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|1939-12-01||1940-03-12||[[Finnish Democratic Republic]]||[[Finland]]||Encompassing the [[Hanko Peninsula]], [[Suursaari]], [[Seiskari]]m [[Lavansaari]], [[Tytärsaari]], and "Great and Little Koivisto", the Finnish Democratic Republic (sometimes also called the "Terijoki Government," because Terjoki was the first town to be captured by the Soviets) was created during the [[Winter War]], and later merged with the [[Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelian ASSR]] to make the [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelo-Finnish SSR]]<ref>{{cite book|last=[[Väinö Tanner|Tanner]]|first=Väinö|title=The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939-1940, Volume 312|date=1957|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=0804704821|pages=101–103|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=J1elAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR6&lpg=PR6&dq=Tanner,+V%C3%A4in%C3%B6+(1956).+The+Winter+War:+Finland+Against+Russia&source=bl&ots=SXBSntL73z&sig=dtHtAuwipWBcHwH7FRpmGq-DU9s&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l6ZyU8KvDOiksQSd-oCQAw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
|1939-12-01||1940-03-12||[[Finnish Democratic Republic]]||[[Finland]]||Encompassing the [[Hanko Peninsula]], [[Suursaari]], [[Seiskari]]m [[Lavansaari]], [[Tytärsaari]], and "Great and Little Koivisto", the Finnish Democratic Republic (sometimes also called the "Terijoki Government," because Terjoki was the first town to be captured by the Soviets) was created during the [[Winter War]], and later merged with the [[Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelian ASSR]] to make the [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelo-Finnish SSR]]<ref>{{cite book|last=[[Väinö Tanner|Tanner]]|first=Väinö|title=The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939-1940, Volume 312|date=1957|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=0804704821|pages=101–103|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=J1elAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR6&lpg=PR6&dq=Tanner,+V%C3%A4in%C3%B6+(1956).+The+Winter+War:+Finland+Against+Russia&source=bl&ots=SXBSntL73z&sig=dtHtAuwipWBcHwH7FRpmGq-DU9s&hl=en&sa=X&ei=l6ZyU8KvDOiksQSd-oCQAw&ved=0CFMQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
|-
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|(1940-07-21)-(1941-07-25)||(1944-09-26)-(1991-08-20)||[[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]]||[[Estonia]]||In 1918, Estonia began its [[Estonian War of Independence|war of independence]]. Using troops that had been assembled by the Germans after their [[Operation Albion|invasion]] and subsequent [[Occupation of Estonia by the German Empire|occupation]] of Germany, [[Johan Laidoner]] lead the [[Estonian War of Independence]]. The Soviet Union and Estonia then signed the [Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)|Treaty of Tartu]], making Estonia independent. The Soviet Union invaded Estonia a second time, twenty years later, on 17 June 1940. A puppet state was set up four says later. Almost a year later, Germany invaded during [[Operation Barbarossa]], and incorporated Estonia into [[Reichskommissariat Ostland|Ostland]]. Initially, Estonians welcomed the Germans, but quickly began to dislike them. During the [[Baltic Operation|Soviet invasion]], Estonia was liberated from German occupation, and again became a Soviet puppet state. It remained under Soviet control until its declaration of independence, the [[Estonian Sovereignty Declaration]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Miljan|first=Toivo|title=Historical Dictionary of Estonia|date=2004|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=United States|isbn=0810865718|pages=71-74|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=xeXwMDZbTBoC&pg=PA146&dq=Estonian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=GrxzU4XbOqHNsQSJ_IDABg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
|(1940-07-21)-(1941-07-25)||(1944-09-26)-(1991-08-20)||[[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]]||[[Estonia]]||[[Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty]] used as an excuse for invasion. Recreated after liberation from German occupation. Declared Independence with [[Estonian Sovereignty Declaration]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|url=https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic.html|work=28 Feb 2014|publisher=Princeton University}}</ref>
