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{{Short description|Phylum of bacteria}}
{{Short description|Phylum of bacteria}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
|name = Modulibacteria
|name = Modulibacteria
|image =
|image =
|taxon = Moduliflexota
|domain = [[Bacteria]]
⚫
|authority = corrig. Sekiguchi et al. 2015
|phylum = "'''Modulibacteria'''"
| subdivision_ranks = [[Class_(biology)|Class]]<ref name=LPSN/>
⚫
|classis = "'''Moduliflexia'''"
|ordo = "'''Moduliflexales'''"
|familia ="Moduliflexaceae"
⚫
|familia_authority = Sekiguchi et al. 2015
| subdivision_ranks = Genus
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
⚫
* "Moduliflexia"
* "''Ca.'' [[Moduliflexus]]"
|synonyms =
* "''Ca.'' [[Vecturithrix]]"
* "Modulibacteria" <small>(sic) Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>
}}
}}


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== Taxonomy ==
== Taxonomy ==
The following taxonomy was proposed by Sekiguchi et al. 2015<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Sekiguchi|first1=Yuji|last2=Ohashi|first2=Akiko|last3=Parks|first3=Donovan H.|last4=Yamauchi|first4=Toshihiro|last5=Tyson|first5=Gene W.|last6=Hugenholtz|first6=Philip|date=2015-01-27|title=First genomic insights into members of a candidate bacterial phylum responsible for wastewater bulking|journal=PeerJ|volume=3|pages=e740|doi=10.7717/peerj.740|issn=2167-8359|pmc=4312070|pmid=25650158 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Euzéby JP | url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/phylum/modulibacteria |title="Modulibacteria" |publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)| access-date=2016-03-20}}</ref> and phylogeny by [[Genome Taxonomy Database|GTDB]] 08-RS214<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 08-RS214 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=bac120_r214.sp_label |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release214/214.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r214.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref>
The following taxonomy was proposed by Sekiguchi et al. 2015<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Sekiguchi|first1=Yuji|last2=Ohashi|first2=Akiko|last3=Parks|first3=Donovan H.|last4=Yamauchi|first4=Toshihiro|last5=Tyson|first5=Gene W.|last6=Hugenholtz|first6=Philip|date=2015-01-27|title=First genomic insights into members of a candidate bacterial phylum responsible for wastewater bulking|journal=PeerJ|volume=3|pages=e740|doi=10.7717/peerj.740|issn=2167-8359|pmc=4312070|pmid=25650158 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=LPSN>{{cite web |author=A.C. Parte |url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/phylum/Moduliflexota |title=Moduliflexota |access-date=2025-02-28 |publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN) |display-authors=et al.}}</ref><ref name=NCBI>{{cite web |author=C.L. Schoch |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Undef&id=3071909&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Moduliflexota |access-date=2025-02-28 |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database |display-authors=et al.}}</ref> and phylogeny by [[Genome Taxonomy Database|GTDB]] 08-RS214<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 08-RS214 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=bac120_r214.sp_label |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release214/214.0/auxillary_files/bac120_r214.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref>


* Class "'''Moduliflexia'''" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small> ["Vecturitrichia" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>]
* Class "'''Moduliflexia'''" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small> ["Vecturitrichia" <small>Sekiguchi et al. 2015</small>]
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{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


{{Portal bar|Biology}}
⚫
{{Bacteria classification}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q27067426}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q27067426}}
⚫
{{Bacteria classification|state=expanded}}
[[Category:Bacteria phyla]]
[[Category:Bacteria phyla]]
[[Category:Candidatus taxa]]
[[Category:Candidatus taxa]]

Latest revision as of 18:51, 19 March 2025

Modulibacteria
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Pseudomonadati
Phylum: Moduliflexota
corrig. Sekiguchi et al. 2015
Class[1]
  • "Moduliflexia"
Synonyms
  • "Modulibacteria" (sic) Sekiguchi et al. 2015

Modulibacteria(Moduliflexota) is a bacterial phylum formerly known as KS3B3 or GN06. It is a candidate phylum, meaning there are no cultured representatives of this group. Members of the Modulibacteria phylum are known to cause fatal filament overgrowth (bulking) in high-rate industrial anaerobic wastewater treatment bioreactors.[2][3]

The Modulibacteria phylum was first proposed in 2006 by two independent research groups based on analyses of 16S rRNA gene sequences. One group recovered Modulibacteria sequences from the a hypersaline microbial mat from Guerrero Negro (Baja California Sur, Mexico) and used the provisional name GN06 for the novel phylum,[4] while the other recovered sequences from sulfur-rich black mud marine sediments (CA, USA) and used the provisional name KSB3.[5]

The first genomic insights into the phylum were achieved in 2015, at which time the name "Modulibacteria" was proposed.[6] Two genomes were recovered from methanogenic sludge samples of a full-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor treating a high-strength organic wastewater discharged from a food-processing factory.

