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Yŏngŭijŏng

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Yŏngŭijŏng
Portrait of Ha Yeon, who served as Yŏngŭijŏng during King Sejong's reign.
Korean name
Hangul
영의정; 영상; 상상; 수규; 원보
Hanja
領議政; 領相; 上相; 首揆; 元輔
RRyeonguijeong; yeongsang; sangsang; sugyu; wonbo
MRyŏngŭijŏng; yŏngsang; sangsang; sugyu; wŏnbo
The appointment certificate of the Ha Yeon's Prime Minister

The Yŏngŭijŏng (Korean: 영의정; Hanja: 領議政; [jʌŋ.ɰi.dʑʌŋ]) or Chief State Councilor was a member of the State Council of Joseon and the highest government position in the Joseon period of Korean history.[1][2] The Yŏngŭijŏng held roles similar to a modern-day prime minister of a presidential system.[3] As the senior member of the Chief State Council, the Yŏngŭijŏng participated in the administration of general government affairs alongside the Chwaŭijŏng and Uŭijŏng.

The title was created in 1400 with the creation of the State Council. Existing for over 500 years, the function was handed over in 1895 during the Kabo Reform to the newly-formed position of the Prime Minister of the Korean Empire.[4][3] Only one official, usually an elder who had previously served as Chwaŭijŏng, was allowed to assume the position of Yŏngŭijŏng. The Yŏngŭijŏng was referred to as Yŏngsang (영상; 領相; lit. leading minister of state), Sangsang (상상; 上相; lit. upper minister of state), Sugyu (수규; 首揆; lit. head premier) or Wŏnbo (원보; 元輔; lit. primary assistant).[3]

Although the title of Yŏngŭijŏng was legally defined as the highest post in charge of all state affairs, its practical roles and powers shifted drastically throughout history as the roles of the State Council were not clearly defined in the Kyŏngguk taejŏn. During the early years of Joseon, the Yŏngŭijŏng saw limited roles in government as the Six Ministries reported directly to the king.

History

[edit]

Establishment

[edit]

Upon its founding in 1392, the state of Joseon initially inherited the state structure of its predecessor Goryeo (918–1392). In 1400, the second year of his reign, King Jeongjong reformed the Top'yŏngŭisasa [ko] ("Privy Council"[5]), which was previously the supreme administrative body of the Goryeo dynasty, to the State Council. The head of the State Council was given the title "Yŏngŭijŏng pusa" (영의정부사; 領議政府事). As both functions of State Council got stronger, and its system was further revised, "Yŏngŭijŏng pusa" was renamed to "Yŏngŭijŏng" in a firm establishment of the office.[3]

In 1466, the position was officially put in statutory form with the finalization of the Kyŏngguk taejŏn.[6][7] The Yeongjuijeong title was generally conferred on a senior minister who had previously served as Chwaŭijŏng (Left State Councilor),[8] a post immediately below that of Yŏngŭijŏng, but higher than that of Uŭijŏng (Right State Councillor).[9] The three councilors were collectively known as the "Chŏngsŭng" (정승; 政丞),[10] or "Samŭijŏng" (삼의정; 三議政; lit. Three High Councillors).[3]

Changes in the role

[edit]

Until April 1436, the 18th year of Sejong the Great's reign, Chwaŭijŏng and Uŭijŏng concurrently served as Panijosa (判吏曹事) and Panbyeongjosa (判兵曹事) respectively, so that they governed personnel affairs of yangban (the literary and military nobility).

Yŏngŭijŏng continued to exist as an honorary post, and so only managed to contemplate and adjust diplomatic documents or re-examine the cases of condemned people.

