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"Political correctness" (adjectivally "politically correct"; commonly abbreviated to P.C.) is a term used to describe language,^[1]^[2]^[3] policies,^[4] or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society.^[5]^[6]^[7] Since the late 1980s, the term has been used to describe a preference for inclusive language and avoidance of language or behavior that can be seen as excluding, marginalizing, or insulting to groups of people disadvantaged or discriminated against, particularly groups defined by ethnicity, sex, gender, sexual orientation, or disability. In public discourse and the media,^[4]^[8]^[9] the term is generally used as a pejorative with an implication that these policies are excessive or unwarranted.^[10]^[11]

The phrase politically correct first appeared in the 1930s, when it was used to describe dogmatic adherence to ideology in totalitarian regimes, such as Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia.^[5] Early usage of the term politically correct by leftists in the 1970s and 1980s was as self-critical satire;^[8] usage was ironic, rather than a name for a serious political movement.^[12]^[13]^[14] It was considered an in-joke among leftists used to satirise those who were too rigid in their adherence to political orthodoxy.^[15] The modern pejorative usage of the term emerged from conservative criticism of the New Left in the late 20th century, with many describing it as a form of censorship or political censorship.^[16]

Commentators on the political left in the United States contend that conservatives use the concept of political correctness to downplay and divert attention from substantively discriminatory behavior against disadvantaged groups.^[17]^[18]^[19] They also argue that the political right enforces its own forms of political correctness to suppress criticism of its favored constituencies and ideologies.^[20]^[21]^[22] In the United States, the term has played a major role in the culture war between liberals and conservatives.^[23]

History

Early-to-mid 20th century

In the early-to-mid 20th century, the phrase politically correct was used to describe strict adherence to a range of ideological orthodoxies within politics. In 1934, The New York Times reported that Nazi Germany was granting reporting permits "only to pure 'Aryans' whose opinions are politically correct".^[5]

The term political correctness first appeared in Marxist–Leninist vocabulary following the Russian Revolution of 1917. At that time, it was used to describe strict adherence to the policies and principles of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, that is, the party line.^[24] Later in the United States, the phrase came to be associated with accusations of dogmatism in debates between communists and socialists. According to American educator Herbert Kohl, writing about debates in New York in the late 1940s and early 1950s.

The term "politically correct" was used disparagingly, to refer to someone whose loyalty to the CP line overrode compassion, and led to bad politics. It was used by Socialists against Communists, and was meant to separate out Socialists who believed in egalitarian moral ideas from dogmatic Communists who would advocate and defend party positions regardless of their moral substance.
— "Uncommon Differences", The Lion and the Unicorn^[4]

1970s

In the 1970s, the American New Left began using the term politically correct.^[12] In the essay The Black Woman: An Anthology (1970), Toni Cade Bambara said that "a man cannot be politically correct and a [male] chauvinist, too". William Safire records this as the first use in the typical modern sense.^[25] The term political correctness was believed to have been revived by the New Left through familiarity in the West with Mao's Little Red Book, in which Mao stressed holding to the correct party line. The term rapidly began to be used by the New Left in an ironic or self-deprecating sense.^[26]

Thereafter, the term was often used as self-critical satire. Debra L. Shultz said that "throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the New Left, feminists, and progressives... used their term 'politically correct' ironically, as a guard against their own orthodoxy in social change efforts".^[8]^[12]^[13] PC is used in the comic book Merton of the Movement, by Bobby London, which was followed by the term ideologically sound, in the comic strips of Bart Dickon.^[12]^[27] In her essay "Toward a feminist Revolution" (1992) Ellen Willis said, "In the early eighties, when feminists used the term 'political correctness', it was used to refer sarcastically to the anti-pornography movement's efforts to define a 'feminist sexuality'."^[14]

Stuart Hall suggests one way in which the original use of the term may have developed into the modern one:

According to one version, political correctness actually began as an in-joke on the left: radical students on American campuses acting out an ironic replay of the Bad Old Days BS (Before the Sixties) when every revolutionary groupuscule had a party line about everything. They would address some glaring examples of sexist or racist behaviour by their fellow students in imitation of the tone of voice of the Red Guards or Cultural Revolution Commissar: "Not very 'politically correct', Comrade!"^[15]

1980s and 1990s

Allan Bloom's The Closing of the American Mind, a book first published in 1987,^[28] heralded a debate about "political correctness" in American higher education in the 1980s and 1990s.^[8]^[29]^[30] Professor of English literary and cultural studies at CMU Jeffrey J. Williams wrote that the "assault on ... political correctness that simmered through the Reagan years, gained bestsellerdom with Bloom's Closing of the American Mind".^[31] According to Z.F. Gamson, Bloom's book "attacked the faculty for 'political correctness'".^[32] Prof. of Social Work at CSU Tony Platt says the "campaign against 'political correctness'" was launched by Bloom's book in 1987.^[33]

An October 1990 New York Times article by Richard Bernstein is credited with popularizing the term.^[34]^[35]^[36]^[37]^[38] At this time, the term was mainly being used within academia: "Across the country the term p.c., as it is commonly abbreviated, is being heard more and more in debates over what should be taught at the universities."^[39] Nexis citations in "arcnews/curnews" reveal only seventy total citations in articles to "political correctness" for 1990; but one year later, Nexis records 1,532 citations, with a steady increase to more than 7,000 citations by 1994.^[37]^[40] In May 1991, The New York Times had a follow-up article, according to which the term was increasingly being used in a wider public arena:

What has come to be called "political correctness", a term that began to gain currency at the start of the academic year last fall, has spread in recent months and has become the focus of an angry national debate, mainly on campuses, but also in the larger arenas of American life.
— Robert D. McFadden, "Political Correctness: New Bias Test?", 1991^[41]

The previously obscure far-left term became common currency in the lexicon of the conservative social and political challenges against progressive teaching methods and curriculum changes in the secondary schools and universities of the U.S.^[10]^[42] Policies, behavior, and speech codes that the speaker or the writer regarded as being the imposition of a liberal orthodoxy, were described and criticized as "politically correct".^[17] In May 1991, at a commencement ceremony for a graduating class of the University of Michigan, then U.S. President George H. W. Bush used the term in his speech: "The notion of political correctness has ignited controversy across the land. And although the movement arises from the laudable desire to sweep away the debris of racism and sexism and hatred, it replaces old prejudice with new ones. It declares certain topics off-limits, certain expression off-limits, even certain gestures off-limits."^[43]^[44]^[45]

After 1991, its use as a pejorative phrase became widespread amongst conservatives in the US.^[10] It became a key term encapsulating conservative concerns about the left in cultural and political debates extending beyond academia. Two articles on the topic in late 1990 in Forbes and Newsweek both used the term "thought police" in their headlines, exemplifying the tone of the new usage, but it was Dinesh D'Souza's Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus (1991) which "captured the press's imagination".^[10] These trends were at least in part a response to multiculturalism and the rise of identity politics, with movements such as feminism, gay rights movements and ethnic minority movements. That response received funding from conservative foundations and think tanks such as the John M. Olin Foundation, which funded several books such as D'Souza's.^[8]^[17]

Herbert Kohl, in 1992, commented that a number of neoconservatives who promoted the use of the term "politically correct" in the early 1990s were former Communist Party members, and, as a result, familiar with the Marxist use of the phrase. He argued that in doing so, they intended "to insinuate that egalitarian democratic ideas are actually authoritarian, orthodox, and Communist-influenced, when they oppose the right of people to be racist, sexist, and homophobic".^[4]

During the 1990s, conservative and right-wing politicians, think tanks, and speakers adopted the phrase as a pejorative descriptor of their ideological enemies, especially in the context of the culture wars about language and the content of public-school curricula. Roger Kimball, in Tenured Radicals, endorsed Frederick Crews's view that PC is best described as "Left Eclecticism", a term defined by Kimball as "any of a wide variety of anti-establishment modes of thought from structuralism and poststructuralism, deconstruction, and Lacanian analyst to feminist, homosexual, black, and other patently political forms of criticism".^[46]^[31]

Liberal commentators have argued that the conservatives and reactionaries who used the term did so in an effort to divert political discussion away from the substantive matters of resolving societal discrimination,^[47]^[48]^[49] such as racial, social class, gender, and legal inequality, against people whom conservatives do not consider part of the social mainstream.^[8]^[18]^[50] Jan Narveson wrote that "that phrase was born to live between scare-quotes: it suggests that the operative considerations in the area so called are merely political, steamrolling the genuine reasons of principle for which we ought to be acting...".^[9] Commenting in 2001, one such British journalist,^[51]^[52] Polly Toynbee, said "the phrase is an empty, right-wing smear, designed only to elevate its user",^[53] and in 2010 she wrote "the phrase 'political correctness' was born as a coded cover for all who still want to say Paki, spastic, or queer".^[54] Another British journalist, Will Hutton,^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58] wrote in 2001:^[59]

Political correctness is one of the brilliant tools that the American Right developed in the mid–1980s, as part of its demolition of American liberalism.... What the sharpest thinkers on the American Right saw quickly was that by declaring war on the cultural manifestations of liberalism – by levelling the charge of "political correctness" against its exponents – they could discredit the whole political project.
— Will Hutton, "Words Really are Important, Mr Blunkett", 2001

Glenn Loury wrote in 1994 that to address the subject of "political correctness" when power and authority within the academic community is being contested by parties on either side of that issue, is to invite scrutiny of one's arguments by would-be "friends" and "enemies". Combatants from the left and the right will try to assess whether a writer is "for them" or "against them".^[60] Geoffrey Hughes suggested that debate over political correctness concerns whether changing language actually solves political and social problems, with critics viewing it less about solving problems than imposing censorship, intellectual intimidation and demonstrating the moral purity of those who practice it. Hughes also argues that political correctness tends to be pushed by a minority rather than an organic form of language change.^[61]

Right-wing political correctness

"Political correctness" is a label typically used to describe liberal or left-wing terms and actions but rarely used for analogous attempts to mold language and behavior on the right.^[62] Alex Nowrasteh of the Cato Institute referred to the right's own version of political correctness as "patriotic correctness".^[63]

