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Weishan Lake

Huishan Lake
Location	Huishan County
Coordinates	34.60°N 117.20°E
Basin countries	china
Surface area	1266Square kilometers
Max. depth	6 metres
Islands	Huishan island

Weishan Lake is located at the junction of Shandong and Jiangsu in China, and is under the jurisdiction of Weishan County, Shandong Province. With a length of 120 kilometers from north to south, a maximum width of 25 kilometers from east to west, and a water area of 1,266 square kilometers, Weishan Sihu is the largest freshwater lake in northern China . In a narrow sense, Weishan Lake refers to the lower-level lake south of the dam built on the lakeside in 1960, which constitutes a generalized Weishan Lake together with Zhaoyang Lake, Dushan Lake, and Nanyang Lake.

Geography

Weishan Lake is located at longitude 116°34' - 117°21'E and latitude 34°27' - 35°20'E. Its surface is narrow and long, situated in the southern part of Shandong Province, under the jurisdiction of Weishan County, Jining City, Shandong Province.North of Jining, Qufu, and Zoucheng, it borders Xuzhou to the south, with Yutai, Peixian, and Tongshan to the west, and Tengzhou, Zaozhuang, and Yicheng to the east.The lake district features the "Micro Garden" amusement park, Shandong Province Water Sports Training Ground, Lakefront Park, Sports Center, Weishan Lake Hotel, Medical Rehabilitation Center, and Cultural Entertainment Center. Weishan County has 2 substations with 110,000 volts and 7 substations with 35,000 volts.

In terms of transportation, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, the Beijing-Shanghai Railway, National Highway 104 (Jingfu Highway), and Provincial Road 104 all pass through Weishan County. The county town is connected by road to nearby counties, cities, and towns.There are over 80 lakeside ports that can directly connect to various Yangtze River ports. In aviation, it is north of Jining Airport and south of Xuzhou Airport.

The formation of Weishan Lake occurred 400 million years ago, when the entire North China region declined into shallow seas and marshes. Over the course of 7 million years, extensive depressions have formed due to strong tectonic movements. The western waters of Lu Zhongshan accumulated here, forming a flood-prone area (according to the Zoucheng City Annals), which created conditions for the birth of Weishan Lake. Another important reason is that the Yellow River's continuous overflow and sedimentation raised the highlands on the west bank of Surabaya, which long occupied the area and formed wetlands. The current Weishan Lake was formed during the Ming Dynasty's Wanli period.

Scenery

The location of Weishan Lake in Shandong Province

Weishan Lake is one of China's famous six freshwater lakes, featuring picturesque scenery with mountains, islands, forests, lake surfaces, fishing boats, reed beds, and lotus ponds, creating a unique scene. Among them, the lotus flowers, known as the "Fairy of Flowers," stand out the most. The Weishan Lake Wetland Red Lotus Scenic Area is a national 4A-level scenic spot with over 100,000 acres of red lotus flowers, hence it is also referred to as China's Lotus Capital.

Products

Weishan Lake is rich in resources, often referred to as "sunrise fighting gold." The lake is home to over 70 species of fish, shrimp, more than 40 species of aquatic plants, and over 80 species of waterfowl and birds, earning it the names of China's "Land of Ducklings" and "Land of Blackfish."The lake district boasts a comprehensive range of water resources. There are 78 fish species, with carp being the main. Economical fish include carp, yellow croaker, redfin , Changchun carp, and carp. Benthic animals include mollusks, arachnids, insects, and a total of 116 phytoplankton, including 14 dominant, 248, and 328 dominant species. The lakebeds are abundant.

A corner of Micro Mountain Lake

Weishan Lake is rich in mineral resources. The proven coal reserves amount to 12.7 billion tons, making it one of China's key coal bases, with shallow burial and thick coal seams, mostly consisting of high-quality gas and fertilizer coal.The proven reserves of rare earth elements amount to 12.75 million tons, featuring low phosphorus and iron impurities, high grades, and simple smelting processes, making it the only typical fluorocarbon cerium-lanthanum mineral resource currently discovered in China.Additionally, there are substantial resources such as limestone, coal gangue, and yellow sand.

Humanities

The Weishan Lake Guerrillas were established in 1941.

Weishan Island is the largest island in the lake, home to numerous cultural relics such as the Yin Zhou Weizi Tomb, Zhang Liang Tomb, Chunqiu Tomb, Fuxi Mausoleum (temple), Zhongzi Road Temple, Hexi Spring, Notre Dame Spring, and numerous temple pavilions, ancient stele carvings, and Han portrait stones, as well as railway guerrilla monuments.

The two towns by Weishan Lake also house the temple of Fuxi, the ancient Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors of China—Fuxi Temple. Behind the temple is a pool of spring known as the Virgin Pool Spring. Ma Po Township is still the location where the story of "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai" takes place, and there are still tombs of Liang Zhuhe left from the Ming Dynasty in the area.

Ming dynasty poets Wang Shizhen, Wan Shouqi, and Qing dynasty poet Shen Deqian left behind timeless sayings such as: "A flying cloud guards Xia Yang, people transmit the emperor's strong wind country," "Summer Sun, city gates half by the river," and "Zhoubu Bay divided into two provinces, building a hundred feet high." The renowned Qing dynasty poet Zhao Zixin praised Weishanhu as "a peach blossom source, varied and out of place." Emperor Qianlong frequently traveled down the canal to Jiangnan, captivated by the scenery of Weishan Lake and the canal, and wrote several rhythmic poems such as "Hanzhuang Guanhuang." General Chen Yi crossed Weishan Lake and wrote, "Crossing the Jianghuai River for seven hundred miles, the journey is filled with the beauty of Weishan Lake."

