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Classification of plants

Introduction: Living organisms are classified into prokaryotic and eukaryotic depending on the number of cells. Procariotic is further divided into Monera while eukaryotic is divided into two types name the unicellular and multicellular. Unicellular is divided into protesta and multicellular is divided into two types which cell and without cell living organisms which cell wall living organisms for the divided into autotrophs(Plantae) and heterotrophs(Fungi).Why without a cell wall is divided into an Animalia. In this article we are going to study classification of plants in detail. In 1883 Eichler, a botanist, classified the Kingdom plantae into two subkingdoms, crypto games and phenerogames were considered for plan classification. Basis of Classification : There are approximately 1.5 crore plant species present. In order to avoid confusion the plants are classified into different types depending upon the presence or absence of organs. Second presence or absence of separate conducting tissue for conduction of water and food. The third criteria used for classification of plants is that whether the seeds are enclosed in a fruit or not. Finally plants are grouped depending upon the number of cotyledons in the seeds.

  The highest levels of plant classification different characteristics are considered for classification namely depending upon the absence a presence of flowers fruits and seeds, classified as cryptogams or phenol games.

A. Cryptogams: Cryptogams are a group of plants that reproduce by spores, and they are classified into several divisions. Here is a detailed classification of cryptogams:

1. Algae(Division: Chlorophyta)

- Green algae (e.g., Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas) - Red algae (e.g., Porphyra, Gelidium) - Brown algae (e.g., Fucus, Sargassum)

1. Bryophytes (Division: Bryophyta)

- Mosses (e.g., Sphagnum, Polytrichum) - Liverworts (e.g., Marchantiophyta, Jungermanniophyta) - Hornworts (e.g., Anthocerotophyta)

1. Pteridophytes(Division: Pteridophyta)

- Ferns (e.g., Dryopteris, Polystichum) - Horsetails (e.g., Equisetum) - Club mosses (e.g., Lycopodiaceae)

1. Lichens (Division: Lichenes)

- Crustose lichens (e.g., Caloplaca, Xanthoparmelia) - Foliose lichens (e.g., Lobaria, Parmelia) - Fruticose lichens (e.g., Cladonia, Cetraria)

1. Fungi (Division: Fungi)

- Ascomycota (e.g., Saccharomyces, Penicillium) - Basidiomycota (e.g., Agaricus, Boletus) - Deuteromycota (e.g., Aspergillus, Fusarium). Phanerogams are plants that produce visible seeds and are classified into two main groups: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Gymnosperms

- Class: Coniferae (Conifers)

   - Orders: Pinales, Cupressales, Araucariales
   - Families: Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Araucariaceae
   - Genera: Pinus, Cupressus, Araucaria

- Class: Cycadopsida (Cycads)

   - Orders: Cycadales
   - Families: Cycadaceae
   - Genera: Cycas

- Class: Ginkgoopsida B. Phanerogams Phanerogams are plants that produce visible seeds and are classified into two main groups: Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.

Gymnosperms

- Class: Coniferae (Conifers)

   - Orders: Pinales, Cupressales, Araucariales
   - Families: Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Araucariaceae
   - Genera: Pinus, Cupressus, Araucaria

- Class: Cycadopsida (Cycads)

   - Orders: Cycadales
   - Families: Cycadaceae
   - Genera: Cycas

- Class: Ginkgoopsida (Ginkgo)

   - Orders: Ginkgoales
   - Families: Ginkgoaceae
   - Genera: Ginkgo

- Class: Gnetopsida (Gnetum)

   - Orders: Gnetales
   - Families: Gnetaceae
   - Genera: Gnetum

Angiosperms

- Class: Monocotyledoneae (Monocots)

   - Orders: Poales, Arecales, Zingiberales
   - Families: Poaceae, Arecaceae, Zingiberaceae
   - Genera: Zea, Oryza, Areca

- Class: Dicotyledoneae (Dicots)

   - Orders: Fabales, Rosales, Asteraceae
   - Families: Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae
   - Genera: Phaseolus, Rosa, Helianthus

Note: This is not an exhaustive list, and some sources may group these classes and orders differently. Additionally, there are many more families and genera within each class and order.

Phanerogams are further classified based on their characteristics, such as:

- Leaf structure (e.g., simple, compound) - Stem structure (e.g., herbaceous, woody) - Root structure (e.g., taproot, fibrous) - Flower structure (e.g., complete, incomplete) - Fruit structure (e.g., simple, aggregate)

This classification helps in understanding the diversity and relationships among phanerogams.