User:Sapph3do/sandbox
Gender and Disability
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[remove this later, note for me] (i have no idea what im doing. im gonna draft this in here since this isn't an existing page yet. this really could kind of serve as a merger with Sexuality and disability into a common article but i also have no clue how to figure that out so for now it goes here. oh well i can always move it if need be)
Medical Misogyny
[edit]Historical
[edit]Hysteria
[edit]"Hysteria is undoubtedly the first mental disorder attributable to women, accurately described in the second millennium BC, and until Freud considered an exclusively female disease." [1] Since Ancient Greek times, the idea that a woman can go mad in a way that effects exclusively women was not an uncommon one, and until Sigmund Freud it was believed that often the reason for this madness was an improper sex life, with Plato arguing that the cure for hysteria was to "join with the male and... give rise to a new birth." [1] Hippocrates wrote that the cause of hysteria was the buildup of putrefied humors which caused various disorders within the body and could only be expunged through regular sexual behavior.
In the Middle Ages, Trota of Salerno approached the idea of hysteria from a different perspective, offering the explanation that "the suffering related to gynecological diseases was “intimate”: women often, out of shame, do not reveal their troubles to the doctor." [1] Later, hysteria was a common reason for innocent women to be tried as witches and put to death.
Freud recontextualizes the theory of hysteria, arguing instead that it is related to a dysfunction within the brain and not contained within the uterus, but that it is still a woman's disease, only serving to bring the concept of the "possessed woman" into the modern age.
Modern
[edit]Many disabilities, such as Fibromyalgia, are vastly disproportionally diagnosed in female patients compared to male patients even though there is no known cause for this gender disparity. [2] However, disorders involving the female reproductive system are often unnoticed, under-diagnosed, or reported to have diagnostic processes involving dissatisfactory amounts of delay or labor on behalf of the patient. These include Endometriosis [3][4] and Polycystic ovary syndrome [5].
Disabilities common to both females and males, especially developmental disabilities, often favor male patients in ease of diagnosis, with studies done on both Autism [6][7][8] and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [9][10] suggesting that "masculine defaults" [11] in healthcare influence diagnosticians by creating a mental platonic ideal diagnostic case, which is often exclusionary towards women who present the same symptoms as men. [10]
Interactions with racism
[edit]Stemming from Medical racism, there is a common phenomenon experienced by people of color who seek medical attention where because their bodies are believed to be fundamentally different than those of white people by white people who work in medicinal fields. [12] One such particularly pervasive belief is the idea that "blacks have thicker skin than do white people,[12]" which leads to the idea that Black patients have a higher innate pain tolerance than white patients. [13]
Similarly to the seen-above idea of the male default, there exists a parallel white-as-default [14] which influences medical practice. Medical devices such as the Pulse oximeter are calibrated to white skin, causing them to read improperly when used on Black patients. [15] "Medical training failed to teach one of us, Tamika Lasege, a Black physician, how to diagnose local inflammation and vasculitis on her own brown skin." [16] Diagnostic tests, such as kidney function screens, read Black patients as having higher risk when tested. [16] These and additional factors, when amplified across an entire anti-Black medical system, end up treating Blackness itself as a chronic condition. [16]
[do something with the ob/gyn and als articles here about medical misogynoir]
In transgender patients
[edit]Transgender patients seeking medical care, especially those on Hormone replacement therapy, are often subject to what is known as Trans broken arm syndrome, a phenomenon in which "a provider incorrectly assumes that a medical condition results from a patient's gender identity or medical transition." [17]
[find articles for lowdosing and osteoporosis? get more trans medicine stuff in here. also check for theta delta sources]
citations
[edit]- ^ a b c Tasca, Cecilia; Rapetti, Mariangela; Carta, Mauro Giovanni; Fadda, Bianca (2012-10-19). "Women And Hysteria In The History Of Mental Health". Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health. 8 (1): 110–119. doi:10.2174/1745017901208010110. ISSN 1745-0179. PMC 3480686. PMID 23115576.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Yunus, Muhammad B. (2001-03-01). "The role of gender in fibromyalgia syndrome". Current Rheumatology Reports. 3 (2): 128–134. doi:10.1007/s11926-001-0008-3. ISSN 1534-6307.
