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'''Meena''' ({{IPA-hns|miːɳa|pron}}) is a sub-group of [[Bhils]].<ref name="Googlebook2">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HAE1UqAo3GoC&dq=meena+as+scheduled++tribe&pg=PA41 | title=Human Rights and Legal Pluralism | publisher=[[LIT Verlag]] [[Münster]] | work=Social Science › General | date=2011 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | first=Yüksel | last=Sezgin | pages=41 | isbn=9783643999054 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012005234/http://books.google.co.in/books?id=HAE1UqAo3GoC&pg=PA41&dq=meena+as+scheduled++tribe&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NTc0VLuNLIGNuAT6sIGYCg&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=meena%20as%20scheduled%20%20tribe&f=false | archive-date=12 October 2014 | url-status=live }}</ref> They speak Meena language.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{cite web|title=Descriptive Study of Meena (Mina) Language|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341177289}}</ref> They started adopting the [[Brahmin]] worship system.<ref name="Civilizations of India">{{cite web |first=Gustave |last=Le Bon |author-link=Gustave Le Bon |title=Civilizations of India|year=1887 |url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125009891140 |publisher=Librairie De Firmin Didot, Paris |page=128 |language=French |jstor=23659746}}</ref> Its name is also transliterated as ''Meenanda'' or ''Mina''. Historians claim that they belong to the [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]] tribe. They got the status of [[Scheduled Tribe]] by the [[Government of India]] in 1954.<ref name="Deutsche Welle">{{cite news |title=आखिर क्यों भड़कते हैं आरक्षण के आंदोलन {{!}} DW {{!}} 12.02.2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/hi/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8/a-47474059 |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=Deutsche Welle |language=hi}}</ref>
'''Meena''' ({{IPA-hns|miːɳa|pron}}) is a tribal community of found predominantly in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Googlebook2">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nMffCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166&dq=Meena+tribe |title=Emerging Trends in Indian Politics| publisher=Taylor & Francis| year=2013| first=Govinda Chandra | last=Rath | pages=166 | isbn= 9781136198557}}</ref> They speak Meena language.<ref name="researchgate.net">{{cite web|title=Descriptive Study of Meena (Mina) Language|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341177289}}</ref> They started adopting the [[Brahmin]] worship system.<ref name="Civilizations of India">{{cite web |first=Gustave |last=Le Bon |author-link=Gustave Le Bon |title=Civilizations of India|year=1887 |url=https://archive.org/details/gri_33125009891140 |publisher=Librairie De Firmin Didot, Paris |page=128 |language=French |jstor=23659746}}</ref> Its name is also transliterated as ''Meenanda'' or ''Mina''. Historians claim that they belong to the [[Matsya (tribe)|Matsya]] tribe. They got the status of [[Scheduled Tribe]] by the [[Government of India]] in 1954.<ref name="Deutsche Welle">{{cite news |title=आखिर क्यों भड़कते हैं आरक्षण के आंदोलन {{!}} DW {{!}} 12.02.2019 |url=https://www.dw.com/hi/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8/a-47474059 |access-date=12 May 2022 |work=Deutsche Welle |language=hi}}</ref>


The Zamindar Meena, Chowkidar Meena, [[Gurjar]] Meena, Padiyar Meena, [[Bhil Meena]], Rawat Meena, Takur Meena and [[Rajput]] Meena are a subgroup of Meenas.<ref>{{cite book|title=People of India: Delhi| isbn=9788185579092 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BFuAAAAMAAJ&q=bhil+is+sub+subgroup+of+meena| last1=Singh | first1=K. S. | year=1992 }}</ref>
The Zamindar Meena, Chowkidar Meena, [[Gurjar]] Meena, Padiyar Meena, [[Bhil Meena]], Rawat Meena, Takur Meena and [[Rajput]] Meena are a subgroup of Meenas.<ref>{{cite book|title=People of India: Delhi| isbn=9788185579092 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0BFuAAAAMAAJ&q=bhil+is+sub+subgroup+of+meena| last1=Singh | first1=K. S. | year=1992 }}</ref>

Revision as of 08:54, 12 March 2023

Meena
Total population
5 Million[1] (2011 Census)
Regions with significant populations
 India
Languages
Meena, Hindi, Mewari, Marwari, Dhundari, Harauti, Mewati, Wagdi, Malvi, Garhwali, Bhili etc.[2]
Religion
Hinduism
Related ethnic groups
 • Bhil  • Parihar  • Meo