|-
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|(1940-07-21)-(1940-08-05)||(1945-05-10)-(1991-08-21)||[[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic]]||[[Latvia]]||In 1920, the [[Latvian War of Independence]] was over, and Latvia gained its independence from Russia. Latvia, along with Estonia and Lithuania, signed the [[Baltic Entente]] in 1934, a plan for the countries to politically support each other. On 5 October 1939, Latvia signed the [[Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty]], allowing the Soviet Union to build military bases on Latvian soil. On 17 July 1940, the Soviet Union invaded. Four days later, [[Kārlis Ulmanis]], then-president of Latvia, stepped down, and gave the pro-Soviet [[Augusts Kirhenšteins]] the seat. Kirhenšteins requested the incorporation of Latvia into the Soviet Union, as the [[Latvian SSR]] on 5 August 1940. After being taken by the Germans 10 July 1941, it remained part of [[Reichskommissariat Ostland|Ostland]] until the [[Baltic Offensive|Soviet counterattack]], when the last German forces in Latvia ([[Army Group Courland]] in the [[Courland Pocket]]) were defeated.<ref name=latviahistory>{{cite book|last=Plakans|first=Andrejs|title=The Latvians: A Short History|publisher=Hoover Press|isbn=0817993037|pages=141-149|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Ad3-xvwdjE4C&pg=PR18&dq=Latvian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IMpzU-W3IpS-sQT7w4DwDw&ved=0CCoQ6AEwADgU#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Osmańczyk|first=Edmund|title=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M|date=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0415939224|pages=1275-1276|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QqlFx7xHiSUC&pg=PA1275&dq=Latvian+Soviet+Socialist+Republic&hl=en&sa=X&ei=IMpzU-W3IpS-sQT7w4DwDw&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> It remained under firm Russian control until the 10 March 1990, when the [[On the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia|Latvian Declaration of Sovereignty]] was adopted by the [[Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia]]. Its independence was fully restored after the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|failed 1991 Soviet coup]].<ref name=latviahistory/>{{rp|167}}
|(1940-07-21)-(1940-08-05)||(1945-05-??)-(1991-08-21)||[[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic]]||[[Latvia]]||[[Soviet-Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty]] used as an excuse for invasion. It was then annexed into [[Reichskommissariat Ostland]]. Recreated after liberation from German occupation. Created after [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|coup d'état]].<ref>{{cite web|title=LATVIA. SOME HISTORICAL REMARKS|url=http://coldwarsites.net/country/latvia|publisher=coldwarsites.net|accessdate=28 Feb 2014}}</ref>
|-
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|(1940-07-21)-(1941-06-22)||(1945-01-28)-(1990-03-11)||[[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]]||[[Lithuania]]||[[Soviet-Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty]] used as excuse to invade. After German invasion, merged with [[Reichskommissariat Ostland]]. Soviets regained control on 1945. Declared independence with [[Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lithuania Under Communism|url=http://lithuania.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/lithuania/history|publisher=Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation|accessdate=28 Feb 2014}}</ref>
|(1940-07-21)-(1941-06-22)||(1945-01-28)-(1990-03-11)||[[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]]||[[Lithuania]]||[[Soviet-Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty]] used as excuse to invade. After German invasion, merged with [[Reichskommissariat Ostland]]. Soviets regained control on 1945. Declared independence with [[Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania]] in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lithuania Under Communism|url=http://lithuania.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/lithuania/history|publisher=Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation|accessdate=28 Feb 2014}}</ref>