Through a combination of genome-based metabolic reconstruction and microscopic observation, it was determined that the two studied Modulibacteria species (Moduliflexus flocculans and Vecturithrix granuli) produce filamentous structures and are Gram-negative, strictly anaerobic fermenters capable of non-flagellar based gliding motility. Both have an unusually large number of sensory and response regulator genes compared to other bacteria.[6]

Members of the Modulibacteria phylum have been detected in a variety of environments in addition to bioreactors and hypersaline mats, such as wetland sediments (FJ516883.1), the dolphin mouth,[7][8] and a tubeworm from a coldseep (FM165273).

Taxonomy

[edit]

The following taxonomy was proposed by Sekiguchi et al. 2015[6][1][9] and phylogeny by GTDB 08-RS214[10][11][12]

  • Class "Moduliflexia" Sekiguchi et al. 2015 ["Vecturitrichia" Sekiguchi et al. 2015]
    • Order "Moduliflexales" Sekiguchi et al. 2015 ["Vecturatrichales" Sekiguchi et al. 2015]
      • Family "Moduliflexaceae" Sekiguchi et al. 2015 ["Vecturatrichaceae" Sekiguchi et al. 2015]
        • Genus "Candidatus Moduliflexus" Sekiguchi et al. 2015[13]
          • Species "Ca. M. flocculans" Sekiguchi et al. 2015
        • Genus "Candidatus Vecturithrix" Sekiguchi et al. 2015[14]
          • Species "Ca. V. granuli" Sekiguchi et al. 2015

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b A.C. Parte; et al. "Moduliflexota". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  2. ^ Yamada, Takeshi; Yamauchi, Toshihiro; Shiraishi, Koji; Hugenholtz, Philip; Ohashi, Akiyoshi; Harada, Hideki; Kamagata, Yoichi; Nakamura, Kazunori; Sekiguchi, Yuji (2007-05-31). "Characterization of filamentous bacteria, belonging to candidate phylum KSB3, that are associated with bulking in methanogenic granular sludges". The ISME Journal. 1 (3): 246–255. doi:10.1038/ismej.2007.28. ISSN 1751-7362. PMID 18043635. S2CID 5077407.
  3. ^ Yamada, Takeshi; Kikuchi, Kae; Yamauchi, Toshihiro; Shiraishi, Koji; Ito, Tsukasa; Okabe, Satoshi; Hiraishi, Akira; Ohashi, Akiyoshi; Harada, Hideki; Kamagata, Yoichi; Nakamura, Kazunori (2011-01-21). "Ecophysiology of Uncultured Filamentous Anaerobes Belonging to the Phylum KSB3 That Cause Bulking in Methanogenic Granular Sludge". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (6): 2081–2087. Bibcode:2011ApEnM..77.2081Y. doi:10.1128/aem.02475-10. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 3067334. PMID 21257808.
  4. ^ Ley, Ruth E.; Harris, J. Kirk; Wilcox, Joshua; Spear, John R.; Miller, Scott R.; Bebout, Brad M.; Maresca, Julia A.; Bryant, Donald A.; Sogin, Mitchell L.; Pace, Norman R. (2006-05-01). "Unexpected Diversity and Complexity of the Guerrero Negro Hypersaline Microbial Mat". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (5): 3685–3695. Bibcode:2006ApEnM..72.3685L. doi:10.1128/AEM.72.5.3685-3695.2006. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 1472358. PMID 16672518.
  5. ^ Tanner, Michael (2006). "Complex Microbial Communities Inhabiting Sulfide-rich Black Mud from Marine Coastal Environments". Biotechnology et Alia. 8: 1–16.
  6. ^ a b c Sekiguchi, Yuji; Ohashi, Akiko; Parks, Donovan H.; Yamauchi, Toshihiro; Tyson, Gene W.; Hugenholtz, Philip (2015-01-27). "First genomic insights into members of a candidate bacterial phylum responsible for wastewater bulking". PeerJ. 3: e740. doi:10.7717/peerj.740. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4312070. PMID 25650158.
  7. ^ Bik, Elisabeth M.; Costello, Elizabeth K.; Switzer, Alexandra D.; Callahan, Benjamin J.; Holmes, Susan P.; Wells, Randall S.; Carlin, Kevin P.; Jensen, Eric D.; Venn-Watson, Stephanie; Relman, David A. (2016-02-03). "Marine mammals harbor unique microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea". Nature Communications. 7 (1): 10516. Bibcode:2016NatCo...710516B. doi:10.1038/ncomms10516. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4742810. PMID 26839246.
  8. ^ Dudek, Natasha K.; Sun, Christine L.; Burstein, David; Kantor, Rose S.; Aliaga Goltsman, Daniela S.; Bik, Elisabeth M.; Thomas, Brian C.; Banfield, Jillian F.; Relman, David A. (2017-12-18). "Novel Microbial Diversity and Functional Potential in the Marine Mammal Oral Microbiome". Current Biology. 27 (24): 3752–3762.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.040. ISSN 1879-0445. PMID 29153320.
  9. ^ C.L. Schoch; et al. "Moduliflexota". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2025-02-28.
  10. ^ "GTDB release 08-RS214". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  11. ^ "bac120_r214.sp_label". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  12. ^ "Taxon History". Genome Taxonomy Database. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
  13. ^ Sayers. "Moduliflexus". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
  14. ^ Sayers. "Vecturithrix". National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy database. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
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