During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, revolutionary armed groups based in Weishan Lake, such as the "Weishan Detachment," "Canal Detachment," and "Railway Guerrillas," were active in the reed marshlands and along the Jinpu railway line. Liu Zhixia's long novel "Railway Guerrillas" draws inspiration from here. A song titled "Playing My Beloved Earth Pipa" brought fame to Weishan Lake both at home and abroad. The main areas of activity for the railway guerrillas were present-day Zaozhuang City. In October 1945, over 1,000 Japanese troops in Zaozhuang and Lincheng surrendered to a group of less than a hundred anti-Japanese guerrilla fighters. This is a rare moment in military surrender in history.

Famous people

Wei Zi, named Qi, was the eldest son of Emperor Yi of the Shang dynasty and the half-brother of King Zhou of the Shang dynasty. Weizi was the ancestor of the Song Dynasty and was buried on Dongshan Mountain, which is now known as Weishan Island, in the county seat of Liuli County (now known as West Lake).

Mouyi, styled Ziyu, was a person from the Spring and Autumn period, the 17th-generation descendant of Yin Weizi, and the younger brother of Song Xianggong. He was a renowned politician and military strategist. The Muyi tomb is located on Weizi Mountain Peak, 2.5 kilometers away from Weizi Tomb. The existing tomb is a circular upper mound, with a stone monument erected in front of it. It was established by Fu Yao Yu of Xuzhou Zhizhou in the fifth year of Emperor Shenzong Xining (1072 AD). The front features an inscription: "Song Xianmu Yi Jun's Tomb." The stele is rectangular with rounded corners, standing 2.3 meters high, 0.9 meters wide, and 0.4 meters thick.

Zhang Liang, styled Zifang, was a Korean (now Yingchuan, Henan) from the Warring States period. He was one of the founding fathers who advised Liu Bang and achieved numerous accomplishments, making him a rare military advisor. Liu Bang extinguished Xiang Yu, who had become emperor in the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu's reign (201 BCE), bestowing a great title upon him, Gaozu said. Strategizing from behind the scenes, securing victory a thousand miles away is a testament to Zifang's skill. "Asking Zhang Liang to choose 30,000 households as fiefs, Zhang Liang dared not accept it and said, 'I was staying when I first met the emperor. Just keep me fief.'" Therefore, Zhang Liang is known as Liuhou. Zhang Liang fell ill and sought refuge in a fiefdom in his later years. Buried on Weishan Island east of Liu Cheng after death. Now, there is also a large village called "Tomb Village" in front of the tomb.

Boundary disputes

Since the Qing dynasty, there have been frequent conflicts between local people and tourists in the Weishan Lake area. Due to frequent flooding downstream of the Yellow River in the past, disaster victims from southern Shandong and other yellow areas began migrating to Weishan Lake, sparking tensions in the lake district known as the Lake Cluster Incident. According to records, in 1865, Zeng Guofan was ordered to suppress the remnants of the Nian army. When he arrived in Hu Xi Pei County, he thought that the fishermen who had engaged in a physical altercation over land were Nian army remnants. Upon inspection, he realized this was not the case. Thus, Zeng Guofan rode his horse to draw boundaries, digging ditches that formed today's "One Row, Eighteen Regiments" (later evolved into eighteen regiments), also known as "Borderlands." From then on, people stopped fighting and worked separately, but this boundary persisted, for example, not getting married in the past.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Lake District was located at the border between Shandong and Pingyuan provinces. Later, due to Xuzhou being incorporated into Jiangsu Province, it became the border between Shandong and Jiangsu provinces. In 1953, Weishan County in Shandong Province was established to facilitate the management of the lake district, incorporating all lakes, islands, and nearby towns into the county. It borders Jiangsu with only a few areas along the western shore of the lake. Due to the fluctuations in lake water throughout different seasons, the border between Sulu and the western shore of Weishan Lake frequently changes. Locals often say, "The areas where the flood rises are in Shandong, while those where it recedes are in Jiangsu." After winter, the lake bottom can be used for wheat cultivation, while during summer, it is possible to harvest reeds, raise fish, and plant lotus roots. This often leads to conflicts between farmers in Peixian on the west coast and those in Weishan County, Shandong Province.

After the water level of Weishan Lake dropped in 1959, residents in the Weishan Lake area began to dispute over the lake's production, which had originally been at the bottom of the lake. Until 2006, there were over 400 large-scale armed conflicts triggered by border disputes in the region, resulting in more than 800 deaths and injuries. Government departments have dispatched working groups to mediation multiple times and adjusted the lake boundaries in 1967, 1984, and 1985. However, due to the conflicting parties' insistence on their respective interests, the Weishan Lake region has remained unsettled.

In early 2005, Xuzhou and Jining held their fifth stability maintenance conference in the Sulu border region, specifically to negotiate the handling of deceased bodies from long-standing lake disputes. They ultimately decided not to hold each other accountable by the end of May 2005. Both parties resolved the cremation of the remaining bodies within the timeframe specified in the agreement. After 2006, as mediation mechanisms between the two regions improved and efforts were made to address the monotonous economic income in rural areas, the dependence of lake residents on Lake Tian decreased. Moreover, many farmers left to work elsewhere, leading to harmony in the Weishanhu region.