However, when Hwang Hŭi was appointed as "Yŏngŭijŏng pusa" in that same year, Sejong modified the government system to strengthen the power of Chŏngsŭng from the Six Ministries centered system. With the reform, Sejong noted that a situation in which three highest senior advisors could not participate in the state affairs contravened the original intention to have them as the high state councillors.[3]

During the reform, Six Ministries conferred with State Council regarding the responsibilities of each minister. State Council discussed legitimacy of the issues, and then reported to the king. After receiving an approval from the king, State Council returned to Yujo to enact the assigned affairs. As a result, Yŏngŭijŏng came to participate more actively in the representative work as the head of State Council. However, other ministerial duities, such as those of the ministries Ijo [ko][11] and Pyongjo [ko] (Ministry of Military Affairs[12]) to implement personnel management, Pyongjo's mobilization of soldiers, Hyŏngjo [ko] (Ministry of Punishments[13])'s right to handle all criminals other than condemned people, were still directly operated by the related ministers.[3]

When Prince Suyang usurped the place of his nephew, King Danjong, the function of Yŏngŭijŏng was relegated to its previous powerless position. This was because when the King Sejo was still a prince, his actions were greatly restricted by his political rivals, Yŏngŭijŏng, Hwangbo In and Chwaŭijŏng, Kim Chongsŏ. So during the reigns of King Seongjong and Jungjong, there were several proposals to restore the former powers of State Council, but those suggestions were not implemented.[3]

Major affairs of the state were discussed when Bibyeonsa was established in 1558 (during the 10th year of King Myeongjong's reign). The three High Councillors attended meetings only as "Tojejo" (Supreme Commissioner[14][15]). So the power of Yŏngŭijŏng tended to be increased or decreased, depending on the political atmosphere of the times, such as the degree of the king's power, the relationship between State Council and Six Ministries, the establishment of the Border Defense Council, the later administration of Kyujanggak (the Royal Library), the conflicts between political parties, and the advancement of "in-law government" (세도정치; 勢道政治[16]), among others. Regardless, the title "Yŏngŭijŏng" continued as the apex in the bureaucratic system throughout the entire Joseon period.[3]

List of Joseon Yŏngŭijŏng

[edit]
Monarch No. Portrait Name Political Faction Notes Ref.
Taejong

(1400–1418)


이서
李舒 		[17][18]

이거이
李居易 		[18][19]

성석린
成石璘 		[19][20]

조준
趙浚 		Cho Chun served as Left State Councilor from 21 July 1404 to 23 February 1405; he then served a second term as Yeonguijeong until his death on August 1 of the same year. [21][22]
[23][24]
Sŏng Sŏngnin

성석린
成石璘 		[25][26]

이화
李和 		Voluntarily retired on 8 February 1408 [26][27]

하륜
河崙 		[28][29]
Yi Sŏ

이서
李舒 		[29][30]
Ha Ryun

하륜
河崙 		[30][31]
Sŏng Sŏngnin

성석린
成石璘 		[31][32]
Ha Ryun

하륜
河崙 		[32][33]
Sŏng Sŏngnin

성석린
成石璘 		[34][35]

남재
南在 		[35][36]

류정현
柳廷顯 		[36][37]

한상경
韓尙敬 		Taejong of Joseon abdicated from the throne on 18 September 1418. [37][38]
Sejong

(1418–1450)

-

심온
沈溫 		[38][39]
Ryu Chŏnghyŏn

류정현
柳廷顯 		[39][40]

이직
李稷 		While Yi Chik's position was transferred to Left State Councilor on 27 June 1426, the Veritable Records provide no mentions of his successor. [40][41]

구종길
仇宗吉 		While Ku Chonggil is recorded to have served as Chief State Councilor from 1426 to 1431 in genealogy records, there are no mentions of him in any official annals of the Joseon dynasty. [42][citation needed]

황희
黃喜 		Longest-serving Chief State Councilor.[43] [44][45]

하연
河演 		Sejong died on 8 April 1450. [45][46]
Munjong

(1450–1452)

-

황보인
皇甫仁 		Munjong died on 10 June 1452. [47][48]
Danjong

(1452–1455)

Hwangbo In was murdered on 19 November 1453 during Yi Yu, Grand Prince Suyang's coup against his nephew Danjong.

