Undulipodium
An undulipodium or undulopodium (Greek: "swinging foot"; plural undulipodia) is a motile filamentous extension of eukaryotic cells, composed of a membrane protrusion held by a cytoskeletal structure called the axoneme.[1] It is divided into cilia and flagella – which are differing terms for structurally identical organelles used on different types of cells,[2] but are distinguished according to function and/or length,[3] and usually corresponds to different waveforms of the organelles beating motion.[1] The Gene Ontology database does not make a distinction between the two, referring to most undulipodia as "motile cilium", and to that in the sperm as sperm flagellum.[4]
The name was coined to differentiate from the analogous structures present in prokaryotic cells,[5][6] although "flagellum" would be a misnomer for the prokaryotic structure as they function more like propellers or corkscrews and, thus, do not "whip".
The usage of the term was early supported by Lynn Margulis, especially in support of endosymbiotic theory.[7]
Usage
[edit]In the 1980s, biologists such as Margulis advocated the use of the name "undulipodium", because of the apparent structural and functional differences between the cilia and flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. They argued that the name "flagellum" should be restricted to prokaryotic organelles, such as bacterial flagella and spirochaete axial filaments.[8] A distinction was drawn between "primary" cilia which function as sensory antennae, and ordinary cilia: it was argued that these were not undulipodia as they lacked a movement mechanism.[9]
However, the term "undulipodium" is not generally endorsed by biologists, who argue that the original purpose of the name does not sufficiently differentiate the cilia and flagella of eukaryotic from those of prokaryotic cells. For example, the early concept was the trivial homology of the flagella of flagellates and the pseudopodia of amoebae. The consensus terminology is to use "cilium" and "flagellum" for all purposes.[5][10]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Lindemann, Charles B.; Lesich, Kathleen A. (2021). "The many modes of flagellar and ciliary beating: Insights from a physical analysis". Cytoskeleton. 78 (2): 36–51. doi:10.1002/cm.21656. ISSN 1949-3592. PMC 8048621. PMID 33675288.
- ^ Haimo LT, Rosenbaum JL (December 1981). "Cilia, flagella, and microtubules". J. Cell Biol. 91 (3 Pt 2): 125s – 130s. doi:10.1083/jcb.91.3.125s. PMC 2112827. PMID 6459327.
- ^ Alberts, Bruce (2015). Molecular biology of the cell (Sixth ed.). New York, NY: Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 941–942. ISBN 978-0-8153-4432-2.
- ^ "Term Details for "motile cilium" (GO:0005929)". AmiGO 2.
Synonyms: motile cilia, microtubule-based flagellum, motile primary cilia, motile primary cilium, motile secondary cilium, nodal cilium
- ^ a b Hülsmann N (1992). "Undulipodium: End of a useless discussion". European Journal of Protistology. 28 (3): 253–257. doi:10.1016/S0932-4739(11)80231-2. PMID 23195228.
- ^ Margulis L, Lovelock JE. "CP-2156 Life In The Universe: Atmospheres and Evolution". history.nasa.gov. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
- ^ Sagan L (1967). "On the origin of mitosing cells". J Theor Biol. 14 (3): 255–274. Bibcode:1967JThBi..14..225S. doi:10.1016/0022-5193(67)90079-3. PMID 11541392.
- ^ Margulis L (1980). "Undulipodia, flagella and cilia". Biosystems. 12 (1–2): 105–108. Bibcode:1980BiSys..12..105M. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(80)90041-6. PMID 7378551.
- ^ Satir P, Christensen ST (June 2008). "Structure and function of mammalian cilia". Histochem. Cell Biol. 129 (6): 687–93. doi:10.1007/s00418-008-0416-9. PMC 2386530. PMID 18365235.
- ^ Corliss JO (1980). "Objection to "undulipodium" as an inappropriate and unnecessary term". Biosystems. 12 (1–2): 109–110. Bibcode:1980BiSys..12..109C. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(80)90042-8. PMID 7378552.