The period between 1701 and 1870 saw an expansion in access to formal education in Wales, though schooling was not yet universal. Several philanthropic efforts were made to provide education to the poor during the 18th century. In the early to mid-19th century, charitable schools were established to provide a basic education. Private schools aimed at the working classes also existed. State funding was introduced to schools from 1833. Some use of the Welsh language was made in 18th-century philanthropic education, at a time when most agricultural workers in Wales spoke only Welsh. In the 19th century, public opinion was keen for children to learn English, and many schools punished children for speaking Welsh, though studies found such methods ineffective. The government did little to promote bilingual education. Grammar schools experienced difficulties and, by the end of the period, secondary education was limited. Dissenter academies and theological colleges offered higher education. (Full article...)
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