User:Cnee10/Exercise and music
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[edit]Lead
[edit]Research and experimentation on the relation between music and exercise dates back to the early 1900s, when investigator Leonard Ayres found that cyclists pedaled faster in the presence of a band and music, as opposed to when it was silent. Since then, hundreds of studies have been conducted on both the physiological and psychological relationship between music and physical activity, with a number of clear cut relationships and trends emerging.
Article body
[edit]Separately, both exercise and music as individual factors have been proven to increase mood, decrease depression and depression like symptoms, and overall lead to better mental health [1]. Numerous studies have shown listening to preferable music increased mood behavior, and stimulates blood flow to various regions of the brain [1]. Working out is very similar, as it releases a variety of hormones that stimulate growth, memory formation, and it has been shown to increase cognition and longevity [2]. A meta analysis of over 139 studies regarding music and exercise was performed in 2020 and found music coupled with physical exercise leads to enhanced physical performance, reduced perceived exertion, and improved physiological efficiency [3].
In addition, it had been found that fast, loud music can lead to more optimal exercise when compared to slow, lower tempo music. Loud, high tempo music positively correlates with increased running rate and heart rate [4] Higher tempo music, specifically music greater than 120 BPM, leads to what is called an ergogenic effect on physical performance; an ergogenic effect is any substance or mechanical device that leads to greater physical performance. Specifically, handgrip, velocity, power, and muscle endurance all increase when listening to music before or during exercise [5]. It has also been found that the music preference of the individual has a significant effect on the level of ergogenic effect. Essentially, a person is more likely to perform better during physical activity when they are listening to music they enjoy [5].
Some studies also suggest music can serve as a distractor to the pain or discomfort one experiences when performing difficult exercises. Psychologists North and Hargreaves believe that when working out and listening to music, the pain and music are competing stimuli [6]. So, listening to music may help a person ignore fatigue, complete more repetitions of a specific exercise, or just enjoy their workout more. Interestingly enough, motivational music has been found to have a significantly greater effect on women during aerobic and anerobic exercise [7]. Women exhibited an overall more positive effect on physical performance compared to men when listening to all types of music, while men mainly benefited from listening to synchronous music [7].
References
[edit]- Schäfer T, Sedlmeier P, Städtler C, Huron D. The psychological functions of music listening. Front Psychol. 2013 Aug 13;4:511. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00511. PMID: 23964257; PMCID: PMC3741536. [1]
- Mandolesi L, Polverino A, Montuori S, Foti F, Ferraioli G, Sorrentino P, Sorrentino G. Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Functioning and Wellbeing: Biological and Psychological Benefits. Front Psychol. 2018 Apr 27;9:509. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509. PMID: 29755380; PMCID: PMC5934999. [2]
- Terry PC, Karageorghis CI, Curran ML, Martin OV, Parsons-Smith RL. Effects of music in exercise and sport: A meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2020 Feb;146(2):91-117. doi: 10.1037/bul0000216. Epub 2019 Dec 5. PMID: 31804098. [3]
- Edworthy, Judy; Waring, Hannah (2006-12-15). "The effects of music tempo and loudness level on treadmill exercise". Ergonomics. 49 (15): 1597–1610. doi:10.1080/00140130600899104. ISSN 0014-0139. PMID 17090506.[4]
- Grgic, Jozo PhD. Effects of Music on Resistance Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review. Strength and Conditioning Journal 44(4):p 77-84, August 2022. | DOI: 10.1519/SSC.0000000000000682 [5]
- Lamont, A. (2009). Review of North, A.C. & Hargreaves, D.J. (2008). The Social and Applied Psychology of Music. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Musicae Scientiae, 13(2), 463–466. https://doi.org/10.1177/102986490901300212[6]
- C.I. Karageorghis, D.L. Priest, L.S. Williams, R.M. Hirani, K.M. Lannon, B.J. Bates, Ergogenic and psychological effects of synchronous music during circuit-type exercise, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 2010, ISSN 1469-0292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.06.004.[7]
- ^ a b c Schäfer, Thomas; Sedlmeier, Peter; Städtler, Christine; Huron, David (2013-08-13). "The psychological functions of music listening". Frontiers in Psychology. 4: 511. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00511. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 3741536. PMID 23964257.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Mandolesi, Laura; Polverino, Arianna; Montuori, Simone; Foti, Francesca; Ferraioli, Giampaolo; Sorrentino, Pierpaolo; Sorrentino, Giuseppe (2018-04-27). "Effects of Physical Exercise on Cognitive Functioning and Wellbeing: Biological and Psychological Benefits". Frontiers in Psychology. 9: 509. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00509. ISSN 1664-1078. PMC 5934999. PMID 29755380.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Terry PC, Karageorghis. "Effects of music in exercise and sport: A meta-analytic review".
- ^ a b Edworthy, Judy; Waring, Hannah (2006-12-15). "The effects of music tempo and loudness level on treadmill exercise". Ergonomics. 49 (15): 1597–1610. doi:10.1080/00140130600899104. ISSN 0014-0139. PMID 17090506.
- ^ a b c Grgic, Jozo (2022-08). "Effects of Music on Resistance Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review". Strength & Conditioning Journal. 44 (4): 77. doi:10.1519/SSC.0000000000000682. ISSN 1524-1602.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b North and Hargreaves. "The Social and Applied Psychology of Music".
- ^ a b c Karageorghis, C. I.; Priest, D. L.; Williams, L. S.; Hirani, R. M.; Lannon, K. M.; Bates, B. J. (2010-11-01). "Ergogenic and psychological effects of synchronous music during circuit-type exercise". Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 11 (6): 551–559. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.06.004. ISSN 1469-0292.