Revision as of 20:51, 14 May 2014

Animated map of the European Theater of war during WW II

During World War II a number of countries were conquered and controlled. These countries were then given new names, and assigned new governmental positions, and are given the name of puppet state. Germany and Japan were the two countries with the most puppet states. Italy also had several puppet states. Most of the allies (with the exception of the Soviet Union) did not have many puppet states until post-war.

Allies

Soviet Union

The Soviet Union had only one puppet state prior to World War II, the The Tuvinian People's Republic, but it acquired many more during or as a result of the war.

Light green means pre-World War II

Yellow means post World War II

Created Disestablished Puppet State Country/territory Notes
1921-08-14 1944-10-11 Tuvan People's Republic Tannu Uriankhai, part of China Also known as "Tuva," Russia had been sending people (mainly farmers and fishermen) in to Tuva since 1860. In 1921, Russian-backed Bolsheviks stormed Tuva, after recently having declared its independence during the Mongolian Revolution of 1921. It was later annexed into the Tuvan Autonomous Oblast, per request of the "Little Khural," the executive committee of the Great Khural.[1]
1939-12-01 1940-03-12 Finnish Democratic Republic Finland Encompassing the Hanko Peninsula, Suursaari, Seiskarim Lavansaari, Tytärsaari, and "Great and Little Koivisto", the Finnish Democratic Republic (sometimes also called the "Terijoki Government," because Terjoki was the first town to be captured by the Soviets) was created during the Winter War, and later merged with the Karelian ASSR to make the Karelo-Finnish SSR[2]
(1940-07-21)-(1941-07-25) (1944-09-26)-(1991-08-20) Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic Estonia In 1918, Estonia began its war of independence. Using troops that had been assembled by the Germans after their invasion and subsequent occupation of Germany, Johan Laidoner lead the Estonian War of Independence. The Soviet Union and Estonia then signed the [Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Estonian)|Treaty of Tartu]], making Estonia independent. The Soviet Union invaded Estonia a second time, twenty years later, on 17 June 1940. A puppet state was set up four says later. Almost a year later, Germany invaded during Operation Barbarossa, and incorporated Estonia into Ostland. Initially, Estonians welcomed the Germans, but quickly began to dislike them. During the Soviet invasion, Estonia was liberated from German occupation, and again became a Soviet puppet state. It remained under Soviet control until its declaration of independence, the Estonian Sovereignty Declaration.[3]
(1940-07-21)-(1940-08-05) (1945-05-10)-(1991-08-21) Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic Latvia In 1920, the Latvian War of Independence was over, and Latvia gained its independence from Russia. Latvia, along with Estonia and Lithuania, signed the Baltic Entente in 1934, a plan for the countries to politically support each other. On 5 October 1939, Latvia signed the Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty, allowing the Soviet Union to build military bases on Latvian soil. On 17 July 1940, the Soviet Union invaded. Four days later, Kārlis Ulmanis, then-president of Latvia, stepped down, and gave the pro-Soviet Augusts Kirhenšteins the seat. Kirhenšteins requested the incorporation of Latvia into the Soviet Union, as the Latvian SSR on 5 August 1940. After being taken by the Germans 10 July 1941, it remained part of Ostland until the Soviet counterattack, when the last German forces in Latvia (Army Group Courland in the Courland Pocket) were defeated.[4][5] It remained under firm Russian control until the 10 March 1990, when the Latvian Declaration of Sovereignty was adopted by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Latvia. Its independence was fully restored after the failed 1991 Soviet coup.[4]: 167 
(1940-07-21)-(1941-06-22) (1945-01-28)-(1990-03-11) Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic Lithuania Soviet-Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty used as excuse to invade. After German invasion, merged with Reichskommissariat Ostland. Soviets regained control on 1945. Declared independence with Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania in 1990.[6]
1944-11-12 1949-10-20 Second East Turkestan Republic The Ili, Tarbagatay, and Altay districts of China After Ili Rebellion, pro-Soviet forces took over area, joined Soviet Union. Lated absorbed into China.[7]
1945-11-21 1946-06-13 Azerbaijan People's Government Iranian Azerbaijan Tudeh Party, lead by pro-Communist veterans, staged a bloodless coup with help from Soviets. Ended when Iranian forces re-captured the area.[8]
1949-10-07 1990-10-03 East Germany East Prussia, Farther Pomerania, Neumark, and Lower Silesia, Germany Germany divided because of disagreements with division. In 1989, peaceful revolution occurred. They rejoined in 1990.[9]

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom only had two puppet states during World War II, both of which were in the Middle East; one in Iraq, and one in Iran.

Created Disestablished Puppet State Country/territory Notes
1941-05-31 1958-02-14 Kingdom of Iraq Iraq After pro-Nazi leader Rashid Ali al-Gaylani took power, and refusing to agree to British requests, the British attacked, initializing the Anglo-Iraqi War. After brief fighting, Britain won, and Nuri al-Said was put back in office, and remained so until the 14 July Revolution.[10]
1941-09-17 1953-08-19 Imperial States of Iran Iran the United Kingdom and Soviet Union both wanted to make the Trans-Iranian Railway to transport goods to the Soviet Union. After Iran's leader, Reza Shah, refused to dispel German Nationalists, Britain and the Soviet Union invaded Iran, in the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran. Iran gained independence with the Iranian Revolution.[11]

Axis

Japan

Japan had been creating puppet states in China since the 1931 Mukden Incident. It established a puppet state in 1932.

