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2025 United States–Iran Negotiations
Steve Witkoff
head shot of Araghchi
Abbas Araghchi
DateApril 12, 2025 (2025-04-12) – present
Venue(s)Oman Al Alam Palace Muscat, Oman
Italy Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman in Rome, Italy
ParticipantsUnited States Special Envoy Steve Witkoff
Director of Policy Planning Michael Anton
Iran Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs Abbas Araghchi
Deputy Foreign Minister Majid Takht-Ravanchi
Follows2025 Iranian protests, Iranian energy crisis, Iranian financial crisis, Donald Trump's letter to Ali Khamenei, JCPOA, Red Sea crisis, Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
PrecedesNuclear peace agreement
Websitex.com/stevewitkoff
Key points

On April 12, 2025, the United States and Iran started a series of negotiations aimed at reaching a nuclear peace agreement,[1][2][3] following a letter from President Donald Trump to Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.[4] The first round of high level-meetings was held in Oman on April 12, 2025, led by U.S. Special Envoy Steve Witkoff and Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi.[5][6] The discussions were described as constructive.[5]

The second round of Omani-mediated talks took place in Rome on April 19, 2025, again with indirect discussions between Witkoff and Araghchi.[7] This was followed by a third high-level round in Muscat round a week later,[8] and an expert-level meeting to develop a framework for a possible nuclear agreement,[9] led by Michael Anton for the U.S. and by Majid Takht-Ravanchi for Iran.[10][11]

The US military has been building up its presence in the Middle East as the threat of war escalates. US bases throughout the region accommodate approximately 50,000 American troops.[12][13] As part of the peace proposals, Iran offered to build at least 19 additional reactors, suggesting that contracts for these projects could help revive the struggling U.S. nuclear industry.[14][15] Araghchi's speech announcing this was cancelled by its venue Carnegie institute.[15][16] During the talks Russia started funding construction of a nuclear reactor in Iran.[17]

On May 27 Trump stated the sides were close to finalizing the talks, with strong inspections because "I don't trust anybody". While foreign Minister Mr Araqchi has posted they're unsure if deal is imminent. Khamenei advisor Shamkhani has said Trump's daydreaming of desolation of Iranian nuclear program.[18][19][20][21] Israel has threatened to preemptively attack Iranian nuclear installations with possibly a 7 hour notice according to New York Times.[22][23] Saudi have warned Iran to make a deal with Trump or risk Israeli strikes.[24] US along with E3 pushed for UN IAEA resolution to declare Iranians breach of nuclear obligations.[25] On May 31 IAEA reported record amount military grade nuclear enriched uranium ammassed by Iran.[26] On June 4 in Friday prayers Khamenei slammed the US deal to halt uranium enrichment, declaring, “America can't do a damn thing against us”[27] Putin has said he wants in on this talks.[28]

The talks are kept secret from Iranian public according to Araqchi.[29] On June 5 US fully banned Iranians' entry into their country on account Iran and state-sponsored terrorism.[30] Chief of Iranian Atomic Energy Ali Akbar Salehi revealed Russians are denying Iran use of its sole Busheht nuclear power plants.[31]

Background

[edit]
Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader of Iran
Khamenei had previously banned engaging in any dialogues or negotiations with the United States, especially Trump administration. However in March of 2025, senior Iranian officials conveyed a message that negotiating with the U.S. was crucial to prevent the Islamic Republic's potential collapse.

Iran's nuclear program has been a focal point of international scrutiny for decades. While the country suspended its formal nuclear weapons program in 2003, and claims its nuclear activities are solely for peaceful purposes,[32] it has continued weaponization efforts and enriched uranium to levels approaching the weapons-grade threshold.[32] The program has received external assistance, including from Pakistan and North Korea, with the latter supplying both missiles and uranium.[33] Iran has developed long-range missile technology under the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), with some designs based on North Korean models. Its latest developments could enable nuclear-capable missiles with a range of up to 3,000 km, capable of reaching targets in Europe.[34]  

Analysts and researchers say that a nuclear-armed Iran poses significant global security risks and undermines the stability of the Middle East. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) chief Rafael Grossi warns that an Iranian nuclear weapon could trigger broad nuclear proliferation, as other countries, particularly in the Middle East, may seek similar capabilities in response. Concerns also exist that Iran's nuclear assets could fall into the hands of extremist factions due to internal instability or regime change.[35] Additionally, Iran's success in acquiring nuclear weapons could encourage other regional powers to seek their own nuclear arsenals. The potential transfer of nuclear technology or weapons to radical states and terrorist organizations heightens fears of nuclear terrorism.[36] Scholars argue that a nuclear-armed Iran could feel emboldened to increase its support for terrorism and insurgency—core elements of its strategy—while deterring retaliation through its newfound nuclear leverage.[37]