Usage

The modern pejorative usage of the term emerged from conservative criticism of the New Left in the late 20th century. This usage was popularized by a number of articles in The New York Times and other media throughout the 1990s,^[34]^[35]^[36]^[39]^[41]^[64] and was widely used in the debate surrounding Allan Bloom's 1987 book The Closing of the American Mind.^[8]^[28]^[29] The term gained further currency in response to Roger Kimball's Tenured Radicals (1990),^[8]^[17]^[46] and conservative author Dinesh D'Souza's 1991 book Illiberal Education.^[8]^[10]^[17]^[65] Supporters of politically correct language have been pejoratively referred to as the "language police".^[66]

Education

Modern debate on the term was sparked by conservative critiques of perceived liberal bias in academia and education,^[8] and conservatives have since used it as a major line of attack.^[10]

Preliminary research published in 2020 indicated that students at a large U.S. public university generally felt instructors were open-minded and encouraged free expression of diverse viewpoints; nonetheless, most students worried about the consequences of voicing their political opinions, with "[a]nxieties about expressing political views and self-censorship ... more prevalent among students who identify as conservative".^[67]^[68]

As a conspiracy theory

Some conservative commentators in the West argue that "political correctness" and multiculturalism are part of a conspiracy with the ultimate goal of undermining Judeo-Christian values. This theory, which holds that political correctness originates from the critical theory of the Frankfurt School as part of a conspiracy that its proponents call "Cultural Marxism".^[69]^[70] The theory originated with Michael Minnicino's 1992 essay "New Dark Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'", published in a Lyndon LaRouche movement journal.^[71] In 2001, conservative commentator Patrick Buchanan wrote in The Death of the West that "political correctness is cultural Marxism", and that "its trademark is intolerance".^[72]

Media

In the US, the term has been widely used in books and journals, but in Britain the usage has been confined mainly to the popular press.^[73] Many such authors and popular-media figures, particularly on the right, have used the term to criticize what they see as bias in the media.^[9]^[17] William McGowan argues that journalists get stories wrong or ignore stories worthy of coverage, because of what McGowan perceives to be their liberal ideologies and their fear of offending minority groups.^[74] Robert Novak, in his essay "Political Correctness Has No Place in the Newsroom", used the term to blame newspapers for adopting language use policies that he thinks tend to excessively avoid the appearance of bias. He argued that political correctness in language not only destroys meaning but also demeans the people who are meant to be protected.^[75]^[76]^[77]

Authors David Sloan and Emily Hoff claim that in the US, journalists shrug off concerns about political correctness in the newsroom, equating the political correctness criticisms with the old "liberal media bias" label.^[78] According to author John Wilson, left-wing forces of "political correctness" have been blamed for unrelated censorship, with Time citing campaigns against violence on network television in the US as contributing to a "mainstream culture [that] has become cautious, sanitized, scared of its own shadow" because of "the watchful eye of the p.c. police", protests and advertiser boycotts targeting TV shows are generally organized by right-wing religious groups campaigning against violence, sex, and depictions of homosexuality on television.^[79]

Inclusive language

Inclusive or Equity Language is a language style that avoids expressions that its proponents perceive as expressing or implying ideas that are sexist, racist, or otherwise biased, prejudiced, or insulting to any particular group of people; and instead uses language intended to avoid offense and fulfill the ideals of egalitarianism. This language style is sometimes referred to as a type of "political correctness", either as a neutral description or with negative connotations by its opponents.^[80] At least some supporters deny an association between the two ("Political correctness is focused on not offending whereas inclusive language is focused on honoring people's identities.").^[81]

Satirical use

Political correctness is often satirized, for example in The PC Manifesto (1992) by Saul Jerushalmy and Rens Zbignieuw X,^[82] and Politically Correct Bedtime Stories (1994) by James Finn Garner, which presents fairy tales re-written from an exaggerated politically correct perspective. In 1994, the comedy film PCU took a look at political correctness on a college campus. Other examples include the television program Politically Incorrect, George Carlin's "Euphemisms" routine,^{[citation needed]} and The Politically Correct Scrapbook.^[83] The popularity of the South Park cartoon program led to the creation of the term "South Park Republican" by Andrew Sullivan,^{[citation needed]} and later the book South Park Conservatives by Brian C. Anderson.^[84] In its Season 19 (2015), South Park introduced the character PC Principal, who embodies the principle, to poke fun at the principle of political correctness.^[85]^[86]

The Colbert Report's host Stephen Colbert often talked, satirically, about the "PC Police".^[87]^[88]

Science

Groups who oppose certain generally accepted scientific views about evolution, second-hand tobacco smoke, AIDS, global warming, race and other politically contentious scientific matters have used the term political correctness to describe what they view as unwarranted rejection of their perspective on these issues by a scientific community that they believe has been corrupted by liberal politics.^[89]

Notes

References

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^ Buchanan, Patrick. The Death of the West, p. 89.
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^ McGowan, William (2003). Coloring the news: how political correctness has corrupted American journalism ([New postscript]. ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Encounter Books. ISBN 978-1893554603.
^ Novak, Robert (March 1995). "Political Correctness Has No Place in the Newsroom". USA Today. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
^ Gorham, Joan (1996). Mass Media. Dushkin Publishing Group, Indiana University. ISBN 9780697316110. Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
^ Sloan, David; Mackay, Jenn (2007). Media Bias. McFarland & Company. p. 112. ISBN 978-0786455058.
^ Sloan, David; Hoff, Emily (1998). Contemporary media issues. Northport: Vision Press, Indiana University. p. 63. ISBN 978-1885219107. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
^ Wilson, John. 1995. The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on High Education. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. p. 7 ISBN 978-0822317135.
^ Boyd, Krys (17 February 2015). "The Limits Of Political Correctness (panel discussion)". Think (Podcast). KERA (FM). Retrieved 30 May 2022.
^ "Inclusive Language Standards". University of Delaware. Retrieved 25 April 2023.
^ "TidBits: The PC Manifesto". Fiction.net. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
^ "Book – Buy Now". Capc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 May 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
^ Rich, Frank (1 May 2005). "Conservatives ♥ 'South Park'". The New York Times.
^ Bell, Crystal (17 September 2015). "'South Park' Perfectly Showed How To Do A Caitlyn Jenner Joke Right". MTV. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ Caffrey, Dan (10 December 2015). "PC Principal rides the line between hero and villain on the season finale of South Park". The A.V. Club. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
^ Steinberg, Dan (27 March 2014). "Colbert Report on Redskins' new foundation". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
^ D'addario, Daniel (1 April 2014). "Stephen Colbert jokes about #CancelColbert: 'The system worked!'". Salon. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
^ Bethell, Tom (2005). The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0895260314.