Light green means pre-World War II

Created Disestablished Puppet State Country/territory Notes
1932-03-01 1945-08-20 Part of China Manchukuo Created after Mukden Incident, disestablished after the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.[12]
1936-05-12 1945-08-20 Mengjiang In Inner Mongolia Formed to increase Japanese influence in area. Though added to the Reorganized National Government of China on 4 August 1941, it remained completely completely autonomous.[13]
1937-12-05 1938-05-03 Great Way Municipal Government of Shanghai Pudong, China Created following the Battle of Shanghai. Merged with the Reformed Government of the Republic of China in 1938.[14]
1938-03-28 1940-03-30 Reformed Government of the Republic of China Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Nanjing, and Shanghai, China Created after Battle of Nanking. Viewed as very weak, and had little authority. Merged into Reorganized National Government of China in 1940.[15]
1937-12-14 1940-03-30 Provisional Government of the Republic of China Hebei, Shandong, Shanxi, Honan, and Jiangsu, China Invaded after the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, set up days later. On 30 March 1940, merged into the Nanjing Nationalist Government.[16]
1940-03-30 1945-08-10 Nanjing Nationalist Government Reformed Government of the Republic of China, Provisional Government of the Republic of China, and Mengjiang Created to organize Japan's puppet states in to a larger and easier to control state. Though Mengjiang was incorporated, it remained relatively free of its influence. Disestablished due to the Soviet invasion of Manchuria.[17]
1943-08-01 1945-03-27 State of Burma British Burma Burma invaded to obtain raw materials. Freed by a nationwide day of rebellion by the people of Burma.[18]
1943-10-14 1945-08-17 Second Philippine Republic Philippines Created after Japanese invasion of the Philippines. The Japanese maintained total control of the Philippines until 1944, when the Americans began their invasion of the Philippines. Officially disestablished on 17 August 1945.[19]
1943-10-21 1945-08-18 Provisional Government of Free India British India It was set up as part of a movement by nationalists-in-exile in order for India to free itself from the British Monarchy. The puppet state collapsed just 15 days before the surrender of Japan.[20]
1945-03-09 1945-08-23 Imperial State of Vietnam Cochinchina and Vietnam Japan invaded in 1940 with the invasion of French Indochina, but did not set up a puppet state until 11 March 1945. Disestablished on 23 August 1945 after being taken over by the communist group Viet Minh, which had support from both the United States and China.[21]
1945-03-09 1945-08-15 Collaborationist Kingdom of Kampuchea Cambodia Cambodia was taken during the Japanese invasion of French Indochina. Despite over a four year hold on the territory, a puppet state was not est up until 9 March 1945. On 15 August, Japan surrendered Cambodia.[22]

Germany

Further information: German-occupied Europe

Germany had a large number of puppet states after the start of World War II. Some were countries that once supported it, but fell to the Allies. Others were countries that Germany invaded. Also see Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany for administrative divisions.