In response to Iran's nuclear program, the international community imposed sanctions that severely impacted its economy, restricting its oil exports and limiting access to global financial systems.[38] In 2015, however, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) was signed, imposing strict limitations on Iran's nuclear program in exchange for sanctions relief.[39] In 2018, the United States withdrew from the agreement, with President Donald Trump stating that "the heart of the Iran deal was a giant fiction: that a murderous regime desired only a peaceful nuclear energy program".[40] The US also contended that the agreement was inadequate because it did not impose limitations on Iran's ballistic missile program,[41] and failed to curb its backing of proxy groups.[42]

In early 2025, reports stated that "Iran is closer to a bomb than ever before,"[43] as the country escalated its uranium enrichment activities, reaching levels of up to 60% purity. IAEA reported that Iran possesses approximately 250 kilograms of uranium enriched to this level, which could potentially yield multiple nuclear weapons if further refined. A report from the Office of the Director of National Intelligence concluded that Iran had sufficient fissile material to produce more than a dozen nuclear weapons.[44] The Institute for Science and International Security reports that Iran could enrich enough uranium for one nuclear bomb in just a week and accumulate enough for seven bombs within a month. Iranian officials have stated that while the country possesses the technical capability to develop nuclear weapons, they have also hinted that the current religious ruling forbidding it could change.[45]

Following these reports, US president Trump said he would not tolerate an "Iranian nuclear weapons capability".[46] In March 2025, President Trump sent a letter to Khamenei, proposing negotiations over Iran's nuclear program but Khamenei rejected the offer.[47] Trump did not rule out supporting military action if diplomatic efforts to curb Iran's nuclear ambitions fail,[48] with his team adding that "all options are on the table" when it comes to Iran.[49]


Reboot

[edit]

The talks were suspended after the third round. A new round of talks were scheduled for May 9.[50] Fox reported Iran denied satellite images report of a new nuclear base located underground in Semnan province.[51][52] Witkoff has warned Iranians that they must ship high grade uranium far away, the talks have a deadline if they reach a deadlock.[53][54] After the talks Witkoff announced Iran would destroys it caches of uranium enrichment plants of Isfahan Nuclear Technology/Research Center and Natanz, Isfahan province and Fordow Arak.[55] Iranian Minister of foreign affairs has warned European countries not to go through with initating snapback sanctions.[56]

A report was denied by foreign minister Araghchi that gifted Witkoff with a Persian rug.[57]

Second proposal

[edit]

According to New York Times Iranians negotiated proposal to keep its uranium enrichment through a consortium with UAE and Saudi Arabia.[58] On May 14 , 52 senators and 177 congressmen wrote a letter to Trump not to allow Iranian uranium enrichment under a joint venture.[59]

Trump appealed to Qatari's emir to help him influence the Iranian regime not to make nuclear weapons and go to war and to do the right thing with making a nuclear deal.[60]

Iran passed the Palermo United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime anti money laundering mechanism in order for its name to be removed from FATF blacklist.[61]

123 agreement

[edit]

Much senate Republicans asked for US to have 123 agreement with Iran—Section 123 of the U.S. Atomic Energy Act-, including conditions such as US buying Iranian uranium and that Iranians adopt further protocols of IAEA.[62]

Persian Gulf renaming

[edit]

During the talks and ahead of the 2025 visit by Donald Trump to the Middle East, it was reported by the Associated Press that Trump wanted to adopt "Arabian Gulf" as the name for the Persian Gulf, sparking a revival of the Persian Gulf naming dispute.[63] According to New York Times' Farnaz Fassihi report, this has received outrage and condemnation from Iranians and the Iranian regime, and could harm the negotiations, she called the whole trip slap in the face of Iranian regime.[64][65][66][67][68]

Trump proposal

[edit]

On May 16, Trump revealed to reporters a nuclear deal proposal has been sent to Iran, that they have little time or bad things would happen.[69][70] On May 26 Trump stated a deal is close to avoid a lot of people dead.[71]

Iranian government warned that war would engulf entire middle-east region if it is attacked.[72] General Salami stated it is already in full scale war.[73] Iran also denied a three year pause of its enrichment program.[74]

National Security Council sent Iranian parliament members letter telling not to voice their public opinions on the negotiations.[75]

Iran summoned Austrian envoy over report on its nuclear weapons program.[76]

In June 2 Chuck Schumer said Witkoff must testify before congress on secret side deal with Iran.[77]

Sanctions rollback

[edit]