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+{{Short description|Measures to avoid offense or disadvantage}}
-''The neutrality of this article is [[Wikipedia:NPOV dispute|disputed]].''
+{{Redirect2|Politically correct|Politically incorrect|other uses|Politically Correct (disambiguation)|and|Politically Incorrect (disambiguation)}}
+{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
+{{Discrimination sidebar|Related}}
+"'''Political correctness'''" (adjectivally "'''politically correct'''"; commonly abbreviated to '''P.C.''') is a term used to describe language,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/politically-correct|title='politically correct' definition|website=[[Cambridge English Dictionary]]|access-date=14 March 2016|archive-date=6 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406011704/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/politically-correct|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/political_correctness|title=Definition of ''political correctness'' in English|publisher=[[Oxford Dictionaries (website)|Oxford Dictionaries]]|access-date=1 January 2017|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413091703/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/political_correctness}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title='Politically Correct' definition|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/politically%20correct|dictionary=[[Merriam-Webster]]|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020073401/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/politically%20correct|url-status=live}}</ref> policies,<ref name=Kohl>{{cite journal|last1=Kohl|first1=Herbert|title= Uncommon Differences: On Political Correctness, Core Curriculum and Democracy in Education|journal=[[The Lion and the Unicorn (journal)|The Lion and the Unicorn]]|date=1992|volume=16|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1353/uni.0.0216 |s2cid=145173687}}</ref> or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society.<ref name="Gibson">{{cite news|last1=Gibson|first1=Caitlin|title=How 'politically correct' went from compliment to insult|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/how-politically-correct-went-from-compliment-to-insult/2016/01/13/b1cf5918-b61a-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html|access-date=7 October 2017|agency=[[The Washington Post]]|date=13 January 2016|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626145017/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/how-politically-correct-went-from-compliment-to-insult/2016/01/13/b1cf5918-b61a-11e5-a76a-0b5145e8679a_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Florence">{{cite journal|last1=Florence|first1=Joshua|title=A Phrase in Flux: The History of Political Correctness|journal=[[Harvard Political Review]]|date=30 October 2015|url=http://harvardpolitics.com/united-states/phrase-flux-history-political-correctness/|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-date=22 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822071043/https://harvardpolitics.com/united-states/phrase-flux-history-political-correctness/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Chow>{{cite news|last1=Chow|first1=Kat|title='Politically Correct': The Phrase Has Gone From Wisdom To Weapon|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/12/14/505324427/politically-correct-the-phrase-has-gone-from-wisdom-to-weapon|access-date=7 October 2017|publisher=[[National Public Radio]] ([[NPR]])|date=14 December 2016|archive-date=11 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211011171717/https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2016/12/14/505324427/politically-correct-the-phrase-has-gone-from-wisdom-to-weapon|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the late 1980s, the term has been used to describe a preference for [[inclusive language]] and avoidance of language or behavior that can be seen as [[Social exclusion|excluding]], marginalizing, or insulting to groups of people disadvantaged or discriminated against, particularly groups defined by ethnicity, sex, gender, sexual orientation, or disability. In public discourse and the media,<ref name=Kohl/><ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name=Friedman>{{cite book|last1=Friedman|first1=Marilyn|author-link1=Marilyn Friedman|last2=Narveson|first2=Jan|author-link2=Jan Narveson|title=Political correctness: for and against|date=1995|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|location=[[Lanham, Maryland|Lanham]]|isbn=978-0847679867|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnU9pMbHk0sC|access-date=31 October 2015|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192444/https://books.google.com/books?id=lnU9pMbHk0sC|url-status=live}}</ref> the term is generally used as a [[pejorative]] with an implication that these policies are excessive or unwarranted.<ref name="Charles-Wartella"/><ref name=Hughes>{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Geoffrey|title=Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TDi-l-bsBZoC|at=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzw9WabmmVwC&dq=%221975+-+Peter+Fuller%22&pg=PT50 1975 – Peter Fuller]|year=2011|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-1444360295|chapter=Origins of the Phrase|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192446/https://books.google.com/books?id=TDi-l-bsBZoC|url-status=live}}</ref>
+The phrase ''politically correct'' first appeared in the 1930s, when it was used to describe dogmatic adherence to ideology in [[totalitarian regimes]], such as [[Nazi Germany]] and [[Soviet Russia]].<ref name=Gibson /> Early usage of the term ''politically correct'' by [[leftists]] in the 1970s and 1980s was as self-critical [[satire]];<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/> usage was ironic, rather than a name for a serious [[political movement]].<ref name="Perry-1992a"/><ref name=SchultzPerry>Schultz citing Perry (1992) p. 16</ref><ref name="willis"/> It was considered an in-joke among leftists used to satirise those who were too rigid in their adherence to political [[orthodoxy]].<ref name=Hall/> The modern pejorative usage of the term emerged from [[conservative]] criticism of the [[New Left]] in the late 20th century, with many describing it as a form of [[censorship]] or [[political censorship]].<ref name="Ford">{{cite thesis |last=Ford |first=Becky R. |date=2017 |title=An Empirical Test of the Effects of Political Correctness: Implications for Censorship, Self-Censorship, and Public Deliberation |publication-place=University of California, Santa Barbara |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12f562b0#author |access-date=11 June 2022 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611071318/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/12f562b0#author |url-status=live }}</ref>
-[[de:Politisch korrekt]] [[ja:&#12509;&#12522;&#12486;&#12451;&#12459;&#12523;&#12539;&#12467;&#12524;&#12463;&#12488;&#12493;&#12473;]]
+Commentators on the [[political left in the United States]] contend that conservatives use the concept of political correctness to downplay and divert attention from substantively discriminatory behavior against disadvantaged groups.<ref name="Wilson"/><ref name="Messer–Davidow"/><ref name="mink">{{cite news|last1=Mink|first1=Eric|title=Trump's Political-Correctness Con Job|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-mink/trumps-political-correctn_b_12316240.html|work=[[Huffington Post]]|access-date=8 November 2016|date=6 October 2016|archive-date=19 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019083630/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/eric-mink/trumps-political-correctn_b_12316240.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They also argue that the [[political right]] enforces its own forms of political correctness to suppress criticism of its favored constituencies and ideologies.<ref name="WilsonConservativeCorrectness">"Conservative Correctness" chapter, in Wilson, John. 1995. ''[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822317135 The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on Higher Education].'' Durham, North Carolina: [[Duke University Press]]. p. 57.</ref><ref name=DonWilliams>{{cite web |url=http://www.mach2.com/williams/index.php?t=1&c=20060602120901 |title=Don Williams comments – Dixie Chicks Were Right |access-date=20 May 2017 |website=mach2.com |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132346/http://www.mach2.com/williams/index.php?t=1&c=20060602120901 }}</ref><ref name="Krugman">{{cite news|last=Krugman|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Krugman|title=The New Political Correctness|url=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/the-new-political-correctness/|access-date=17 February 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=26 May 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130327082408/https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/05/26/the-new-political-correctness/|archive-date=27 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> In the United States, the term has played a major role in the [[culture war]] between [[Modern liberalism in the United States|liberals]] and [[Conservatism in the United States|conservatives]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/the-personality-of-political-correctness/|title=The Personality of Political Correctness; The idea of political correctness is central to the culture wars of American politics|last=Kaufman|first=Scott Barry|date=20 November 2016|work=[[Scientific American]]|access-date=2 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927222216/https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/beautiful-minds/the-personality-of-political-correctness/|archive-date=27 September 2019}}</ref>
-'''Political correctness''' is a term that originally referred (humorously) to slightly over-earnest efforts to redress, primarily in the use of language, real or perceived discrimination on the basis of race, gender, or other criteria. An example would be substituting the word ''disabled'' for ''cripple'' for a person with a permanent injury.
+==History==
+===Early-to-mid 20th century===
-==How is it used?==
+{{Main|Party line (politics)}}
-With respect to the narrower sense in which this term is frequently used (which concerns minority groups), adherents of this viewpoint may feel that one should use the so-called "politically correct" (often abbreviated "PC") term "African-American" rather than "Negro" or "black", to avoid offending people in that group. However the use of the term varies greatly from country to country. In the [[United Kingdom]], for instance, most black people would usually use the word "black" as a self description and most white people would follow the black population's lead in this.
+In the early-to-mid 20th century, the phrase ''politically correct'' was used to describe strict adherence to a range of ideological orthodoxies within politics. In 1934, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that Nazi Germany was granting reporting permits "only to pure 'Aryans' whose opinions are politically correct".<ref name=Gibson />
+The term ''political correctness''  first appeared in Marxist–Leninist vocabulary following the Russian Revolution of 1917. At that time, it was used to describe strict adherence to the policies and principles of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]], that is, the [[Party line (politics)|party line]].<ref name="EBPC">{{cite web |title=political correctness |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-correctness |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=9 April 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407080901/https://www.britannica.com/topic/political-correctness |url-status=live }}</ref> Later in the United States, the phrase came to be associated with accusations of [[dogmatism]] in debates between communists and socialists. According to American educator [[Herbert Kohl (educator)|Herbert Kohl]], writing about debates in New York in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
-It can also include support for such political policies as [[affirmative action]] and [[multi-lingual education]]; some degree of support of [[environmentalism]] and opposition to [[capitalism]] are often regarded as politically correct as well.  Other targets of the concept include the use of male pronouns in English and other languages to cover both sexes, and the use of [[linguistically marked]] word variants to denote female practitioners of high status activities, e.g. "poet/poetess": it is argued that these linguistic conventions imply that male is normal, and hence perpetuate male dominance in society.  Some have suggested that the adherents of these linguistic changes are concerned with, in many cases, their acceptance of some form of [[linguistic relativism]] (e.g., the [[Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis]]), the idea that language influences thought and culture, or even--in some sense--that it constitutes reality itself.  However that is, advocates of these language changes state that the proposed changes are designed mainly to treat others with respect by not using terminology that offends them. Some counter that enforcing the use of specialized, politically correct [[jargon]] in regards to some creates a separate status for these groups, and thus prevents integration and acceptance.
+{{blockquote|The term "politically correct" was used disparagingly, to refer to someone whose loyalty to the CP line overrode compassion, and led to bad politics. It was used by Socialists against Communists, and was meant to separate out Socialists who believed in egalitarian moral ideas from dogmatic Communists who would advocate and defend party positions regardless of their moral substance.|"Uncommon Differences"|''[[The Lion and the Unicorn (journal)|The Lion and the Unicorn]]''<ref name=Kohl/>}}
-==Who uses the term, and why?==