Light green means pre-World War II

Light blue means taken from Italy after the Capitulation of Italy

Created Disestablished Puppet State Country/territory Notes
1939-03-14 1945-05-04 Slovak Republic Slovakia, Czechoslovakia Slovakia gained autonomy after Munich Agreement. Took a vote to join Germany. In 1944, the Slovak National Uprising caused the country to lose most of its independence. De facto on 4 May 1945, after the Soviet capture of Bratislava, and dissolved on 8 May 1945, when the exiled Slovak government capitulated.[23]
1939-03-15 1945-05-11 Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia Bohemia and Moravia, Czechoslovakia Incorporated into Reich after Munich Agreement, Hitler Czechoslovakian President called Emil Hácha to Germany and intimidated him into accepting German reorganization. The capital of Prague was liberated by Allied forces in 1945.[24]
1940-07-10 1945-04-22 French State France and its mandates, protectorates, and colonies Created shortly after German victory over France on 22 June 1940. Much of France remained free for some time after their armistice with Germany. Southern France was occupied on 11 November 1942. Paris was liberated on 25 August 1944. France was officially completely free of German rule on 22 April 1945.[25]
1941-04-30 1944-10-12 The Hellenic State Greece Unable to take Greece by itself, Italy got the backing of Germany on 6 April 1941. Though originally jointly owned, Germany took control after Armistice of Cassibile. In 1943, Italy's Principality of the Pindus added to the country. Germany withdrew on 12 October 1944, after a British invasion. Germany also had plans to make Macedonia an independent puppet state, but it was never carried out.[26]
1941-04-30 1941-08-29 Commissioner Government Part of Serbia Taken during the Invasion of Yugoslavia. Later merged into Government of National Salvation[27]
1941-08-29 1944-10-20 Government of National Salvation Yugoslavia Formed shortly after Germany's Invasion of Yugoslavia. Head officials were evacuated during the Soviet Union's Belgrade Offensive.[28]
1942-02-01 1945-05-09 Quisling's Norwegian National government Reichskommissariat Norwegen, previously Norway Reichskommissariat Norwegen formed on 24 April 1940, after the invasion of Norway. In 1942, Germany appointed Vidkun Quisling as the government's leader, though Reichskommissariat operation was continued de facto until 1945. Officially disestablished on 9 May after Quisling was arrested.[29]
1941-11-15 1943-08-26 The Lokot Autonomy The Oryol Oblast and Kursk Oblast of the Soviet Union Created after the German invasion of the Soviet Union. It was mainly used as a supplier of food, and an area to transport goods. Disestablished towards the end of 1943.[30]
1943-03-01 1942-07-02 The Belarusian Central Rada Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, the Soviet Union Set up inside Germany's Reichskommissariat Reichskommissariat Ostland after the German invasion of the Soviet Union. The short-term goal of this country was to create a pro-German attitude in the area. It was disestablished on 2 July 1944, after German authorities were withdrawn. The Belarusian Central Rada is not considered a Reichskommissariat because it had a collaborationist government.[31]
1943-09-14 1944-11-28 Kingdom of Albania Italian Albania Gained control after capitulation of Italy on 9 August 1943. After much persuasion from Germany, Albania set up its own government. Albania was liberated by the Allies in 1944.[32]
1943-09-08 1945-05-08 Independent State of Croatia Italian Croatia Germany gained control after the capitulation of Italy. It remained a puppet state of Germany's until the end of World War Two in Europe, on 8 May 1945.[33]
1943-09-08 1944-09-06 German Monaco Monaco Taken after the capitulation of Italy. Allied troops liberated Monaco in 1944.[34]
1943-09-23 1945-04-25 Italian Social Republic parts of the Kingdom of Italy Taken after the Capitulation of Italy, slowly freed during the Italian Campaign.[35]
1943-09-08 1944-12-15 Independent State of Montenegro Italian governorate of Montenegro Invaded by Germany after Italian capitulation. It was liberated on 15 December 1944.[36]
1944-10-17 1945-05-07 Kingdom of Hungary Hungary Sometimes also called the Arrow Cross Government, after the Arrow Cross Party. Formed as a result of Operation Panzerfaust, Germany's attempt to keep Hungary on their side of the war. Though German occupation ended on 12 April 1945, the Kingdom of Hungary was not disestablished until 7 May 1945.[37]

Reichskommissariats

Germany created a number of Reichskommissariats during World War II. This term is used to refer to quasi-colonial states of Nazi Germany, which were planned to be repopulated with Germans.

Orange means it was never established.

Created Disestablished Reichskommissariat Country/territory Notes
1940-04-24 1945-05-09 Reichskommissariat Norwegen Norway Set up after Germany's invasion of Norway and Denmark, the state was made de facto after the creation of Quisling's Norwegian National government in 1942. It continued in operation until Germany's capitulation.[38]
1940-05-29 1945-05-09 Reichskommissariat Niederlande Netherlands Set up after the Battle of the Netherlands, which lasted only 7 days. Germany remained in control of the Reichskommissariat until 9 May 1945.[39]
1941-07-25 1945-05-08 Reichskommissariat Ostland Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, and Lithuanian SSR, Soviet Union Conglomeration of the former Soviet Baltic States. Captured during Operation Barbarossa, reclaimed after the surrender of the Courland Pocket[40]
1941-07-16 1944-11-10 Reichskommissariat Ukraine Ukraine and parts of the Soviet Union Originally part of the Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories, separated in 1941. After the Soviet counteroffensive, all of Ukraine was back in Soviet hands.[41]
1944-07-12 1944-12-15 the Reichskommissariat Belgien-Nordfrankreich Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France France occupied since 1940 (see Vichy France). Puppet state created in 1944, later became the Reichsgaus of Reichsgau Wallonien and Reichsgau Flandern, and the Gau of Brussels[42]
Planned mid-1941 Not established Reichskommissariat Moskowien Between the Ural mountains (as well as some districts east of it, including the city of Sverdlovsk) and its boundaries with Finland, the Baltic states, Belarus, and Ukraine To be invaded during Battle of Moscow, but Germany failed to meet its goals.[43]
Planned 1942 Not established Reichskommissariat Kaukasus Transcaucasia and Ciscaucasia, parts of Southern Russia as far as the Volga river Planned to be experiments conducted for various forms of autonomy for "indigenous groups".[44]
Planned 1941 Not established Reichskommissariat Turkestan Soviet Central Asia Idea created by Alfred Rosenberg, but Hitler quickly rejected the idea[45]
Planned 1941 Not established Reichskommissariat Don-Wolga From the Sea of Azov to the Volga German Republic Dropped because it did not carry a specific political objective, and because the German authorities had decided by the second half of May 1941 to limit the number of administrative units that were to be established in the east to four.[46]
Planned 1941 Not established Reichskommissariat Ural Presumed to be most of the Ural Mountains Not much is known about this Reichskommissariat.[47]

