Turnover (food)
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (January 2013) |
 An apple-filled turnover | |
| Type | Pastry |
|---|---|
A turnover is a small pie, made by placing a filling on a piece of pastry dough, folding the dough over, sealing it, and then baking or frying it.[1] Turnovers can be sweet or savoury and are often made as a sort of portable meal or dessert.[2] Throughout the world, turnovers are known by different names, for example in Spanish speaking countries they are known as Empanada,[3] while Pasty, originally a Cornish term, has spread across the globe.[4][5]
It is common for sweet turnovers to have a fruit filling and be made with a puff pastry or shortcrust pastry dough and covered with icing. Savoury turnovers generally contain meat, vegetables or a mixture of both, and can be made with any sort of dough.[6][7] Savoury turnovers are often sold as convenience foods in supermarkets.
Etymology
[edit]A meat or vegetarian turnover may be called a patty in South Asian and Caribbean cuisine, e.g. a Jamaican patty, a Haitian patty. It may be a pasty in Cornish cuisine. In Latin American cuisine turnovers are called empanadas and can be baked or fried. In parts of Southeast Asia, particularly Indonesia, they are known as kue pastel and have Portuguese influence.[citation needed]
Fillings
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Common turnover fillings include fruits such as apples, peaches and cherries, meats like chicken, beef and pork, vegetables such as potatoes, broccoli and onions, and savoury ingredients like cheese.[8] Specialty versions are also found, such as wild rabbit and leek.[9] Savoury turnovers with meat or poultry and identified as a turnover in the United States (for example, "Beef Turnover" or "Cheesy Chicken Turnover") have to meet a standard of identity or composition and should contain a certain amount of meat or poultry.[10]
In the United Kingdom, turnovers are usually filled with cooked apples, but any fruit can be used, as described in Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management.[11]
In Italy, another type of turnover can be found. The calzone, originated in Naples in the 18th century, which is essentially an enclosed pizza. Traditionally made from salted bread dough, baked in an oven and is stuffed with salami, ham or vegetables, mozzarella, ricotta and Parmesan or pecorino cheese, as well as an egg.[12] The panzerotto, famous from Bari, is a smaller hand-held turnover, classically filled with tomato and mozzarella, though other typical Italian fillings are common such as cured meats, varied cheeses and greens such as the Pugliese favourite: cime di rapa. Panzerotti are usually deep-fried, but may also be baked.[citation needed]
See also
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References
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- ^ David A. Bender (2009). A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780191579752.
- ^ "Everything You Should Know About Apple Turnover". Daily Baguette. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
- ^ "Empanada". Spanish Dictionary. Retrieved 8 June 2025.
- ^ "History of the Cornish Pasty". Historic UK. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
- ^ Alin Olteanu, Oana Andreica (2017). Readings in Numanities. Springer International Publishing. p. 88. ISBN 9783319669144.
- ^ Anna Shepherd (2024). Love Vegetables. Delicious Recipes for Vibrant Meals. White Lion Publishing. p. 110. ISBN 9780711297746.
- ^ Terry Breverton. The Tudor Kitchen.What the Tudors Ate & Drank. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445648750.
- ^ "Turnover". Food Network.com. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
- ^ "Wild rabbit and leek turnover with piccalilli". BBC. Archived from the original on 2011-12-19. Retrieved 2012-06-14.
- ^ Refer to the United States Department of Agriculture's Food Safety Inspection Service Food Standards and Labeling Policy Book Archived 2011-02-05 at the Wayback Machine entries for "Turnover" and "Poultry Turnover."
- ^ "mrs beeton's - appleturnover". Archived from the original on 2019-02-03.
- ^ Gosetti (1967), p.785