 • Scheduled Tribe[3]

 • Other Backward Class[4]

 • Britannica[5]

 • Encyclopedia[6]

 • Joshua Project[7]

Meena (Template:IPA-hns) is a tribal community of found predominantly in Rajasthan.[8] They speak Meena language.[9] They started adopting the Brahmin worship system.[10] Its name is also transliterated as Meenanda or Mina. Historians claim that they belong to the Matsya tribe. They got the status of Scheduled Tribe by the Government of India in 1954.[11]

The Zamindar Meena, Chowkidar Meena, Gurjar Meena, Padiyar Meena, Bhil Meena, Rawat Meena, Takur Meena and Rajput Meena are a subgroup of Meenas.[12]

Etymology

The word Meena or Mina is derived from the Sanskrit word Meen, which means fish.[13][14]

Ethnography

Mina caste man in 1898

The Meenas were originally a nomadic tribe.[15] They were described as a semi-wild and hill tribe similar to the Bhils.[16] But in the British Raj, for the fulfillment of its purpose by the British Government, they were described as a criminal tribe by adding them to the Criminal Tribes Act.[17] Presently they are described as Scheduled Tribe by the Indian Government.[3]

Geography

The book Civilizations of India, published in 1887, notes that the Meenas lived in fortified villages on the Aravalli hills in the middle of Rajputana.[10] Presently they are present in the states of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Haryana and the Union Territory of Delhi in India.[3][4]

Languages

Meena language

Meenas use Meena language in some districts of Rajasthan.[9]

History

Minas

The Meenas claim a mythological descent from the Matsya avatar, or fish incarnation, of Vishnu.[18] They also claim to be descendants of the people of the Matsya Kingdom, which flourished in the 6th century B.C.[19] The historian Pramod Kumar notes that it is likely that the tribes living in the ancient Matsya kingdom were called Meena but it cannot be said with certainty that there is anything common between them and the modern Meenas. They are considered to be adivasi (aboriginal people).[20]

Nandini Sinha Kapur, a historian who has studied early India, notes that the oral traditions of the Meenas were developed from the early 19th century AD in an attempt to reconstruct their identity. She says of this process, which continued throughout the 20th century, that "The Minas try to furnish themselves a respectable present by giving themselves a glorious past". In common with the people of countries such as Finland and Scotland, the Meenas found it necessary to invent tradition through oral accounts, one of the primary uses of which is recognised by both historians and sociologists as being "social protest against injustices, exploitation and oppression, a raison d'être that helps to retrieve the image of a community." Kapur notes that the Meenas not merely lack a recorded history of their own but also have been depicted in a negative manner both by medieval Persian accounts and records of the colonial period. From medieval times through to the British Raj, references to the Meenas describe them as violent, plundering criminals and an anti-social ethnic tribal group.[21]

According to Kapur, the Meenas also attempt Rajputization of themselves.[22]

Gustave Le Bon, in his book Civilizations of India, described the Meenas as a half-wild tribe similar to the Bhils.[10]

Rajput period

The Meenas ruled at certain places in Rajasthan until they were overpowered by invading Rajputs. From Meenas the Bundi was captured by Rao Dewa (A.D. 1342), Dhundhar by Kachhwaha Rajputs and Chopoli fell to the Muslim rulers. Kota, Jhalawar, Karauli and Jalore were the other areas of earlier Meena influence where they were forced to surrender ultimately.[23][24][25][better source needed]

British colonial period

A Meena of Jajurh

The Raj colonial administration came into existence in 1858, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 which caused the government of Britain to decide that leaving colonial administration in the hands of the East India Company was a recipe for further discontent. In an attempt to create an orderly administration through a better understanding of the populace, the Raj authorities instituted various measures of classifying the people of India.[26] One such measure was the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871, under the provisions of which Meenas were placed in the first list of 1872.[27] The community remained stigmatised for many years, notably by influential officials of the Raj such as Herbert Hope Risley and Denzil Ibbetson, and were sometimes categorised as animists and as a hill tribe similar to the Bhils.[16] In protest against this act, the Meenas organized a massive agitation against the British in the 1940s under the leadership of Laxminarayan Jharwal.[28] The Meenas remained an officially designated criminal tribe until 1952, three years after the Act had been repealed. Mark Brown has examined the impact and issues of the Meena community during British rule and the change in their status from being a higher social group to a criminal tribe.[29]