이유
李瑈 		On 3 August 1455, Yi Yu and his associates forcibly exiled Danjong's last supporters and abdicated the young king. He would assume the throne the same day. [49][50]

Sejo

(1455–1468)


정인지
鄭麟趾 		Hungu [50][51]

정창손
鄭昌孫 		Hungu Chŏng Ch'angson voluntarily resigned from Chief State Councilor, insisting that he complete his late mother's funeral rituals. [52][53]

강맹경
姜孟卿 		Hungu Kang Maenggyong died on 4 June 1461. [54][55]
Chŏng Ch'angson

정창손
鄭昌孫 		Hungu [56][57]

신숙주
申叔舟 		Hungu The title Yeonguijeong-busa was renamed to Yeonguijeong during Sin Sukchu's first term as Chief State Councilor. [58][59][citation needed]

구치관
具致寬 		Hungu [59][60]

한명회
韓明澮 		Hungu [60][61]

황수신
黃守身 		Hungu [61][62]

심회
沈澮 		Hungu [62][63]

최항
崔恒 		Hungu [63][64]

조석문
曺錫文 		Hungu [64][65]

이준
李浚 		Sejo died on 2 October 1468 [65][66]
Yejong

(1468–1470)

-

박원형
朴元亨 		Hungu Died in office [66][67]

한명회
韓明澮 		Hungu [68][69]

홍윤성
洪允成 		Hungu Yejong died on 9 January 1470. [69][70]
Seongjong

(1470–1495)

-

윤자운
尹子雲 		Hungu [70][71]

신숙주
申叔舟 		Hungu Died in office [71][72]
Chŏng Ch'angson

정창손
鄭昌孫 		Hungu Voluntarily resigned from office. [73][74]

윤필상
尹弼商 		Hungu Voluntarily resigned from office. [75][76]

이극배
李克培 		Hungu Seongjong died on 29 January 1495. [77][78]
Yeonsangun

(1495–1506)

-

노사신
盧思愼 		Hungu Impeached and removed from office [79][80]

신승선
愼承善 		Hungu [81][82]

한치형
韓致亨 		Hungu Died in office. [83][84]

성준
成俊 		Hungu [85][86]

류순
柳洵 		Hungu Ryu Sun was likely appointed Chief State Councilor on 5 June 1504, when Right State Councilor Hŏ Ch'im was replaced with Pak Sungchil. Ryu is first mentioned as Chief State Councilor on 18 June. [87][88][89][citation needed]
Jungjong

(1506–1544)

Yeonsangun abdicated on 28 September 1506.

박원종
朴元宗 		Hungu [89][90]

김수동
金壽童 		Hungu Died in office [90][91]

류순정
柳順汀 		Sarim Died in office [92][93]

성희안
成希顔 		Hungu Died in office [94][95]

송질
宋軼 		Hungu [96][97]
Ryu Sun

류순
柳洵 		Hungu [98][99]

정광필
鄭光弼 		Hungu [100][101]

김전
金詮 		Sarim Died in office [102][103]

남곤
南袞 		Sarim Died in office [104][105]
Chŏng Kwangp'il

정광필
鄭光弼 		Hungu [106][107]

장순손
張順孫 		Hungu Died in office [107][108]

한효원
韓效元 		Hungu [109][110]

김근사
金謹思 		Hungu Impeached and removed from office [111][112]

윤은보
尹殷輔 		Hungu Died in office [113][114]
Injong

(1544–1545)


홍언필
洪彦弼 		Ambiguous records.[a] [115][116]

윤인경
尹仁鏡 		Injong died on 17 August 1545. [117][118]
Myeongjong

(1545–1567)

-
Hong Ŏnp'il

홍언필
洪彦弼 		Died in office [118][119]

이기
李芑 		[120][121]

심연원
沈連源 		[122][123]

상진
尙震 		[124][125]

윤원형
尹元衡 		[125][126]

이준경
李浚慶 		Sarim Myeongjong died on 12 August 1567. [126][127]

Seonjo
(1567–1608)

-

권철
權轍 		Sarim [128][129]

이탁
李鐸 		Sarim [130][131]

홍섬
洪暹 		Sarim [131][132]
Kwŏn Ch'ŏl

권철
權轍 		Sarim Various records on specific dates of tenure during this period have been lost–see footnote.[b] [134][135]
Hong Sŏm

홍섬
洪暹 		Sarim [135][136]
Kwŏn Ch'ŏl

권철
權轍 		Sarim Died in office [136][137]
Hong Sŏm

홍섬
洪暹 		Sarim [138][139]

박순
朴淳 		Westerner [139][140]

노수신
盧守愼 		Easterner [141][142]

류전
柳琠 		Sarim Died in office [143][144]

이산해
李山海 		Northerner [145]

류성룡
柳成龍 		Southerner [145][146]