- ^ Davenport, Sophie; Smith, Diane; Green, Dan J. (2023-07-13). "Barriers to a Timely Diagnosis of Endometriosis: A Qualitative Systematic Review". Obstetrics & Gynecology. doi:10.1097/AOG.0000000000005255. ISSN 0029-7844.
- ^ Ballard, Karen; Lowton, Karen; Wright, Jeremy (2006-11). "What's the delay? A qualitative study of women's experiences of reaching a diagnosis of endometriosis". Fertility and Sterility. 86 (5): 1296–1301. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.04.054. ISSN 0015-0282.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Gibson-Helm, Melanie; Teede, Helena; Dunaif, Andrea; Dokras, Anuja (2016-12). "Delayed diagnosis and a lack of information associated with dissatisfaction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism: jc.2016–2963. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2963. ISSN 0021-972X. PMC 6283441. PMID 27906550.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Cruz, Sara; Zubizarreta, Sabela Conde-Pumpido; Costa, Ana Daniela; Araújo, Rita; Martinho, Júlia; Tubío-Fungueiriño, María; Sampaio, Adriana; Cruz, Raquel; Carracedo, Angel; Fernández-Prieto, Montse (2024-01-29). "Is There a Bias Towards Males in the Diagnosis of Autism? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis". Neuropsychology Review. doi:10.1007/s11065-023-09630-2. ISSN 1573-6660.
- ^ Hull, Laura; Petrides, K. V.; Mandy, William (2020-12-01). "The Female Autism Phenotype and Camouflaging: a Narrative Review". Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 7 (4): 306–317. doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00197-9. ISSN 2195-7185.
- ^ Lockwood Estrin, Georgia; Milner, Victoria; Spain, Debbie; Happé, Francesca; Colvert, Emma (2021-12-01). "Barriers to Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis for Young Women and Girls: a Systematic Review". Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 8 (4): 454–470. doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00225-8. ISSN 2195-7185. PMC 8604819. PMID 34868805.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Mowlem, Florence; Agnew-Blais, Jessica; Taylor, Eric; Asherson, Philip (2019-02-01). "Do different factors influence whether girls versus boys meet ADHD diagnostic criteria? Sex differences among children with high ADHD symptoms". Psychiatry Research. 272: 765–773. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.128. ISSN 0165-1781. PMC 6401208. PMID 30832197.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b Bruchmüller, Katrin; Margraf, Jürgen; Schneider, Silvia (2012). "Is ADHD diagnosed in accord with diagnostic criteria? Overdiagnosis and influence of client gender on diagnosis". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 80 (1): 128–138. doi:10.1037/a0026582. ISSN 1939-2117.
- ^ Cheryan, Sapna; Markus, Hazel Rose (2020-11). "Masculine defaults: Identifying and mitigating hidden cultural biases". Psychological Review. 127 (6): 1022–1052. doi:10.1037/rev0000209. ISSN 1939-1471.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Hogarth, Rana Asali (2019-10). "The Myth of Innate Racial Differences Between White and Black People's Bodies: Lessons From the 1793 Yellow Fever Epidemic in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania". American Journal of Public Health. 109 (10): 1339–1341. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2019.305245. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 6727282. PMID 31415198.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Hoffman, Kelly M.; Trawalter, Sophie; Axt, Jordan R.; Oliver, M. Norman (2016-04-19). "Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (16): 4296–4301. doi:10.1073/pnas.1516047113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 4843483. PMID 27044069.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Petsko, Christopher D.; Rosette, Ashleigh Shelby (2023-02). "Are leaders still presumed white by default? Racial bias in leader categorization revisited". Journal of Applied Psychology. 108 (2): 330–340. doi:10.1037/apl0001020. ISSN 1939-1854.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Moran-Thomas, Amy (August 5, 2020). "How a Popular Medical Device Encodes Racial Bias". Boston Review.
- ^ a b c Sederstrom, Nneka; Lasege, Tamika (2022-03). "Anti‐Black Racism as a Chronic Condition". Hastings Center Report. 52 (S1). doi:10.1002/hast.1364. ISSN 0093-0334.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Wall, Catherine S. J.; Patev, Alison J.; Benotsch, Eric G. (2023-03-01). "Trans broken arm syndrome: A mixed-methods exploration of gender-related medical misattribution and invasive questioning". Social Science & Medicine. 320: 115748. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.115748. ISSN 0277-9536.