In June 6 Araqchi called it a great mistake after multiple European states were reported to have considered snapback sanctions mechanism enabled before October 2025.[78] Iran also ordered import of another shipment of Chinese ballistic missile solid fuel components.[79] In June 6 United States sanctioned 10 indivuals and 27 financial investment companies and trading firms with secondary sanctions.[80] US Defense Secretary Hegseth announced US military was getting ready in case the talks fail.[81]

Participants

[edit]

Participants of the high-level negotiations:

  • U.S.: Steve Witkoff - White House special envoy leading the American side of the negotiations with Iran.
  • Iran: Abbas Araghchi - Iranian foreign minister who insisted on indirect talks and has published an op-ed in The Washington Post to appeal to Trump.[82]

Participants of the expert-level negotiations:

  • U.S.: Director of Policy Planning Michael Anton,[11] and representatives from the Department of State and Department of Treasury[83]
  • Iran: Deputy Foreign Minister Majid Takht-Ravanchi,[10] who was involved in the 2015 nuclear negotiations.[10]

There are no European negotiators. France stated its intention to participate, despite not being present.[84][85][86] China, Russia, and Iran held a joint meeting with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on April 24 to discuss Iran's nuclear program.[87]

Trump has said he is open to meet Iran Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei.[88]

During the talks Iran revamped its relationships with Saudi Arabia with Khamenei receiving the Saudi King's letter and Saudi minister of Defense.[89][90]

Timeline

[edit]

Iran-US negotiations for a deal have been ongoing since 1995.[91] A nuclear agreement was reached in 2015, from which Trump withdrew in 2018.[4] In the early administration before the talks, Iranians reported that Trump advisor Elon Musk had met Iranian envoy.[92] In January Musk helped free Italian journalist held hostage by Iranian regime.[93]

On March 7, 2025, Donald Trump's letter to Ali Khamenei was made public, expressing his desire to initiate new nuclear talks.[94] Atomic Energy Organization of Iran Eslami declared Iran plans to build more nuclear power plants.[95]

Pre-talk positions

[edit]

Prior to the second Trump administration, the Biden administration held talks with Iran that were ultimately unsuccessful.[96] In February 2025 Trump reinstated the maximum pressure campaign against Iran, aiming to compel Iran to negotiate a new nuclear agreement while preventing its development of nuclear weapons and countering its regional influence.[46] After making his letter to Khamenei public, Trump said that Iran "cannot have a nuclear weapon" and warned of possible military action if the talks failed.[97][98] Trump has said the US military will preemptively attack Iran should the negotiations collapse.[99]

Before the talks, Khamenei repeatedly called the negotiations and [100] recent U.S. threats "unwise" and forbade them, on several occasions, threatened the American military with retaliation in his speeches.[101][102] He added that Iran neither has nor pursues nuclear weapons, as they do not desire them.[101] Khamenei reportedly changed his mind about the negotiations after his advisors warned that the threat of war with the United States and the deepening economic crisis could bring down the regime.[103]

Iran had reportedly also proposed steps to deescalate tensions, including a pledge to disarm and freeze the activities of Hamas, the Houthis, Hezbollah, and Hashd al-Shaabi.[104]

Russia has denied any military assistance to Iran in the event of a U.S. military invasion, while asserting that such an invasion would ultimately fail.[105][106] The first talks were held on April 12, 2025, in Oman, Muscat.[107] The talks were led by U.S. Special Envoy Steve Witkoff and Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi; each delegation was in separate rooms, with messages relayed through Omani mediators.[85][108][82][5] The discussions were described as constructive.[5] Afterwards, the leaders of both negotiating teams spoke briefly in person.[107]

An Iranian news outlet has reported that during the talks in Oman, Iran proposed a three-step plan to reach a deal with the United States:

  1. Iran would agree to temporarily lower its uranium enrichment to 3.67% in return for access to frozen financial assets in the United States and authorization to export its oil.
  2. Iran would permanently halt high-level uranium enrichment, restore inspections by the UN nuclear watchdog, and commit to implementing the Additional Protocol, allowing for surprise inspections at undeclared sites. These steps would be taken if the United States lifts further sanctions and persuades Britain, Germany, and France not to trigger the snapback of UN sanctions against Tehran.
  3. The U.S. Congress would approve the nuclear agreement and Washington would lift both primary and secondary sanctions, while Iran would transfer its stockpiles of highly enriched uranium to a third country.[109]

U.S. envoy Witkoff reportedly welcomed the proposals presented by the Iranian delegation in Muscat, which was unexpected by the Iranian side.[109]
Times of Oman reported Iran's Deputy Foreign Minister for Legal and International Affairs Kazem Gharibabadi was taped while he stole a gold pen during talks. The Iranian regime demanded an apology from Oman Times.[110][111][112][113]

Khamenei wrote a letter that Araghchi delivered to Putin on April 16. Russia then ratified the Iranian–Russian Treaty on Comprehensive Strategic Partnership.[114]

The second round of Omani-mediated talks in Rome occurred on April 19, 2025, one week after the initial meeting in Muscat, the capital of Oman in four hours.[7] Once again, the indirect discussions were led by Araghchi and Witkoff, with messages conveyed through Omani Foreign Minister Badr al-Busaidi.