최흥원
崔興源 		Southerner [147][148]

류성룡
柳成龍 		Southerner [149][150]

이원익
李元翼 		Southerner [150][151]

윤두수
尹斗壽 		Westerner [152][153]

이원익
李元翼 		Southerner [154]

이산해
李山海 		Northerner

이항복
李恒福 		Westerner

이덕형
李德馨 		Southerner

이항복
李恒福 		Westerner

윤승훈
尹承勳 		Southerner

류영경
柳永慶 		Smaller Northerner -
Gwanghaegun

(1608–1623)


이원익
李元翼 		Southerner

이덕형
李德馨 		Southerner

이원익
李元翼 		Southerner

이덕형
李德馨 		Southerner

기자헌
奇自獻 		Bigger Northerner

정인홍
鄭仁弘 		Bigger Northerner

박승종
朴承宗 		Bigger Northerner
Injo

(1623–1649)


이원익
李元翼 		Southerner

윤방
尹昉 		Westerner

신흠
申欽 		Westerner

오윤겸
吳允謙 		Westerner
Yun Pang

윤방
尹昉 		Westerner

김류
金瑬 		Westerner

이홍주
李弘胄 		Westerner

최명길
崔鳴吉 		Westerner

홍서봉
洪瑞鳳 		Westerner

이성구
李聖求 		Westerner
Ch'oe Myŏnggil

최명길
崔鳴吉 		Westerner

신경진
申景禛 		Westerner

심열
沈悅 		Westerner
Hong Sŏbong

홍서봉
洪瑞鳳 		Westerner
Kim Ryu

김류
金瑬 		Westerner
Hong Sŏbong

홍서봉
洪瑞鳳 		Westerner
Kim Ryu

김류
金瑬 		Westerner

김자점
金自點 		Westerner
Hyojong

(1649–1659)


이경석
李景奭 		Westerner

이경여
李敬與 		Westerner

김육
金堉 		Westerner

정태화
鄭太和 		Westerner

이시백
李時白 		Westerner
Kim Yuk

김육
金堉 		Westerner
Yi Sibaek

이시백
李時白 		Westerner
Chŏng T'aehwa

정태화
鄭太和 		Westerner

심지원
沈之源 		Westerner
Chŏng T'aehwa

정태화
鄭太和 		Westerner
Hyeonjong

(1659–1674)


홍명하
洪命夏 		Westerner
Chŏng T'aehwa

정태화
鄭太和 		Westerner

허적
許積 		Southerner
Chŏng T'aehwa

정태화
鄭太和 		Westerner
Hŏ Chŏk

허적
許積 		Southerner

김수흥
金壽興 		Westerner
Hŏ Chŏk

허적
許積 		Southerner

Sukjong

(1674–1720)


김수항
金壽恒 		Westerner

남구만
南九萬 		Westerner
Kim Suhŭng

김수흥
金壽興 		Westerner

여성제
呂聖齊 		Westerner

권대운
權大運 		Southerner
Nam Kuman

남구만
南九萬 		Soron

류상운
柳尙運 		Soron

서문중
徐文重 		Soron

최석정
崔錫鼎 		Soron
Sŏ Munjung

서문중
徐文重 		Soron
Ch'oe Sŏkchŏng

최석정
崔錫鼎 		Soron

신완
申琓 		Noron
Ch'oe Sŏkchŏng

최석정
崔錫鼎 		Soron

이여
李畬 		Noron

서종태
徐宗泰 		Noron

이유
李濡 		Noron
Sŏ Chongt'ae

서종태
徐宗泰 		Noron

김창집
金昌集 		Noron
Gyeongjong

(1720–1724)


조태구
趙泰耉 		Soron

최규서
崔奎瑞 		Soron

Yeongjo

(1724–1776)