-In recent years, ''political correctness'' has come to be used seriously by some and jokingly by others, in protest against policies seeking conformance with a set of beliefs, primarily of [[leftist]]s (in the United States, traditionally identified as [[political liberal]]s, but also known as [[progressives]]), which encourage cultural change. The term is also frequently used by conservatives in a broader sense to characterize any of a numerous set of beliefs they disagree with. Liberals counter that though conservatives claim that liberals use political correctness to suppress speech, conservatives could be said to be using the label "political correctness" to suppress speech.
+===1970s===
-==History of the Phrase==
+{{Main|New Left}}
-The alleged existence of political correctness, both the movement and the term describing it, rose to broad usage in the early [[1980s]].  Many leftists allege that the term "political correctness" started as a label jokingly used to describe one's overcommittment to various political causes.  In the view of one conservative commentator, Bill Lind, however, the intellectual roots and attitudes associated with PC are many decades old [http://www.freerepublic.com/forum/a3810eb1e0d57.htm] and rooted in radical leftist movements.  Also, in a linguistics mailing list [http://www.linguistlist.org/issues/5/5-1230.html], there was discussion of the term used--sometimes quite straight-facedly--in the early and middle 1970s.  Use of the terms "PC" and "politically correct" declined in the late [[1990s]], and the allegedly repressive political attitudes associated with these beliefs have started to fall out of favor somewhat, but it is asserted that the above-described attitudes associated with political correctness are still very strong in many universities and other institutions.
+In the 1970s, the American [[New Left]] began using the term ''politically correct''.<ref name="Perry-1992a">Ruth Perry, (1992), "A Short History of the Term 'Politically Correct'", in ''Beyond PC: Toward a Politics of Understanding'', by Patricia Aufderheide, 1992, {{ISBN|978-1555971649}}</ref> In the essay ''The Black Woman: An Anthology'' (1970), [[Toni Cade Bambara]] said that "a man cannot be politically correct and a [[chauvinism#Male chauvinism|[male] chauvinist]], too". [[William Safire]] records this as the first use in the typical modern sense.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Safire |first1=William |url=https://archive.org/details/safirespolitical00safi |title=Safire's political dictionary |date=2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0195343342 |edition=Rev. |location=New York [u.a.] |author-link=William Safire |url-access=registration}}</ref> The term ''political correctness'' was believed to have been revived by the New Left through familiarity in the West with [[Mao's Little Red Book]], in which [[Mao Zedong|Mao]] stressed holding to the correct party line. The term rapidly began to be used by the New Left in an ironic or self-deprecating sense.<ref>{{cite book |last= Hughes |first= Geoffrey|date=2011 |title=Political Correctness A History of Semantics and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzw9WabmmVwC&dq=political+correctness+communist+party&pg=PT49 |publisher= Wiley |isbn=9781444360295}}</ref>
+Thereafter, the term was often used as self-critical [[satire]]. Debra L. Shultz said that "throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the New Left, [[feminists]], and [[Progressivism in the United States|progressives]]... used their term 'politically correct' ironically, as a guard against their own orthodoxy in social change efforts".<ref name="Schultz-1993a">{{Cite book |first=Debra L. |last=Schultz |year=1993 |title=To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity: Analyzing the 'Political Correctness' Debates in Higher Education |location=New York |publisher=National Council for Research on Women |isbn=978-1880547137 |url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED364170.pdf |access-date=28 March 2016 |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310085256/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED364170.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Perry-1992a"/><ref name=SchultzPerry/> ''PC'' is used in the comic book ''Merton of the Movement'', by [[Bobby London]], which was followed by the term ''ideologically sound'', in the comic strips of [[Bart Dickon]].<ref name="Perry-1992a" /><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/3027/a_politically_correct_lexicon/ |title=A Politically Correct Lexicon |journal=[[In These Times (publication)|In These Times]] |first=Joel |last=Bleifuss |date=February 2007 |access-date=20 March 2010 |archive-date=29 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629085359/http://inthesetimes.com/article/3027/a_politically_correct_lexicon/ }}</ref> In her essay "Toward a feminist Revolution" (1992) [[Ellen Willis]] said, "In the early eighties, when feminists used the term 'political correctness', it was used to refer sarcastically to the [[anti-pornography movement]]'s efforts to define a 'feminist sexuality'."<ref name="willis">[[Ellen Willis|Willis, Ellen]]. "Toward a Feminist Revolution", in ''No More Nice Girls: Countercultural Essays'' (1992) [[Wesleyan University Press]], {{ISBN|081955250X}}, p. 19.</ref>
-==Controversy==
-The term "political correctness" is itself fraught with controversy.  Self-described political [[progressives]] now generally reject the use of the term, primarily because it is now usually used pejoratively, particularly by opponents who consider advocates to be overzealous. Critics often point out the similarity to [[newspeak]] and [[thoughtcrime]] and the [[fascism|fascist]] propaganda that is conjured by the subject. Advocates argue that defending the victims of repression or discrimination does not itself constitute intolerance. Critics also argue that advocacy of "PC" amounts to [[censorship]], and that it makes open discussion more difficult.  Proponents have also been accused of hypocrisy for denouncing mainstream religions as judgmental while themselves engaging in perceived "bashing" of groups such as whites, males, corporations, and others. The critics of PC have themselves been accused of using the word as a kind of smear term which itself acts as a form of [[thought control]], much in the way that [[red-baiting]] was used in the [[1950s]].
+[[Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)|Stuart Hall]] suggests one way in which the original use of the term may have developed into the modern one:
-==Race relations==
+{{blockquote|According to one version, political correctness actually began as an in-joke on the left: radical students on American campuses acting out an ironic replay of the Bad Old Days BS (Before the Sixties) when every revolutionary groupuscule had a party line about everything. They would address some glaring examples of sexist or racist behaviour by their fellow students in imitation of the tone of voice of the Red Guards or Cultural Revolution Commissar: "Not very 'politically correct', Comrade!"<ref name=Hall>{{cite web |first=Stuart |last=Hall |author-link=Stuart Hall (cultural theorist) |year=1994 |url=http://www.ram-wan.net/restrepo/hall/some%20politically%20incorrect%20pathways.pdf |title=Some 'Politically Incorrect' Pathways Through PC |work=S. Dunant (ed.) The War of the Words: The Political Correctness Debate |pages=164–84 |access-date=30 May 2013 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719135226/https://www.ram-wan.net/restrepo/hall/some%20politically%20incorrect%20pathways.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
-One central issue in the [[culture wars]] surrounding political correctness concerns what has come to be called [[affirmative action]]. Critics point out that the [[racism]] inherent in any such benefit based on race is counter to modern values. The defenders of affirmative action argue that affirmative action is necessary in order to redress problems of [[discrimination]] at a broader level. Others suggest that affirmative action for one group (such as women) can in the same 'subtle' way be detrimental to less popular groups (such as black men), and that the strength of politically correct ideology tends to stifle an open and rational analysis of such situations in the popular media. Clearly this is a subject of some debate.
-==Effect on textbooks==
+===1980s and 1990s===
+[[Allan Bloom]]'s ''[[The Closing of the American Mind]]'', a book first published in 1987,<ref name=Bloom/> heralded a debate about "political correctness" in American higher education in the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name=Robinson2000/><ref name=Kamiya>{{cite journal|last1=Kamiya|first1=Gary|title=Civilization & Its Discontents|journal=[[San Francisco Chronicle Magazine]]|date=22 January 1995|url=http://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/Civilization-Its-Discontents-3152155.php|access-date=16 November 2015|archive-date=28 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228042025/https://www.sfgate.com/magazine/article/Civilization-Its-Discontents-3152155.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Professor of English literary and cultural studies at [[Carnegie Mellon University|CMU]] Jeffrey J. Williams wrote that the "assault on ... political correctness that simmered through the Reagan years, gained bestsellerdom with Bloom's ''Closing of the American Mind''".<ref name=Williams>{{cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Jeffrey|title=PC Wars: Politics and Theory in the Academy|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1136656231|page=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VaVlAgAAQBAJ|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010142522/https://books.google.com/books?id=VaVlAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Z.F. Gamson, Bloom's book "attacked the faculty for 'political correctness'".<ref name=Gamson>{{cite journal |last1= Gamson|first1=Z.F.|title=The Stratification of the Academy|journal= Social Text|date= 1997|volume=51|issue=51|pages=67–73|doi=10.2307/466647|jstor=466647}}</ref> Prof. of Social Work at [[California State University|CSU]] Tony Platt says the "campaign against 'political correctness'" was launched by Bloom's book in 1987.<ref name=Platt>{{cite journal|last1=Platt|first1=Tony|title=Desegregating Multiculturalism: Problems in the Theory and Pedagogy of Diversity Education|journal=Pedagogies for Social Change|via=[[Social Justice (journal)|Social Justice]]|volume=29|issue=4 (90)|url=http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/archive/90_29_4/90_04Platt.pdf|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007175758/http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/archive/90_29_4/90_04Platt.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
-The purchasing of [[school textbooks]] in [[United States]] [[Public school]]s is subject to [[bias and sensitivity guidelines]] which, while used particularly in the school textbook area are also used in the construction of [[educational testing|testing]]. This is a subject of considerable debate at the present time in this industry, with most sides agreeing that the quality of American public school textbooks is much lower than that of other comparable nations.
+An October 1990 ''[[New York Times]]'' article by [[Richard Bernstein (journalist)|Richard Bernstein]] is credited with popularizing the term.<ref name=Berman1992/><ref name=Smith1999/><ref name=Schwartz/><ref name=Crossroads>{{cite book|editor-last1=Valdes|editor-first1=Francisco|editor-last2=Culp|editor-first2=Jerome McCristal|editor-last3=Harris|editor-first3=Angela P.|title=Crossroads, directions, and a new critical race theory|date=2002|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1566399302|pages=59, 65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dCedxQu542UC|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730022119/https://books.google.com/books?id=dCedxQu542UC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Browne">Browne, Anthony (2006). "[https://www.civitas.org.uk/archive/pubs/Browne_cs47.php The Retreat of Reason: Political Correctness and the Corruption of Public Debate in Modern Britain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503050240/http://www.civitas.org.uk/pubs/Browne_cs47.php|date=3 May 2014}}". Civitas. {{ISBN|1903386500}}.</ref> At this time, the term was mainly being used within academia: "Across the country the term p.c., as it is commonly abbreviated, is being heard more and more in debates over what should be taught at the universities."<ref name=Bernstein/> [[LexisNexis|Nexis]] citations in "arcnews/curnews" reveal only seventy total citations in articles to "political correctness" for 1990; but one year later, Nexis records 1,532 citations, with a steady increase to more than 7,000 citations by 1994.<ref name=Crossroads/><ref name=Cho>{{cite journal|last1=Cho|first1=Sumi|title=Essential Politics|journal=[[Harvard Law Review]]|date=1997 |volume= 433}}</ref> In May 1991, ''The New York Times'' had a follow-up article, according to which the term was increasingly being used in a wider public arena:
-==Satirizing PC==
+{{blockquote|What has come to be called "political correctness", a term that began to gain currency at the start of the academic year last fall, has spread in recent months and has become the focus of an angry national debate, mainly on campuses, but also in the larger arenas of American life.|Robert D. McFadden, "Political Correctness: New Bias Test?", 1991<ref name=McFadden1991 />}}
-A well-known satirical take on this alleged movement can be found in the book ''Politically Correct Bedtime Stories'', in which traditional [[fairy tale]]s are rewritten from a so-called politically correct viewpoint and often reverse the roles of good and evil from those of the original version.  For example, Hansel, Gretel and their father are evil and the witch is good in the politically correct version of ''Hansel and Gretel''.