Recent history

Meena

Kumar Suresh Singh notes that the Meenas have not abandoned their customary laws.[30] Meenas have better rights for women in many respects compared to many other Hindu castes.[31]

Caste reservation

The Meena fall into the Scheduled Tribe category in the state of Rajasthan and the majority of them are classified as being Hindu,[32] but in Madhya Pradesh Meena are recognised as a Scheduled Tribe only in Sironj Tehsil, Vidisha, while in the other 44 districts of the state they are categorised as Other Backward Classes.[33] It has been proposed that the Meenas be fully recognised as a Scheduled Tribe in Madhya Pradesh. The proposal is being considered by the Government of India.[34] In Uttar Pradesh, Meena are considered migrated from Rajasthan and have been living in western districts of Mathura, Sambhal and Budaun since many generations.[35] At par their origin they are granted a Scheduled tribe status in the state of Uttar Pradesh.[36][37] In Haryana they are classified as Other Backward Classes.[38] In Maharashtra also Meenas come under the Other Backward Classes.[39]

In Rajasthan, the Meena caste members oppose the entry of Gurjars into Scheduled Tribe fold, fearing that their own share of Scheduled Tribe reservation benefits will be eroded.[40]

They celebrate Meenesh Jayanti on the third day of the Chaitra month's Shukla paksha.[18]

Subdivisions

The Meenas themselves are also a sub-group of Bhils.[41]

The Meenas have more than thirty sub-groups.[42]

The Meena tribe is divided into several clans and sub-clans (adakhs), which are named after their ancestors. Some of the adakhs include Ariat, Ahari, Katara, Kalsua, Kharadi, Damore, Ghoghra, Dali, Doma, Nanama, Dadore, Manaut, Charpota, Mahinda, Rana, Damia, Dadia, Parmar, Phargi, Bamna, Khat, Hurat, Hela, Bhagora, and Wagat.[20]

Bhil Meena is another sub-division among the Meenas. As part of a sanskritisation process, some Bhils present themselves as Meenas, who hold a higher socio-economic status compared to the Bhil tribal people.[43]

A sub-group known as "Ujwal Meena" (also "Ujala Meena" or "Parihar Meena") seek higher status, and claim to be Rajputs, thus distinguishing themselves from the Bhil Meenas. They follow vegetarianism, unlike other Meenas whom they designated as "Mailay Meena".[44]

Other prevalent social groupings are Zamindar Meena and the Chaukidar Meena. The Zamindar Meena, comparatively well-off, are those who surrendered to powerful Rajput invaders and settled on the lands believe to be granted by the Rajputs. Those who did not surrender to Rajput rule and kept on waging guerrilla warfare are called the Chaukidar Meena.[45]

Chanda dynasty is a clan among the Meenas.[46] Dhundhar was ruled by the Chanda clan of the Meenas before the Rajputs.[47]

Culture

Mina

There is a custom in the Meenas to perform Pitra Tarpan after taking a collective bath on the day of Diwali.[48] They adopt the culture of worshiping trees and plants in marriages, festivals and other ceremonies as per the Dharadi tradition.[49]

Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, the Meenas have a total population of 5 million.[50] According to a report by Hindustan Times, the population of Meenas in Rajasthan is 7% of the state's population.[51] And according to the report of a German news television Deutsche Welle, the Meenas constitute 10% of the population of the state of Rajasthan.[11] Whereas according to a report by BBC Hindi, the population of Meenas is 14% of the state's population.[52]

Rajasthan

Rajasthan, total
YearPop.±% p.a.
1887300,000—    
1901577,457+4.79%
1911558,689−0.33%
1921515,241−0.81%
1931607,369+1.66%
1941—    
1951—    
19611,155,620—    
19711,532,331+2.86%
19812,086,692+3.14%
19912,799,167+2.98%
20013,799,971+3.10%
20114,345,528+1.35%
source:[53][54][55][56]

Notable people

List of Meena people in current Rajya Sabha.[57]

Year Name Party
2018 Kirodi Lal Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
1992 Mool Chand Meena Indian National Congress
1980 Dhuleshwar Meena Indian National Congress

List of Meena people in current Lok Sabha.[58]