Following the second round of talks, the Israeli Air Force reportedly conducted drills simulating an Iranian missile attack on Israeli airbases.[115] Meanwhile, Iran was reported to be constructing a large security barrier around two underground tunnel complexes linked to its main nuclear facility.[116]

The third round of high-level negotiations took place on April 26, 2025, along with the first round of expert-level talks.[8][117] The high-level talks were described as serious and productive, with both sides aiming for an agreement based on mutual respect. Araghchi reported progress but noted that key differences remained.[8]

Trump's special envoy, Witkoff, aims to finalize the deal within 60 days; however, he is likely to encounter resistance from Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi due to the significant mistrust between the two parties. Another critical issue is Iran's stockpile of highly enriched uranium and its potential destruction, for which the US would agree to lift economic sanctions. While Iran intends to retain its enriched uranium stockpile within its borders, the US insists on transferring it to a third country. Additionally, Iran seeks guarantees to protect itself in the event that the US withdraws from or violates the agreement.[7]

On April 30, US Treasury sanctioned 6 Chinese chemical components companies connected to Iran.[118]

The fourth round of negotiations was scheduled to take place in Rome on May 3, 2025. The United States has not confirmed its participation in these talks. Oman, serving as the mediator in the US-Iran discussions, announced on Thursday that the upcoming round of nuclear negotiations would be postponed for the repercussions of supporting Yemen's Houthis and imposed new oil sanctions. In response, Iran accused the United States of behavior and provocative statements. Iranian Foreign Minister Abbas Araqchi stated that Iran, along with three European powers—Britain, France, and Germany—was set to meet in Rome to address the strained relations concerning Tehran's contentious nuclear program amid these high-stakes discussions between Tehran and Washington.[119]

On May 12th US Dept of State announced 4 new sanctions on Iranian missile company Ideal Vacuum, Mohammad Reza Seddighi Saber from Shahid Karimi group, as well as SPND affiliates Ahmad Haghighat Talab, and Mohammed Reza Mehdipur.[120] On May 15th State Dept dropped several new sanctions for its missile carbon fiber produce on Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps Research and Self-Sufficiency Jihad Organization.[121]

On May 16, Iran and European Union member states held talks in Istanbul, Turkey. Quds Force major general Ismail Qaani traveled to Iraq and Araghchi traveled to Qatar, the UAE and Saudi Arabia before Trump in order to get Arab states backing into getting Trump to making a deal.[122][123][124] On May 17, three Iranians were charged in Britain with espionage charges, 550 MPs wrote a letter demanding ban on IRGC, criticising Hijab and chastity law, calling for Iranian regime change.[125] French government sued Iran to the International Criminal Court ICJ against holding their citizens hostage.[126]

The French government has threatened to trigger the snapback mechanism of United Nations sanctions should the talks fail.[127] Iran has proposed holding further talks with European participation, while also offering investment opportunities.[128][129]

On May 1, Defense Secretary Hegseth posted that Iran will pay for supporting Houthis attacks on merchant ships in Red Sea crisis. President Trump warned secondary sanctions on entities buying any oil and petrochemicals from Iran. Rubio warned to walk away from nuclear enrichment. Araqchi canceled the May 4 meeting on "technical reason".[130][131][132][133] Trump called for full dismantling of nuclear enrichment.[134] Iran then created a new ballistic missile and threatened to hit US military bases.[135][136] Revolutionary Guard General Salami has warned that IRGC would open hell gates on invaders.[137]

JD Vance has said the deal would reintegrate the Iranian economy into the global economy.[138] In his speech on May 11, Khamenei endorsed "death to America".[139]

The negotiations are taking place as Iran is conducting power rolling blackouts nationwide everyday because of the Iranian energy crisis and the Iranian economic crisis.[140]