+The previously obscure far-left term became common currency in the lexicon of the conservative social and political challenges against [[progressive education|progressive teaching methods]] and curriculum changes in the secondary schools and universities of the U.S.<ref name="Charles-Wartella">{{cite journal | title=Media Coverage of the "Political Correctness" Debate |last1=Whitney |first1=D. Charles |last2=Wartella |first2=Ellen |name-list-style=amp | journal=[[Journal of Communication]] | year=1992 | volume=42 | issue=2 |pages=83 | doi = 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00780.x }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|D'Souza|1991}}, {{harvp|Berman|1992}}, {{harvp|Schultz|1993}}, {{harvp|Messer-Davidow|1995}}, {{harvp|Scatamburlo|1998}}</ref> Policies, behavior, and speech codes that the speaker or the writer regarded as being the imposition of a liberal orthodoxy, were described and criticized as "politically correct".<ref name="Wilson"/> In May 1991, at a commencement ceremony for a graduating class of the University of Michigan, then U.S. President [[George H. W. Bush]] used the term in his speech: "The notion of political correctness has ignited controversy across the land. And although the movement arises from the laudable desire to sweep away the debris of racism and sexism and hatred, it replaces old prejudice with new ones. It declares certain topics off-limits, certain expression off-limits, even certain gestures off-limits."<ref>[[George H. W. Bush]], at the [[University of Michigan]] (4 May 1991), [http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/papers/1991/91050401.html Remarks at the University of Michigan Commencement Ceremony in Ann Arbor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040516105827/http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/papers/1991/91050401.html |date=16 May 2004 }}, 4 May 1991. [[George Bush Presidential Library]].</ref><ref>
-The practice of [[satire|satirizing]] so-called PC speech indeed took on a life of its own in the [[1990s]], though it is no longer so popular.  Part of what it is to understand the meaning of "PC" is to be familiar with satirical portrayals of political correctness, and to understand them as such.  Such portrayals are often exaggerations of what actual politically correct speech looks like.  For example, in a satirical example of so-called PC speech, the sentence "The fireman put a ladder up against the tree, climbed it, and rescued the cat" might look like this:
+{{cite book|last=Aufderheide|first=Patricia|title=Beyond PC: Toward a Politics of Understanding|date=1992|publisher=[[Graywolf Press]]|location=Saint Paul, Minn.|isbn=978-1555971649|page=[https://archive.org/details/beyondpctowardpo00aufd/page/227 227]|url=https://archive.org/details/beyondpctowardpo00aufd/page/227}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Meaghan|first1=Morris|title=New Keywords a Revised Vocabulary of Culture and Society.|date=2013|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|location=[[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]]|isbn=978-1118725412|url=http://www.springerin.at/dyn/heft_text.php?textid=1599&lang=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118005632/http://www.springerin.at/dyn/heft_text.php?textid=1599&lang=en|archive-date=18 November 2015}}</ref>
+After 1991, its use as a pejorative phrase became widespread amongst conservatives in the US.<ref name="Charles-Wartella"/> It became a key term encapsulating conservative concerns about the left in cultural and political debates extending beyond academia. Two articles on the topic in late 1990 in ''[[Forbes]]'' and ''[[Newsweek]]'' both used the term "[[thought police]]" in their headlines, exemplifying the tone of the new usage, but it was Dinesh D'Souza's ''Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus'' (1991) which "captured the press's imagination".<ref name="Charles-Wartella"/> These trends were at least in part a response to multiculturalism and the rise of [[identity politics]], with movements such as feminism, gay rights movements and ethnic minority movements. That response received funding from conservative foundations and think tanks such as the [[John M. Olin Foundation]], which funded several books such as D'Souza's.<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name="Wilson">Wilson, John. 1995. ''[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822317135 The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on High Education].'' Durham, North Carolina: [[Duke University Press]]. p. 26.</ref>
-:The firefighter (who happened to be male, but could just as easily have been female) abridged the rights of the cat to determine for itself where it wanted to walk, climb, or rest, and inflicted his own value judgments in determining that it needed to be "rescued" from its chosen perch.  In callous disregard for the well-being of the environment, and this one tree in particular, he thrust the mobility disadvantaged-unfriendly means of ascent known as a "ladder" carelessly up against the tree, marring its bark, and unfeelingly climbed it, unconcerned how his display of physical prowess might injure the self-esteem of those differently-abled. He kidnapped and unjustly restrained the innocent animal with the intention of returning it to the person who claimed to "own" the naturally free animal, but it immediately fled his grasp, having withstood more insult and injury than it could bear.
+[[Herbert Kohl (educator)|Herbert Kohl]], in 1992, commented that a number of [[neoconservatism|neoconservatives]] who promoted the use of the term "politically correct" in the early 1990s were former [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]] members, and, as a result, familiar with the [[Marxist]] use of the phrase. He argued that in doing so, they intended "to insinuate that egalitarian democratic ideas are actually authoritarian, orthodox, and Communist-influenced, when they oppose the right of people to be racist, sexist, and homophobic".<ref name="Kohl"/>
-The above text admixes the most radical versions of several movements or theories, including [[non-sexist language]], [[animal rights]], [[cultural relativism]], [[accessibility]], [[emotional development]], and [[environmentalism]]. In fact, almost any so-called PC speaker would most likely be perfectly satisfied with "The firefighter put a ladder up against the tree, climbed it, and rescued the cat." Furthermore, the fire protection services have always preferred "firefighter" to "fireman", dating from many years before PC and discrimination against male firefighters.
+During the 1990s, conservative and [[right-wing]] politicians, think tanks, and speakers adopted the phrase as a pejorative descriptor of their ideological enemies, especially in the context of the [[culture wars]] about [[American English|language]] and the content of public-school curricula. [[Roger Kimball]], in ''Tenured Radicals'', endorsed [[Frederick Crews]]'s view that PC is best described as "Left Eclecticism", a term defined by Kimball as "any of a wide variety of anti-establishment modes of thought from structuralism and poststructuralism, deconstruction, and Lacanian analyst to feminist, homosexual, black, and other patently political forms of criticism".<ref name=Kimball/><ref name=Williams/>
-The satire is not necessarily an anti-PC or pro-PC statement.  Both liberal and conservative readers, for example, often enjoy this particular text.
+Liberal commentators have argued that the conservatives and reactionaries who used the term did so in an effort to divert political discussion away from the substantive matters of resolving societal discrimination,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lauter |first=Paul |date=1993 |title='Political Correctness' and the Attack on American Colleges |journal=The Radical Teacher |issue=44 |pages=34–40 |jstor=20709784 |issn=0191-4847}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Axtell |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ca6-q60ig5kC |title=The Pleasures of Academe: A Celebration & Defense of Higher Education |date=1998-01-01 |publisher=U of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-1049-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Soldiers of Misfortune: The New Right's Culture War and the Politics of Political Correctness |url=https://archive.org/details/soldiersofmisfor0000scat |url-access=registration |first=Valerie L. |last=Scatamburlo |date=1998 |location=New York|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=9780820430126 }}</ref> such as [[Racism|racial]], [[social class]], [[gender]], and legal inequality, against people whom conservatives do not consider part of the social mainstream.<ref name="Schultz-1993a" /><ref name="Messer–Davidow">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Messer-Davidow |first=E. |date=1995 |title=Manufacturing the Attack on Liberalized Higher Education: The Humanities and Society in the 1990s |editor-first1=C.  |editor-last1=Newfield |editor-first2=R. |editor-last2=Strickland |encyclopedia=After Political Correctness: The Humanities and Society in the 1990s |pages=38–78 |publisher=Westview}}
-''Derivation:''
+</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things: Crime, Drugs, Minorities, Teen Moms, Killer Kids, Mutant Microbes, Plane Crashes, Road Rage, & So Much More |first=Barry |last=Glassner |date=5 January 2010 }}</ref> [[Jan Narveson]] wrote that "that phrase was born to live between scare-quotes: it suggests that the operative considerations in the area so called are ''merely'' political, steamrolling the genuine reasons of principle for which we ought to be acting...".<ref name=Friedman/> Commenting in 2001, one such British journalist,<ref name="Tomlinson, Race And Education: Policy And Politics In Britain, p. 161.">{{cite book|last1=Tomlinson|first1=Sally|title=Race and education: policy and politics in Britain|date=2008|publisher=[[Open University Press]]|location=Maidenhead [u.a]|isbn=978-0335223077|page=161|edition=[Online-Ausg.].|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-0jqaa-73mgC&pg=PA161|access-date=5 October 2015|archive-date=30 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730112845/https://books.google.com/books?id=-0jqaa-73mgC&pg=PA161|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Paying Our High Public Officials: Evaluating the Political Justifications of Top Wages in the Public Sector, p. 119">{{cite book|last1=Dekker|first1=Teun J.|title=Paying Our High Public Officials: Evaluating the Political Justifications of Top Wages in the Public Sector|date=2013|publisher=[[Routledge]]|series=Research in Public Administration and Public Policy|isbn=978-1135131265|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bx9h0XuYSlUC&pg=PA119|access-date=16 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010134734/https://books.google.com/books?id=bx9h0XuYSlUC&pg=PA119|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Polly Toynbee]], said "the phrase is an empty, right-wing smear, designed only to elevate its user",<ref>[[Polly Toynbee|Toynbee, Polly]]. [http://society.guardian.co.uk/regeneration/comment/0,7941,617436,00.html "Religion Must be Removed from all Functions of State"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811125942/http://society.guardian.co.uk/regeneration/comment/0,7941,617436,00.html |date=11 August 2007 }}, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 12 December 2001 – Accessed 6 February 2007.</ref> and in 2010 she wrote "the phrase 'political correctness' was born as a coded cover for all who still want to say ''[[Paki (slur)|Paki]]'', ''[[Spastic (word)|spastic]]'', or ''[[queer]]''".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/28/toynbee-equality-bill-welfare|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|title=This Bold Equality Push is just what We Needed. In 1997|first=Polly|last=Toynbee|author-link=Polly Toynbee|date=28 April 2009|access-date=22 May 2010|archive-date=5 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105201608/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/28/toynbee-equality-bill-welfare|url-status=live}}</ref> Another British journalist, [[Will Hutton]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Albrow|first1=Martin|title=The global age state and society beyond modernity|date=1997|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=Stanford, Calif.|isbn=978-0804728706|pages=215|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwmdxMMjOd4C&pg=PA215|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729144344/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwmdxMMjOd4C&pg=PA215|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Economist: Will Hutton, p. 81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbtIAAAAYAAJ|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|publisher=[[Economist Newspaper Limited]]|date=2002|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010141432/https://books.google.com/books?id=tbtIAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gyuris|first1=Ferenc|title=The Political Discourse of Spatial Disparities Geographical Inequalities Between Science and Propaganda|date=2014|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]]|location=Cham|isbn=978-3319015088|pages=68|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BzG8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-date=20 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920144856/https://books.google.com/books?id=BzG8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hutton|first1=Will|author-link=Will Hutton|title=How Good We Can Be: Ending the Mercenary Society and Building a Great Country|date=2015|isbn=978-1408705322|publisher=[[Hachette UK]]|page=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01fXBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT80|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-date=19 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919151104/https://books.google.com/books?id=01fXBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT80|url-status=live}}</ref> wrote in 2001:<ref>[[Will Hutton|Hutton, Will]]. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/race/story/0,,619644,00.html "Words really are important, Mr Blunkett" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131211145/http://observer.guardian.co.uk/race/story/0,,619644,00.html |date=31 January 2008 }} ''[[The Observer]]'', Sunday 16 December 2001 – Accessed 6 February 2007.</ref>
