Makarevich|first1=Kai|last2=Wulff|first2=Nadja|date=2017-08-08|publisher=Frank & Timme GmbH |isbn=9783732902279 |language=de}}</ref> However, because of the divided [[Yazidis in Armenia|Yazidi community in Armenia]] and after strong criticism from parts of the community, the authorities chose to ratify the charter by mentioning both "Kurdish" and "Yezidi" as two separate languages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kurds (Kurdmanzh) |url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/kurds-kurdmanzh/ |website=Minority Rights Group International |accessdate=22 March 2019}}</ref> This resulted in the term Êzdîkî being used by some researchers when delving into the question of minority languages in Armenia, since most Kurdish-speakers in Armenia are Yazidis.<ref name="Schulze" >{{Cite journal|last=Schulze |first=Ilona |title=Methodologische Überlegungen zur soziokulturellen Dokumentation von Minderheiten in Armenien. Iran and the Caucasus Vol. 18, 2, pp. 169-193 |url=https://www.academia.edu/15116713 |language=de<!--with English abstract-->}}</ref> As a consequence of this move, Armenian universities offer language courses in both Kurmanji and Êzdîkî as two different dialects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/people-places/28052014|title=The Yezidis of Armenia Face Identity Crisis over Kurdish Ethnicity|last=Serinci|first=Deniz|date=28 May 2014|website=Rudaw}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 03:22, 21 December 2020

Kurmanji
Northern Kurdish
کورمانجی, Kurmancî
RegionAutochthonous to Kurdistan, Kurdish diaspora[1]
Native speakers
15 million (2009)[2]
Dialects
  • Botani (Boti)
  • Marashi
  • Ashiti
  • Bayezidi
  • Hekari
  • Shemdinani
  • Badini
  • Shikaki
  • Silivi
  • Mihemedi[1]
Official status
Official language in
Recognised minority
language in
Language codes
ISO 639-1ku
ISO 639-3kmr
Glottolognort2641
Linguasphere58-AAA-a
Geographic distribution of the Kurdish languages spoken by Kurds

Kurmanji (Template:Lang-ku,[5] meaning Kurdish),[6][7][8][9] also termed Northern Kurdish,[1][10][11][12] is the northern dialect[11][15] of the Kurdish languages, spoken predominantly in southeast Turkey, northwest and northeast Iran, northern Iraq, northern Syria and the Caucasus and Khorasan regions.[16] It is the most widely spoken form of Kurdish, and is a native language to some non-Kurdish minorities in Kurdistan as well, including Armenians,[17] Chechens, Circassians,[18] and Bulgarians.[19]

The earliest textual record of Kurmanji Kurdish dates back to approximately the 16th century and many prominent Kurdish poets like Ahmad Khani (1650–1707) wrote in this dialect.[20][8] Kurmanji Kurdish is also the common and ceremonial dialect of Yazidis.[21] Their sacred book Mishefa Reş and all prayers are written and spoken in Kurmanji.[22]

Phonology

Further information: Kurdish phonology

Phonological features in Kurmanji include the distinction between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops and the presence of facultative phonemes.[23][24] For example, Kurmanji Kurdish distinguishes between aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops, which can be aspirated in all positions. Thus /p/ contrasts with /pʰ/, /t/ with /tʰ/, /k/ with /kʰ/, /q/ with /qʰ/, and the affricate /t͡ʃ/ with /t͡ʃʰ/.[24]

Dialect continuum

Kurmanji forms a dialect continuum of great variability. Loosely, six subdialect areas can be distinguished:[25]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Ethnologue - Kurmanji Kurdish". Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  2. ^ Kurmanji at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016) Closed access icon
  3. ^ "Social Contract - Sa-Nes". Self-Administration of North & East Syria Representation in Benelux. Archived from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  4. ^ "Rojava could be a model for all Syria". Salih Muslim. Nationalita. 29 July 2014. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  5. ^ Ferhenga Kurmancı̂-Inglı̂zı̂ (in Kurdish). Yale University Press. 2003.
  6. ^ Captain R. E. Jardine (1922). Bahdinan Kurmanji - A grammar of the Kurmanji of the Kurds of Mosul division and surrounding districts of Kurdistan. Baghdad: Government Press. p. ii.
  7. ^ Ayfer Gokalp (August 2015). "Language and Literacy Practices of Kurdish Children Across Their Home and School Spaces in Turkey" (PDF). Arizona State University: 146. Retrieved 19 March 2019. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ^ a b Paul, Ludwig (2008). "Kurdish language I. History of the Kurdish language". In Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica. London and New York: Routledge. Retrieved 28 August 2013.
  9. ^ Georg Krotkoff (1997). Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East. p. 299.
  10. ^ "Ethnologue - Kurdish". Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  11. ^ a b "Kurdish language". Britannica. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
  12. ^ E. S. Soane (1909). Notes on Kurdish Dialects. p. 906. ISBN 9788120617506. Retrieved 22 March 2019. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  13. ^ Thackston, W. M. "—Kurmanji Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings" (PDF). Harvard University.
  14. ^ Ehsan Yar-Shater. "Encyclopaedia Iranica". Encyclopaedia Iranica. 3 (5–8). University of California: 485.
  15. ^ Also described as a language[13] or dialect group[14]
  16. ^ Philip G. Kreyenbroek, Stefan Sperl (2005). The Kurds : a Contemporary Overview. Routledge. ISBN 1134907656.
  17. ^ "Kürtler'le Ermeniler işte böyle karıştı!". Internethaber (in Turkish). 30 March 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2019.
  18. ^ Aşiretler raporu (1st ed.). İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları. 2000. ISBN 9753432208.
  19. ^ "Türkçe için getirilen Bulgarlar Kürtçe konuşuyor". Rûdaw. 17 May 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  20. ^ Sebastian Maisel (2018). The Kurds: An Encyclopedia of Life, Culture, and Society. p. 164–165.
  21. ^ "Yazidis i. General". Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  22. ^ Arakelova, Victoria (2001). "Healing Practices among the Yezidi Sheikhs of Armenia". Asian Folklore Studies. 60 (2): 319–328. doi:10.2307/1179060. JSTOR 1179060. As for their language, the Yezidis themselves, in an attempt to avoid being identified with Kurds, call it Ezdiki.
  23. ^ Khan, Celadet Bedir; Lescot, Roger (1970). Grammaire Kurde (Dialecte kurmandji) (PDF). Paris: La librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient Adrien Maisonneuve. Retrieved 28 October 2017.
  24. ^ a b Haig, Geoffrey; Matras, Yaron (2002). "Kurdish linguistics: a brief overview" (PDF). Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung. 55 (1). Berlin: 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 27 April 2013.
  25. ^ Öpengin, Ergin; Haig, Geoffrey (2014), "Regional variation in Kurmanji: A preliminary classification of dialects", Kurdish Studies, 2, ISSN 2051-4883
  26. ^ "The Kurdish language". previous.cabinet.gov.krd. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
Kurmanji Kurdish edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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