During Trump's presidential trip to Saudi Arabia on May 13, he called Iran the most destructive force in the Middle East and stated that Iran's leaders and water mafia have turned green fertile farmland to dry deserts, focused on stealing their people's wealth to fund terror and bloodshed, tearing the region down.[141][142] On May 15, Khamenei advisor Shamkhani said Iranian regime is ready and will sign the nuclear deal in exchange for quick removal of financial sanctions.[143] On May 16, Trump sent Iran an offer and said they have to move quickly or else bad things would happen.[144][145] On May 17, Khamenei condemned Trump, saying that he lied about wanting peace and that he was not worth responding to, calling the US demands "outrageous nonsense."[146] Khamenei also reiterated that Israel is "cancerous tumour" that must be uprooted.[147]

Trump has said there would be a nuclear disarmament deal with or without violence. Araqchi has said Iranian regime will keep enriching uranium "with or without a deal.[148][149]

On May 20, CNN reported Israel was getting ready to strike Iranian nuclear facilities, with Iranian regime taking special response measures to devestate invaders.[150][151][152] On May 23, The Wall Street Journal reported that the US seeks a framework deal agreement.[153]

On June 1 Reuters reported Iranians were preparing to decline deal's offer with a negative response being drafted according to unnamed diplomat.[154] Iran was closing the gap on the air defense system as well.[155][156] The American government ordered freeze of sanctions on Iran.[157]

On June 2 Trump stated the deal would not allow uranium enrichment.[158] On June 4 Khamenei declared "Uranium enrichment is the key to our nuclear programme... The rude and arrogant leaders of America repeatedly demand that we should not have a nuclear programme. Who are you to decide whether Iran should have an enrichment?”[27]

Reactions

[edit]

Iran

[edit]

BBC reported that Araghchi stated he wanted to speak with Europeans in Berlin, Paris and London also.[159] Khamenei told his supporters not to protest and insult the talks and that the talks are just a delay until Islamic shiite state is established.[160] Mehdi Kouchakzadeh stated that the Iranian parliament had received no official information about the ongoing negotiations.[161] He added that, although the outcome was unfavorable, they would not oppose it.[161] The Iranian Rial slightly gained and the Tehran Stock Exchange rose 2.16%.[162] Former Prince Reza Pahlavi called on the United States to take out the most vulnerable and unstable Iranian regime rather than talks.[163][164] Iranian dissidents and social media users increasingly speculated that the former U.S. embassy in Tehran, seized in 1979 might be returned to American control.[165] Kayhan London described the talks as major failure of the Iranian regime while the Iranian-based newspaper Kayhan claimed Iran has the upper hand and called for assassinating Trump calling nuclear disarmament impossible.[166][167][168][169][170] The talks caused division and drift among members of ultra hard extremist Front of Islamic Revolution Stability party.[171] Iran charged two newspapers media executives for their coverage of the talks.[172]

United States

[edit]

In the national survey Rasmussen Reports reported 57% of Americans supported attack on Iran.[173] Former chief negotiator and Secretary of State John Kerry commended Trump's effort and compared the negotiations to "Khomeini poisoned chalice".[174] White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt has stated that should Iran develop nukes, there will be "all hell to pay".[175] On April 18, secretary of state Marco Rubio urged European countries to quickly decide on reimposing sanctions against Iran, warning that Iran is violating the existing agreement and nearing the capability to develop a nuclear weapon.[176] Rubio later also said Iran can have a civilian nuclear energy program instead of a military WMD atomic weapons program.[177] Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth and national security advisor Mike Waltz are reportedly divided on whether US military should attack Iran.[178] Trump told reporters he is in no rush to attack Iran and it still has a chance to "live happily without death".[179] Also he said US would lead the pack to possibly attack Iran and that only two alternatives there are bombing them viciously or nicely, that he is still undecided.[180][181][182]

Former special representative for Iran Elliott Abrams argued that Trump does not seek war. However, should the talks fail, Iran's nuclear program should be destroyed by Israel and/or the US.[183] Policital commentator Tucker Carlson argued this to be the worst time for US military intervention in Iran.[184]

International

[edit]

Global gold prices grew given the reports of high chances of war.[185][186]Initially oil futures prices dropped 1.4%.[187] Saudi Arabia commended negotiations to restrain Iran more.[188] Israel supported deweaponization of Iranian atomic energy establishments Libya model like that of Disarmament of Libya.[189] Trump revealed Israel would lead a military attack on Iran if it failed to abandon its nuclear weapons program.[190] Al Monitor reported the Chinese have also came to support Iranian regime through strengthened relations.[191][192]

Although the relationship between IAEA director Rafael Grossi and Trump's negotiating team is unclear, Grossi is scheduled to visit Iran in the third week of April 2025.[6] Iranian military advisor and security council politician Shamkhani has warned Iran will throw out IAEA inspectors.[193]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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