-The term "political correctness" was co-opted by the white power elite as a tool for attacking [[multiculturalism]], and it is therefore not "politically correct" to use it.
+{{blockquote|Political correctness is one of the brilliant tools that the American Right developed in the mid–1980s, as part of its demolition of American liberalism.... What the sharpest thinkers on the American Right saw quickly was that by declaring war on the cultural manifestations of liberalism – by levelling the charge of "political correctness" against its exponents – they could discredit the whole political project.|[[Will Hutton]], "Words Really are Important, Mr Blunkett", 2001}}
-''See also:'' [[Doublespeak]], [[propaganda]], [[Hate speech]], [[non-sexist language]], [[Politically Incorrect]], [[Newspeak]].
+[[Glenn Loury]] wrote in 1994 that to address the subject of "political correctness" when power and authority within the academic community is being contested by parties on either side of that issue, is to invite scrutiny of one's arguments by would-be "friends" and "enemies". Combatants from the left and the right will try to assess whether a writer is "for them" or "against them".<ref name=Loury>{{cite journal|url= http://www.econ.brown.edu/fac/Glenn_Loury/louryhomepage/papers/Loury_Political_Correctness.pdf|last1=Loury|first1=G. C.|author-link=Glenn Loury|title=Self-Censorship in Public Discourse: A Theory of "Political Correctness" and Related Phenomena|journal=[[Rationality and Society]]|date=1 October 1994|volume=6|issue=4|pages=428–61|doi= 10.1177/1043463194006004002|s2cid=143057168|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151123003439/http://www.econ.brown.edu/fac/Glenn_Loury/louryhomepage/papers/Loury_Political_Correctness.pdf|archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> Geoffrey Hughes suggested that debate over political correctness concerns whether changing language actually solves political and social problems, with critics viewing it less about solving problems than imposing censorship, intellectual intimidation and demonstrating the moral purity of those who practice it. Hughes also argues that political correctness tends to be pushed by a minority rather than an organic form of language change.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hughes|first=Geoffrey|year=2015|title=An Encyclopedia of Swearing: The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language, and Ethnic Slurs in the English-Speaking World|publisher=Routledge|pages=348–349}}</ref>
-==Further Reading==
-* Diane Ravitch, <i>The Language Police: How Pressure Groups Restrict What Students Learn</i>, Knopf, 2003, hardcover, 255 pages, ISBN 0-375-41482-71
+===Right-wing political correctness===
-* Henry Beard and Christopher Cerf, <i>The Official Politically Correct Dictionary and Handbook</i>, Harper Collins, 1992, paperback 176 pages, ISBN 0-586-21726-6
+"Political correctness" is a label typically used to describe liberal or left-wing terms and actions but rarely used for analogous attempts to mold language and behavior on the right.<ref name="Adams">{{cite web|last1=Adams|first1=Joshua|title=Time for equal media treatment of 'political correctness'|url=https://www.cjr.org/criticism/political-correctness-journalism.php?curator=MediaREDEF|work=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]|date=12 June 2017|access-date=15 June 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170831092315/https://www.cjr.org/criticism/political-correctness-journalism.php|archive-date=31 August 2017}}</ref> [[Alex Nowrasteh]] of the [[Cato Institute]] referred to the right's own version of political correctness as "patriotic correctness".<ref name="nowrasteh">{{cite news|last1=Nowrasteh|first1=Alex|title=The right has its own version of political correctness. It's just as stifling.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/12/07/the-right-has-its-own-version-of-political-correctness-its-just-as-stifling/|access-date=19 December 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=7 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20161208211732/https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2016/12/07/the-right-has-its-own-version-of-political-correctness-its-just-as-stifling/|archive-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>
-==External Link==
+==Usage==
+The modern pejorative usage of the term emerged from [[conservatism|conservative]] criticism of the [[New Left]] in the late 20th century. This usage was popularized by a number of articles in ''[[The New York Times]]'' and other media throughout the 1990s,<ref name=Berman1992>{{cite book|editor-last1=Berman|editor-first1=Paul|title=Debating P.C.: the controversy over political correctness on college campuses|date=1992|isbn=978-0307801784|page=Introduction|publisher=Random House Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XflI-OaALAC&q=Berman%20Debating%20PC&pg=PP1|access-date=2 January 2022|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103133600/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XflI-OaALAC&q=Berman+Debating+PC&pg=PP1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Smith1999>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Dorothy E.|title=Writing the social: critique, theory, and investigations|date=1999|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|location=Toronto (Ont.)|isbn=978-0802081353|page=175|edition=Repr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XICxNH7EH_MC|access-date=22 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010134937/https://books.google.com/books?id=XICxNH7EH_MC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Schwartz>{{cite journal|last1=Schwartz|first1=Howard S.|title=Psychodynamics of Political Correctness|journal=[[Journal of Applied Behavioral Science]]|date=1997|volume=33|issue=2|pages=133–49|doi=10.1177/0021886397332003|s2cid=144305581|url=http://www.sba.oakland.edu/faculty/schwartz/pcjabs.htm|access-date=21 October 2015|archive-date=3 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003123819/http://www.sba.oakland.edu/faculty/schwartz/PCJABS.htm|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=Bernstein>{{cite news|last1=Bernstein|first1=Richard|title=Ideas & Trends: The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/weekinreview/ideas-trends-the-rising-hegemony-of-the-politically-correct.html?pagewanted=all|author-link=Richard Bernstein (journalist)|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=28 October 1990|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012023341/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/28/weekinreview/ideas-trends-the-rising-hegemony-of-the-politically-correct.html?pagewanted=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=McFadden1991>{{cite news|last1=McFadden|first1=Robert D.|title=Political Correctness: New Bias Test?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/05/us/political-correctness-new-bias-test.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 May 1991|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023033910/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/05/05/us/political-correctness-new-bias-test.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Heteren1997>{{cite book|last1=Heteren|first1=Annette Gomis van|title=Political correctness in context: the PC controversy in America|date=1997|publisher=[[Universidad de Almería]], Servicio de Publicaciones|location=[[Almería]]|isbn=978-8482400839|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s1qRWJESNbsC|page=148|access-date=19 October 2015|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192446/https://books.google.com/books?id=s1qRWJESNbsC|url-status=live}}</ref> and was widely used in the debate surrounding [[Allan Bloom]]'s 1987 book ''[[The Closing of the American Mind]]''.<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name=Bloom>{{cite book|last1=Bellow|first1=Allan Bloom |title=The closing of the American mind|date=1988|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0671657154|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AMuZvBwfRYMC|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192444/https://books.google.com/books?id=AMuZvBwfRYMC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Robinson2000>{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Sally|title=Marked men white masculinity in crisis|date=2000|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0231500364|pages=17, 55–86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1fA5eFUAO_AC|access-date=19 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010135850/https://books.google.com/books?id=1fA5eFUAO_AC|url-status=live}}</ref> The term gained further currency in response to [[Roger Kimball]]'s ''Tenured Radicals'' (1990),<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name="Wilson"/><ref name=Kimball>{{cite book |last1= Kimball|first1=Roger|title=Tenured radicals: how politics has corrupted our higher education |date=1990 |publisher=[[Harper & Row]] – Originally [[University of Michigan]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0060161903|edition=1st}}</ref> and conservative author [[Dinesh D'Souza]]'s 1991 book ''Illiberal Education''.<ref name="Schultz-1993a"/><ref name="Charles-Wartella"/><ref name="Wilson"/><ref name=DSouza1991>{{cite book|last1=D'Souza|first1=Dinesh|author-link=Dinesh D'Souza|title=Illiberal education: the politics of race and sex on campus|date=1991|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0684863849|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WUcWaePccnkC|access-date=20 November 2015|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412192443/https://books.google.com/books?id=WUcWaePccnkC|url-status=live}}</ref> Supporters of politically correct language have been pejoratively referred to as the "language police".<ref>{{Cite web |title=On the Follies of the Politically Correct Language Police {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/homo-consumericus/201312/the-follies-the-politically-correct-language-police |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816100227/https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/homo-consumericus/201312/the-follies-the-politically-correct-language-police |url-status=live }}</ref>
-*[http://www.tonguetied.us/ Tongue Tied] &mdash; documents alleged ongoing censorship of politically incorrect speech or expression in the United States.
+===Education===
+Modern debate on the term was sparked by conservative critiques of perceived [[liberal bias in academia]] and education,<ref name="Schultz-1993a" /> and conservatives have since used it as a major line of attack.<ref name="Charles-Wartella" />
+Preliminary research published in 2020 indicated that students at a large U.S. public university generally felt instructors were open-minded and encouraged free expression of diverse viewpoints; nonetheless, most students worried about the consequences of voicing their political opinions, with "[a]nxieties about expressing political views and self-censorship ... more prevalent among students who identify as conservative".<ref>Larson, Jennifer, Mark McNeilly, and Timothy J. Ryan. "[https://fecdsurveyreport.web.unc.edu/files/2020/02/UNC-Free-Expression-Report.pdf Free Expression and Constructive Dialogue at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223145026/https://fecdsurveyreport.web.unc.edu/files/2020/02/UNC-Free-Expression-Report.pdf |date=23 December 2020 }}." Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina (5 February 2020).</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/02/evidence-conservative-students-really-do-self-censor/606559/|title=Evidence That Conservative Students Really Do Self-Censor|last=Friedersdorf|first=Conor|date=16 February 2020|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111230142/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/02/evidence-conservative-students-really-do-self-censor/606559/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+===As a conspiracy theory===
+{{Main|Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory}}
+Some conservative commentators in the [[Western world|West]] argue that "political correctness" and multiculturalism are part of a conspiracy with the ultimate goal of undermining [[Judeo-Christian ethics|Judeo-Christian values]]. This theory, which holds that political correctness originates from the [[critical theory]] of the [[Frankfurt School]] as part of a conspiracy that its proponents call "[[Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory|Cultural Marxism]]".<ref>{{cite book|title=The Post-War Anglo-American Far Right: A Special Relationship of Hate|last=Jamin|first=Jérôme|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1137396198|editor1-last=Shekhovtsov|editor1-first=A.|location=[[Basingstoke]]|pages=84–103|chapter=Cultural Marxism and the Radical Right|doi=10.1057/9781137396211_4 |editor2-last=Jackson|editor2-first=P.|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/postwarangloamer0000unse/page/84 |chapter-url-access=registration |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cultures of Post-War British Fascism|last=Richardson|first=John E.|date=2015|isbn=9781317539360|editor1-last=Copsey|editor1-first=Nigel|chapter='Cultural-Marxism' and the British National Party: a transnational discourse|publisher=Routledge |editor2-last=Richardson|editor2-first=John E.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ|access-date=12 August 2015|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929062019/https://books.google.com/books?id=HIwGCAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The theory originated with Michael Minnicino's 1992 essay "New Dark Age: Frankfurt School and 'Political Correctness'", published in a [[Lyndon LaRouche]] movement journal.<ref>[[Martin Jay|Jay, Martin]] (2010), "[https://web.archive.org/web/20111124045123/http://cms.skidmore.edu/salmagundi/backissues/168-169/martin-jay-frankfurt-school-as-scapegoat.cfm Dialectic of Counter-Enlightenment: The Frankfurt School as Scapegoat of the Lunatic Fringe]". ''[[Salmagundi (magazine)|Salmagundi]]'' (Fall 2010–Winter 2011, 168–69): 30–40.</ref> In 2001, conservative commentator [[Patrick Buchanan]] wrote in ''[[The Death of the West]]'' that "political correctness is cultural Marxism", and that "its trademark is intolerance".<ref>[[Patrick Buchanan|Buchanan, Patrick]]. ''[[The Death of the West]]'', p. 89.</ref>