Sr. Name Party
17th Lok Sabha
1 Arjunlal Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
2 Jaskaur Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
16th Lok Sabha
1 Arjunlal Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
2 Harish Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
15th Lok Sabha
Kirodi Lal Meena Independent
Namo Narain Meena Indian National Congress
Raghuveer Meena Indian National Congress
14th Lok Sabha
Namo Narain Meena Indian National Congress
13th Lok Sabha
Bheru Lal Meena Indian National Congress
Jaskaur Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
12th Lok Sabha
Bheru Lal Meena Indian National Congress
Ram Narain Meena Indian National Congress
Usha Meena Indian National Congress
11th Lok Sabha
Bheru Lal Meena Indian National Congress
Usha Meena Indian National Congress
10th Lok Sabha
Bheru Lal Meena Indian National Congress
Kunji Lal Meena Indian National Congress
9th Lok Sabha
Nand Lal Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
8th Lok Sabha
Ram Kumar Meena Indian National Congress
7th Lok Sabha
Ram Kumar Meena Indian National Congress
6th Lok Sabha
5th Lok Sabha
Chhuttan Lal Meena Indian National Congress
4th Lok Sabha
Dhuleshwar Meena Indian National Congress
Meetha Lal Meena Swatantra Party
3th Lok Sabha
Dhuleshwar Meena Indian National Congress
2th Lok Sabha
1th Lok Sabha

Rajasthan Legislative Assembly

According to BBC Hindi's 2007 report, the number of Meena MLAs in the 12th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly was 31.[52] List of Meena people in present Rajasthan Legislative Assembly.[59]

Sr. Name Party
15th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
1 Amrit Lal Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
2 Gopal Meena Indian National Congress
3 Gopi Chand Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
4 Gopichand Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
5 Harish Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
6 Indira Meena Indian National Congress
7 Johari Lal Meena Indian National Congress
8 Kailash Chandra Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
9 Kanti Prasad Meena Independent
10 Lakhan Singh Meena Bahujan Samaj Party
11 Laxman Meena Independent
12 Murari Lal Meena Indian National Congress
13 Nagraj Meena Indian National Congress
14 Parsadi Lal Meena Indian National Congress
15 Phool Singh Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
16 Prithviraj Meena Indian National Congress
17 Ramesh Chand Meena Indian National Congress
18 Ramkesh Meena Independent
19 Ramlal Meena Indian National Congress
20 Ramnarayan Meena Indian National Congress
14th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
Golma Devi Meena National People's Party
Gopi Chand Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
Kirodi Lal Meena National People's Party
Phool Singh Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
Ramesh Chand Meena Indian National Congress
13th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
Kirodi Lal Meena Independent
12th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
Kirodi Lal Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
11th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
Kirodi Lal Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
10th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
9th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
8th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
Kirodi Lal Meena Bharatiya Janata Party
7th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
6th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
5th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
4th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
3th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
Chhuttan Lal Meena Indian National Congress
2th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan
1th Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan

See also

References

  1. ^ "क्या आदिवासियों को मिल पाएगा उनका अलग धर्म कोड, झारखंड का प्रस्ताव अब मोदी सरकार के पास". Ravi Prakash (in Hindi). Ranchi: BBC Hindi. 18 November 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  2. ^ The assignment of an ISO code [myi] for the Meena language was spurious (Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices). The code was retired in 2019.
  3. ^ a b c "List of notified Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  4. ^ a b "केंद्रीय अन्य पिछड़ा वर्ग सूची". social justice . National Commission for Backward Classes. Archived from the original on 23 February 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  5. ^ "Britannica".
  6. ^ "Encyclopedia".
  7. ^ "Joshua Project".
  8. ^ Rath, Govinda Chandra (2013). Emerging Trends in Indian Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 166. ISBN 9781136198557.
  9. ^ a b "Descriptive Study of Meena (Mina) Language".
  10. ^ a b c Le Bon, Gustave (1887). "Civilizations of India" (in French). Librairie De Firmin Didot, Paris. p. 128. JSTOR 23659746.
  11. ^ a b "आखिर क्यों भड़कते हैं आरक्षण के आंदोलन | DW | 12.02.2019". Deutsche Welle (in Hindi). Retrieved 12 May 2022.
  12. ^ Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Delhi. ISBN 9788185579092.
  13. ^ Minahan, James B. (30 August 2012). Ethnic Groups of South Asia and the Pacific: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia. ISBN 9781598846607.
  14. ^ Heras, H. "THE DRAVIDIAN TRIBES OF NORTHERN INDIA". JSTOR 44137107. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ "Mina".
  16. ^ a b Kapur, Nandini Sinha (2007). "The Minas: Seeking a Place in History". In Bel, Bernard (ed.). The Social and the Symbolic. Sage. p. 131. ISBN 978-0-76193-446-2.
  17. ^ "Crime, Liberalism and Empire: Governing the Mina Tribe of Northern India".
  18. ^ a b Kapur, Nandini Sinha (2000). "Reconstructing Identities and Situating Themselves in History : A Preliminary Note on the Meenas of Jaipur Locality". Indian Historical Review. 27 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1177/037698360002700103. S2CID 141602938. the entire community claims descent from the Matsya (fish) incarnation of Vishnu
  19. ^ Pati, Rabindra Nath; Dash, Jagannatha (2002). Tribal and Indigenous People of India: Problems and Prospects. APH Publishing. p. 12. ISBN 978-8-17648-322-3.
  20. ^ a b Kumar, Pramod (1984). Folk Icons and Rituals in Tribal Life. Abhinav. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-8-17017-185-0.
  21. ^ Kapur, Nandini Sinha (2007). "The Minas: Seeking a Place in History". In Bel, Bernard (ed.). The Social and the Symbolic. Sage. pp. 129–131. ISBN 9780761934462.
  22. ^ Kapur, Nandini Sinha (2007). "Minas Seeking a Place in History". In Bel, Bernard; Brouwer, Jan; Das, Biswajit; Parthasarathi, Vibodh; Poitevin, Guy (eds.). The Social and the Symbolic: Volume II. Sage. pp. 129–146. ISBN 978-8132101178.
  23. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1994) [1984]. A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938. Orient Longman Limited. pp. 23, 24. ISBN 81-250-0333-9.
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  26. ^ Naithani, Sadhana (2006). In quest of Indian folktales: Pandit Ram Gharib Chaube and William Crooke. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34544-8. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
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  28. ^ Bajrange, Dakxinkumar; Gandee, Sarah; Gould, William (2019). "Settling the Citizen, Settling the Nomad: 'Habitual offenders', rebellion, and civic consciousness in western India, 1938–1952". Modern Asian Studies. 54 (2): 337–383. doi:10.1017/S0026749X18000136. S2CID 56335179.
  29. ^ Brown, Mark (2004). "Crime, Liberalism and Empire: Governing the Mina Tribe of Northern India". Social and Legal Studies. 13 (2): 191–218. doi:10.1177/0964663904042551. S2CID 143535325.
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  36. ^ District Headquarters Collectorate Compound, Budaun (UP) (20 November 2013). "Issuing ST certificate to Meena" (PDF). National Informatics Center. pp. Letter from Pramukh Sachiv, Govt. of U.P. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  37. ^ District Headquarters Collectorate Compound, Budaun (UP). "मीणा / मीना जाति के लोगों को बदायूँ जिले में नियमानुसार जाति प्रमाण-पत्र जारी किये जाने सम्बन्धी पत्र". National Informatics Center. pp. Meenas in Budaun. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 17 January 2016.
  38. ^ "Welfare of Scheduled Caste & Backward Classes Department".
  39. ^ "Maharashtra OBC".
  40. ^ Satyanarayana (2010). Ethics: Theory and Practice. Pearson Education India. p. 96. ISBN 978-8-13172-947-2.
  41. ^ Sezgin, Yuksel (2011). Human Rights and Legal Pluralism. ISBN 9783643999054.
  42. ^ Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Delhi. ISBN 9788185579092.
  43. ^ Majhi, Anita Srivastava (2010). Tribal Culture, Continuity, and Change: A Study of Bhils in Rajasthan. Mittal. p. 127. ISBN 978-8-18324-298-1.
  44. ^ Sodh, Jiwan (1999). A Study of Bundi School of Painting. Abhinav. p. 31. ISBN 978-8-17017-347-2.
  45. ^ Mann, Rann Singh; Mann, K. (1989). Tribal Cultures and Change. Mittal Publications. p. 18.
  46. ^ "Amer Fort: Know about some interesting facts related to Amer Fort". Patrika. 3 September 2021. Retrieved 26 September 2021.
  47. ^ "ऐसे थे जयपुर के चौकीदार, खजाने की रक्षा में बेटे का सिर भी किया था कलम".
  48. ^ Das, Jayasree; Chakraborty, Sudipta (2021). "Scope of dark tourism as a revival strategy for the industry" (PDF). Business Studies. XLII (1 & 2).
  49. ^ Meena, Professor (5 May 2020). "Sociolinguistic Study of Meena / Mina Tribe In comparison to other Tribes of Rajasthan". 67: 45–58. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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Further reading