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Disease Overview:

Need to add: Orbital cellulitis can affect individuals of any age group, but it is overall more prominent in pediatric-aged patients (3)

Diagnosis (last updated 11/25):

Early diagnosis of orbital cellulitis is urgent, and it involves a complete and thorough physical examination. Common presenting signs include: a protruding eye (proptosis), eyelid edema (swelling), eye pain, vision loss, inability to move the eye completely (ophthalmoplegia), and fever. It is important to correlate physical findings with patient history and reported symptoms. (1)

A complete blood count (CBC) showing elevated white blood cells is a useful laboratory test that may aid in diagnosis. (1)

CT scan and MRI of the orbits are two imaging modalities that are commonly used for diagnosis and monitoring of orbital cellulitis, as they can provide detailed images that can show abscess location, size, and involvement of surrounding structures. (2) Ultrasound has also been used as an imaging modality in the past, but it cannot provide the same level of detail as CT or MRI. (2)

Differential Diagnosis (last updated 11/25 and added links)

A variety of pathologies and diseases can present similarly to orbital cellulitis, including (4):

• Inflammatory causes (thyroid eye disease, idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome, sarcoidosis, Wegener granulomatosis)
• Infectious causes (subperiosteal abscess)
• Neoplastic, benign and malignant (dermoid cyst, capillary hemangioma, rhabdomyosarcoma, optic nerve glioma, lymphangioma, neurofibroma, leukemia)
• Trauma (orbital fracture, retrobulbar hemorrhage, orbital foreign body, carotid cavernous fistula)
• Malformation (congenital, vascular)

Other Changes

-Moved "complications" to under "Treatment" heading

Sources:

Mejia E, Braiman M. Ocular Cellulitis. [Updated 2018 Jul 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513319/ (1)

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.12.001 (2)

Lee, Seongmu and Michael T Yen. “Management of preseptal and orbital cellulitis” Saudi journal of ophthalmology : official journal of the Saudi Ophthalmological Society vol. 25,1 (2010): 21-9. (3)

Gerstenblith, Adam T., and Michael P. Rabinowitz. Wills Eye Manual : Office and Emergency Room Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Disease, Wolters Kluwer, 2009. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/musc/detail.action?docID=3418233. (4)