+===Media===
+{{See also|Media bias}}
+In the US, the term has been widely used in books and journals, but in Britain the usage has been confined mainly to the popular press.<ref name="Lea">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKmTAgAAQBAJ|title=Political Correctness and Higher Education: British and American Perspectives|last1=Lea|first1=John|date=2010|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-1135895884|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412201758/https://books.google.com/books?id=pKmTAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Many such authors and popular-media figures, particularly on the right, have used the term to criticize what they see as bias in the media.<ref name=Friedman /><ref name="Wilson"/> William McGowan argues that journalists get stories wrong or ignore stories worthy of coverage, because of what McGowan perceives to be their liberal ideologies and their fear of offending minority groups.<ref name="McGowan">{{cite book|title=Coloring the news: how political correctness has corrupted American journalism|last1=McGowan|first1=William|date=2003|publisher=[[Encounter Books]]|isbn=978-1893554603|edition=[New postscript].|location=San Francisco, Calif.}}</ref> Robert Novak, in his essay "Political Correctness Has No Place in the Newsroom", used the term to blame newspapers for adopting language use policies that he thinks tend to excessively avoid the appearance of bias. He argued that political correctness in language not only destroys meaning but also demeans the people who are meant to be protected.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-16805698/political-correctness-has-no-place-in-the-newsroom|title=Political Correctness Has No Place in the Newsroom|last1=Novak|first1=Robert|date=March 1995|access-date=28 October 2015|work=[[USA Today]]|archive-date=29 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629061809/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-16805698/political-correctness-has-no-place-in-the-newsroom|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FK7hAAAAMAAJ|title=Mass Media|last1=Gorham|first1=Joan|date=1996|publisher=Dushkin Publishing Group, [[Indiana University]]|isbn=9780697316110|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104213031/https://books.google.com/books?id=FK7hAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Media Bias|last1=Sloan|first1=David |last2=Mackay|first2=Jenn |date=2007 |publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|isbn=978-0786455058|page=112}}</ref>
+Authors David Sloan and Emily Hoff claim that in the US, journalists shrug off concerns about political correctness in the newsroom, equating the political correctness criticisms with the old "liberal media bias" label.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c6LhAAAAMAAJ|title=Contemporary media issues|last1=Sloan|first1=David|last2=Hoff|first2=Emily|date=1998|publisher=Vision Press, [[Indiana University]]|isbn=978-1885219107|location=Northport|page=63|ref=Sloan|access-date=28 October 2015|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010135551/https://books.google.com/books?id=c6LhAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> According to author John Wilson, left-wing forces of "political correctness" have been blamed for unrelated censorship, with ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' citing campaigns against violence on network television in the US as contributing to a "mainstream culture [that] has become cautious, sanitized, scared of its own shadow" because of "the watchful eye of the p.c. police", protests and advertiser boycotts targeting TV shows are generally organized by right-wing religious groups campaigning against violence, sex, and depictions of homosexuality on television.<ref>Wilson, John. 1995. ''[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822317135 The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on High Education]''. Durham, North Carolina: [[Duke University Press]]. p. [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822317135/page/7 <!-- quote="watchful eye". --> 7] {{ISBN|978-0822317135}}.</ref>
+===Inclusive language===
+{{Main|Inclusive language}}
+[[Inclusive language|Inclusive  or Equity Language]] is a [[Style (sociolinguistics)|language style]] that avoids expressions that its proponents perceive as expressing or implying ideas that are [[Sexism|sexist]], [[Racism|racist]], or otherwise [[Bias|biased]], [[Prejudice|prejudiced]], or insulting to any particular group of people; and instead uses language intended to avoid offense and fulfill the ideals of [[egalitarianism]]. This language style is sometimes referred to as a type of "political correctness", either as a neutral description  or with negative connotations by its opponents.<ref name="Think!">{{Cite podcast |title=The Limits Of Political Correctness (panel discussion) |date=17 February 2015 |url=https://think.kera.org/2015/02/17/the-battle-over-political-correctness/ |access-date=30 May 2022 |website=Think |publisher=[[KERA (FM)]] |first=Krys |last=Boyd |language=en-US}}</ref> At least some supporters deny an association between the two ("Political correctness is focused on not offending whereas inclusive language is focused on honoring people's identities.").<ref name="UD-ILS">{{cite web |title=Inclusive Language Standards |url=https://www1.udel.edu/itwebdev/help/dei.html#:~:text=%22Inclusive%20language%20is%20not%20the,focused%20on%20honoring%20people's%20identities. |website=University of Delaware |access-date=25 April 2023}}</ref>
+===Satirical use===
+Political correctness is often [[satirized]], for example in ''The PC Manifesto'' (1992) by Saul Jerushalmy and Rens Zbignieuw X,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fiction.net/tidbits/politics/pc.html|title=TidBits: The PC Manifesto|publisher=Fiction.net|access-date=1 June 2009|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007193505/http://www.fiction.net/tidbits/politics/pc.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and ''[[Politically Correct Bedtime Stories]]'' (1994) by [[James Finn Garner]], which presents [[fairy tale]]s re-written from an exaggerated politically correct perspective. In 1994, the comedy film ''[[PCU (film)|PCU]]'' took a look at political correctness on a college campus. Other examples include the television program ''[[Politically Incorrect]]'', [[George Carlin]]'s "[[Euphemism]]s" routine,{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} and ''The Politically Correct Scrapbook''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.capc.co.uk/PC%20_Scrapbook_Main.htm|title=Book – Buy Now |publisher=Capc.co.uk|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090530054012/http://www.capc.co.uk/PC%20_Scrapbook_Main.htm|archive-date=30 May 2009|access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref> The popularity of the ''[[South Park]]'' cartoon program led to the creation of the term "[[South Park Republican|''South Park'' Republican]]" by [[Andrew Sullivan]],{{cn|date=July 2023}} and later the book ''[[South Park Conservatives]]'' by [[Brian C. Anderson]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rich|first1=Frank|title=Conservatives ♥ 'South Park'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/01/opinion/conservatives-south-park.html|work=The New York Times|date=May 1, 2005}}</ref> In its [[South Park (season 19)|Season 19]] (2015), ''South Park'' introduced the character [[PC Principal]], who embodies the principle, to poke fun at the principle of political correctness.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2273831/south-park-caitlyn-jenner-joke/|title='South Park' Perfectly Showed How To Do A Caitlyn Jenner Joke Right|last1=Bell|first1=Crystal|date=17 September 2015|newspaper=[[MTV]]|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010120846/http://www.mtv.com/news/2273831/south-park-caitlyn-jenner-joke/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.avclub.com/pc-principal-rides-the-line-between-hero-and-villain-on-1798185980|title=PC Principal rides the line between hero and villain on the season finale of ''South Park''|last1=Caffrey|first1=Dan|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|date=10 December 2015|access-date=29 January 2016|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814044254/http://www.avclub.com/tvclub/pc-principal-rides-line-between-hero-and-villain-s-229588|url-status=live}}</ref>
+''[[The Colbert Report]]'''s host [[Stephen Colbert (character)|Stephen Colbert]] often talked, satirically, about the "PC Police".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Steinberg|first1=Dan|date=27 March 2014|title=Colbert Report on Redskins' new foundation|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2014/03/27/colbert-report-on-redskins-new-foundation/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804181605/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/dc-sports-bog/wp/2014/03/27/colbert-report-on-redskins-new-foundation/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/2014/04/01/stephen_colbert_jokes_about_cancelcolbert_the_system_worked/|title=Stephen Colbert jokes about #CancelColbert: 'The system worked!'|last1=D'addario|first1=Daniel|website=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|date=1 April 2014|access-date=3 December 2015|archive-date=25 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225135818/https://www.salon.com/2014/04/01/stephen_colbert_jokes_about_cancelcolbert_the_system_worked/|url-status=live}}</ref>
+===Science===
+{{See also|Politicization of science}}
+Groups who oppose certain generally accepted scientific views about [[evolution]], [[second-hand smoke|second-hand tobacco smoke]], [[AIDS denialism|AIDS]], [[global warming]], [[Race (human categorization)|race]] and other politically contentious scientific matters have used the term ''political correctness'' to describe what they view as unwarranted rejection of their perspective on these issues by a scientific community that they believe has been corrupted by liberal politics.<ref name=Bethell>{{Cite book |last=Bethell |first=Tom |title=The Politically Incorrect Guide to Science |publisher=[[Regnery Publishing]] |location=Washington, D.C. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0895260314 |url=https://archive.org/details/politicallyincor00beth_0 }}</ref>
+==See also==
+{{Sister project links|wikt=no |c=yes |n=no |q=yes |s=no |b=no |v=no }}
+{{Wiktionary|political correctness|patriotic correctness|politically incorrect|politically correct}}
+{{Portal|Language|Politics}}
+{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
+* {{Annotated link |Agenda-setting theory}}
+* {{Annotated link |Anti-bias curriculum}}
+* {{Annotated link |Binnen-I |{{lang|de | Binnen-I |nocat=yes}}}}
+* {{Annotated link |Campaign Against Political Correctness}}
+* {{Annotated link |Cancel culture}}
+* {{Annotated link |Christmas controversies}}
+* {{Annotated link |Common sense}}
+* {{Annotated link |Conventional wisdom}}
+* {{Annotated link |Cultural Bolshevism}}
+* {{Annotated link |Cultural Marxism}}
+* {{Annotated link |Distancing language}}
+* {{Annotated link |Framing (social sciences)}}
+* {{Annotated link |Groupthink}}
+* {{Annotated link |Gutmensch  |{{lang|de | Gutmensch |nocat=yes}}}}
+* {{Annotated link |Hate speech}}
+* {{Annotated link | Kotobagari   |{{lang|ja | Kotobagari |nocat=yes}}}}
+* {{Annotated link |Linguistic relativity}}
+* {{Annotated link |Logocracy}}
+* {{Annotated link |Microaggression}}
+* {{Annotated link |Newspeak}}
+* {{Annotated link |Pensée unique |{{lang|fr | Pensée unique |nocat=yes}}}}
+* {{Annotated link |People-first language}}
+* ''[[Politics and the English Language]]''{{snd}} 1946 essay by [[George Orwell]]
+* {{Annotated link |Red-baiting}}
+* {{Annotated link |Reverse discrimination}}
+* {{Annotated link |Self-censorship}}
+* {{Annotated link |Snowflake (slang)}}
+* {{Annotated link |Social justice warrior}}
+* {{Annotated link |Speech code}}
+* {{Annotated link |Sprachregelung |{{lang|de | Sprachregelung |nocat=yes}}}}
+* [[Toe the line]] – Meaning either to conform to a rule or standard, or to stand in formation along a line
+* {{Annotated link |Trigger warnings}}
+* {{Annotated link |Truthiness}}
+* {{Annotated link |Woke}}
+{{div col end}}
+==Notes==
+{{Notelist}}
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+==Further reading==
+* [[David E. Bernstein|Bernstein, David E.]] (2003). ''You Can't Say That! The Growing Threat to Civil Liberties from Antidiscrimination Laws''. [[Cato Institute]], 180 pages. {{ISBN|1930865538}}.
+* [[Nat Hentoff|Hentoff, Nat]] (1992). ''Free Speech for Me – But Not for Thee''. [[HarperCollins]]. {{ISBN|006019006X}}.
+* [[Arthur Schlesinger Jr.|Schlesinger, Jr., Arthur M.]] (1998). ''[[The Disuniting of America|The Disuniting of America: Reflections on a Multicultural Society]]''. [[W.W. Norton]], revised edition. {{ISBN|0393318540}}.
+* Debra L. Schultz (1993). ''To Reclaim a Legacy of Diversity: Analyzing the "Political Correctness" Debates in Higher Education''. New York: National Council for Research on Women. {{ISBN|978-1880547137}}.
+* John Wilson (1995). ''The Myth of Political Correctness: The Conservative Attack on High Education''. Durham, North Carolina: [[Duke University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-8223-1713-5}}.
+{{Discrimination}}
+{{Authority control}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Political Correctness}}
+[[Category:Political correctness| ]]
+[[Category:Political pejoratives]]
+[[Category:Political terminology]]
+[[Category:Sociolinguistics]]