이광좌
李光佐 		Soron

정호
鄭澔 		Noron
Yi Kwangjwa

이광좌
李光佐 		Soron

홍치중
洪致中 		Noron

심수현
沈壽賢 		Soron

이의현
李宜顯 		Noron

김흥경
金興慶 		Noron
Yi Kwangjwa

이광좌
李光佐 		Soron

김재로
金在魯 		Noron

조현명
趙顯命 		Soron
Kim Chaero

김재로
金在魯 		Noron

이종성
李宗城 		Soron
Kim Chaero

김재로
金在魯 		Noron

이천보
李天輔 		Noron

유척기
兪拓基 		Noron
Yi Ch'ŏnbo

이천보
李天輔 		Noron

김상로
金尙魯 		Noron
Yi Ch'ŏnbo

이천보
李天輔 		Noron

홍봉한
洪鳳漢 		Noron

신만
申晩 		Noron
Hong Ponghan

홍봉한
洪鳳漢 		Noron

윤동도
尹東度 		Soron

서지수
徐志修 		Soron

김치인
金致仁 		Noron
Hong Ponghan

홍봉한
洪鳳漢 		Noron
Kim Ch'iin

김치인
金致仁 		Noron

김상복
金相福 		Noron

신회
申晦 		Noron
Kim Sangbok

김상복
金相福 		Noron

한익모
韓翼謩 		Noron
Kim Sangbok

김상복
金相福 		Noron
Sin Hoe

신회
申晦 		Noron
Han Ingmoe

한익모
韓翼謩 		Noron
Kim Sangbok

김상복
金相福 		Noron
Han Ingmoe

한익모
韓翼謩 		Noron
Kim Sangbok

김상복
金相福 		Noron
Han Ingmoe

한익모
韓翼謩 		Noron
Sin Hoe

신회
申晦 		Noron
Han Ingmoe

한익모
韓翼謩 		Noron

김상철
金尙喆 		Soron
Jeongjo

(1776–1800)


김양택
金陽澤 		Noron
Kim Sangch'ŏl

김상철
金尙喆

서명선
徐命善
Kim Sangch'ŏl

김상철
金尙喆
Sŏ Myŏngsŏn

서명선
徐命善

정존겸
鄭存謙
Sŏ Myŏngsŏn

서명선
徐命善
Chŏng Chon'gyŏm

정존겸
鄭存謙
Kim Ch'iin

김치인
金致仁

김익
金熤

이재협
李在協
Kim Ik

김익
金熤

채제공
蔡濟恭

홍낙성
洪樂性

이병모
李秉模

Sunjo

(1800–1834)


심환지
沈煥之

이시수
李時秀
Yi Pyŏngmo

이병모
李秉模

서매수
徐邁修
Yi Pyŏngmo

이병모
李秉模

김재찬
金載瓚

서용보
徐龍輔

한용귀
韓用龜
Kim Chaech'an

김재찬
金載瓚

남공철
南公轍

이상황
李相璜

심상규
沈象奎
Hyeonjong

(1834–1849)

Yi Sanghwang

이상황
李相璜

조인영
趙寅永

권돈인
權敦仁

정원용
鄭元容

Cheoljong

(1849–1864)

Cho Inyŏng

조인영
趙寅永

권돈인
權敦仁

김흥근
金興根

김좌근
金左根

정원용
鄭元容
Kim Chwagŭn

김좌근
金左根

Gojong

(1864–1897)


조두순
趙斗淳

이경재
李景在

김병학
金炳學

정원용
鄭元容

김병학
金炳學

홍순목
洪淳穆

이유원
李裕元

이최응
李最應

서당보
徐堂輔

홍순목
洪淳穆

김병국
金炳國 		Gaehwa

심순택
沈舜澤 		Gaehwa

김병시
金炳始

김홍집
金弘集 		Gaehwa

Footnotes

[edit]
  1. ^ According to the Veritable Records of Injong, Hong Ŏnp'il was appointed Chief State Councilor on 4 February 1545. However, the Veritable Records do not specify his date of resignation. On an entry dated 22 February 1545, however, he is denoted as First Minister-without-Portfolio [ko] (영중추부사), an honorary office which served as the titular head of the Military Affairs Commission [ko] (중추원) and was often assumed by figures who had previously served as a State Councilor. Judging by these records, it may be inferred that Hong did serve as Chief State Councilor from 4 February to some point before 22 February 1545.[citation needed]
  2. ^ Various records regarding the dates of tenures of Chief State Councilors during Seonjo's reign have been lost from the Veritable Records of Seonjo due to the Imjin War (1592–1598). While entries on the Revised Veritable Records of Seonjo note the appointment and resignation of some of these Councilors, many of these entries only cite lunar months, not specific dates.[133]

References

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