v t e Discrimination
Forms	Institutional Reverse Structural Statistical Systemic Taste-based
Attributes	Age Caste Class Dialect Disability Economic Genetic Hair texture Height Language Looks Mental disorder Nationality or citizenship Race / Ethnicity Reverse Skin color Scientific racism Rank Sex Reverse Sexual orientation Species Size Viewpoint
Social	Arophobia Anti-albinism Acephobia Adultism Anti-altruistic Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-drug addicts Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex Anti-left handedness Anti-Masonry Aporophobia Audism Biphobia Fear of children Clannism Elitism Ephebiphobia Health mental in poverty Fatphobia Gayphobia Gerontophobia Heterosexism HIV/AIDS stigma Hypergamy Homophobia In-group Leprosy stigma Lesbophobia Against men Misandry Misogyny Misogynoir Nepotism Outgroup Perpetual foreigner Pregnancy Sectarianism Supremacism Aryanism Black Hutu Chauvinism Han Female Human Nordicism Male Ultranationalism White Transphobia Non-binary Transmisogyny Trans men Vegaphobia Xenophobia
Religious	Persecution of non-believers Atheism Blasphemy law Religious censorship In Islam Apostasy Religious police Jizya Religious persecution In China Exclusivism Baháʼí Faith Buddhism Christianity Persecution Catholicism Eastern Orthodoxy Coptic Christianity Jehovah's Witnesses LDS or Mormon Protestantism Tewahedo Orthodoxy post–Cold War era Falun Gong Hinduism Persecution Untouchability Islam Persecution Ahmadiyya Shi'ism Sufism Sunnism minority Muslim Judaism Persecution Neopaganism Rastafari Serers Sikhism Yazidism Zoroastrianism
Race / Ethnicity	Afghan African Fulani Igbo Serers Albanian Arab Armenian Asian France South Africa United States Assyrian Australian Austrian Azerbaijani Black people African Americans China South Africa Bengali Catalan Chechen Chinese Han people Colombian Croat Dutch English Estonian Filipino French Finnish Georgian German Greek Haitian Hazara Hungarian Indian Indonesian Indigenous people Australia Canada United States Iranian Irish Italian Japanese Jewish Eliminationist New Religious Anti-Yiddish Zionist Korean Kurdish Lithuanian Malay Māori Mexican Middle Eastern Mongolian Montenegrin Nigerian Pakistani Palestinians Pashtun Polish Portuguese Quebec Romani Romanian Russian Scottish Serb Slavic Somali Spanish Taiwanese Tatar Thai Tibetan Turkish Ukrainian Uyghur Venezuelan Vietnamese Welsh White people
Manifestations	Algorithmic bias Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups Blood libel Bullying Cancel culture Capital punishment for homosexuality Carnism Cognitive Compulsory sterilization Corrective rape Counter-jihad Cultural genocide Defamation Democide Dog whistle Domicide Economic Education Academic In curricula Sexism Eliminationism Eliminationist antisemitism Employment Enemy of the people Environmental racism Ethnic cleansing Ethnic conflict Ethnic hatred Ethnic joke Ethnocide Excellence Gender-based dress codes Cosmetics policy High heel policy Forced conversion Freak show Funding Gay bashing Gendercide Transgender genocide Genital modification and mutilation Circumcision Female genital mutilation Intersex medical interventions Genocide examples Glass ceiling Hate crime Disability hate crime Violence against LGBTQ people Violence against transgender people Hate group Hate speech Institutional Abuse Discrimination Racism Homeless dumping Housing Hypergamy Age disparity Indian rolling International inequality Kill Haole Day Lavender scare LGBTQ+ grooming conspiracy theory Linguicide Lynching Media Minority stress Moral exclusion Mortgage Murder music Native American mascots Braves Blackhawks Chiefs Occupational Apartheid Inequality Injustice Segregation Opposition to immigration Paper genocide Persecution Pogrom Political Political repression Ideological repression Purge Racialization Religious persecution Religious terrorism Religious violence Religious war Scapegoating Selective enforcement Selective prosecution Sentencing disparity Sexual harassment Sex-selective abortion Slut-shaming Structural abuse Structural discrimination Structural evil Structural inequality Structural violence Suicide Untermensch Trans bashing Victimisation Violence against women White flight White genocide conspiracy theory Wife selling Witch hunt
Discriminatory policies	Algorithmic wage discrimination Age of candidacy Apartheid in South Africa in Israel Blood purity Blood quantum Breadwinner model Conscription and sexism Disabilities Catholic Jewish Disparate impact Fagging Gender pay gap Gender roles Protecting Women's Private Spaces Act Gerontocracy Gerrymandering Ghetto benches Internment Jewish quota Opposition to LGBTQ rights MSM blood donation restrictions No kid zone Numerus clausus (as religious or racial quota) One-drop rule Racial quota Racial steering Redlining Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) Segregation age racial Jim Crow laws Nuremberg Laws Segregation academy religious sexual in Islam Social exclusion Sodomy law State atheism State religion Ugly law Voter suppression White Australia policy
Countermeasures	Affirmative action Anti-discrimination law Anti-racism Audit study Autism rights movement Blind audition Constitutional colorblindness Cross-sex friendship Cultural assimilation Cultural pluralism Diversity, equity, and inclusion Diversity training Empowerment Fat acceptance movement Feminism Fighting Discrimination Golden Rule Hate speech laws by country Human rights Intersex human rights Korenizatsiia LGBTQ rights Music in the movement against apartheid Nonviolence Racial integration Reappropriation Rock Against Sexism Self-determination Social integration Toleration Transgender rights movement Universal suffrage Women's rights
Related topics	Allophilia Alterity Amatonormativity Bias Cisnormativity Civil liberties Criminalization of homosexuality Dehumanization Diseases of despair Diversity Multiculturalism Neurodiversity Ethnic penalty Figleaf Gender-blind Heteronormativity Historical eugenics Internalized oppression Intersectionality Mad pride Masculism Medical model of disability autism Net bias Nonperson Oikophobia Oppression Police brutality Respect Polyculturalism Power distance Prejudice Prisoner abuse Racial bias in criminal news in the United States Racism by country Racial color blindness Religious intolerance Second-generation gender bias Snobbery Social equity Social exclusion Social identity threat Social model of disability Social privilege Christian male white Social stigma Speciesism Stereotype threat The talk
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