Italy

Though Italy did not have as many puppet states as the Soviet Union, Imperial Japan, or Nazi Germany, Italy did have a few. All of Italy's puppet states were captured by Germany after the fall of Italy.

Light green means pre-World War II

Created Disestablished Puppet State Country/territory Notes
1939-04-12 1943-09-08 Kingdom of Albania Albanian Kingdom Mussolini viewed Albania as strategically important, began Italian invasion of Albania in 1939. Lost to the Germans after Italy surrendered[48]
1941-04-30 1943-09-08 The Hellenic State Greece Italy invaded Greece on 28 October 1940. After failing to conquer Greece for around five months, Germany invaded Greece, and completed the invasion in under twenty five days. This led to both Germany and Italy controlling the Greek government. Germany gained full control after the Italians surrendered.[49]
1942-11-?? 1943-09-08 Italian Monaco Monaco Italy invaded Monaco and set up a Fascist government. After the capitulation of Italy, Germany took over Monaco.[50]
1941-05-05 1943-09-08 Italian governorate of Montenegro Yugoslavia Italy invaded Montenegro to expand its borders on the Adriatic Sea, as it had done with Albania. After the capitulation of Italy in 1943, Germany took over Montenegro.[51]
1941-04-30 1943-09-08 Principality of the Pindus Epirus, Thessaly, and West Macedonia, Greece Never able to assert itself over the local population, merged with the Hellenic State after the capitulation of Italy[52]

References

  1. ^ Kolarz, Walter (1954). The Peoples of the Soviet Far East (PDF). Great Britain: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Publishers. pp. 161–166. ISBN 0208007016. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  2. ^ Tanner, Väinö (1957). The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939-1940, Volume 312. Stanford University Press. pp. 101–103. ISBN 0804704821. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  3. ^ Miljan, Toivo (2004). Historical Dictionary of Estonia. United States: Scarecrow Press. pp. 71–74. ISBN 0810865718.
  4. ^ a b Plakans, Andrejs. The Latvians: A Short History. Hoover Press. pp. 141–149. ISBN 0817993037.
  5. ^ Osmańczyk, Edmund (2003). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M. Taylor & Francis. pp. 1275–1276. ISBN 0415939224.
  6. ^ "Lithuania Under Communism". Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Retrieved 28 Feb 2014.
  7. ^ Dickens, Mark. "The Soviets in Xinjiang". Retrieved 28 Feb 2014.
  8. ^ "History". Angelfire.com. Retrieved 28 Feb 2014.
  9. ^ "Title A: Chronology of Important Events". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 28 Feb 2014.
  10. ^ "World War II: Air War Over Iraq". Aviation History Magazine.
  11. ^ "Anglo-Soviet Invasion of Iran". Procom America. Retrieved 28 Feb 2014.
  12. ^ "Manchukuo (Japanese Puppet State in China)". Flags of the World. Retrieved March 11 204. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  13. ^ "Mengkukuo / Mengjiang". Globalsecurity.org. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  14. ^ Henriot, Christian (March 11, 2014). In the Shadow of the Rising Sun: Shanghai Under Japanese Occupation. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. ISBN 0521822211.
  15. ^ Cahoon, Ben. "Chine Under Japanese occupation". World Statesmen.org. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  16. ^ Boyle, John Hunter (March 11, 2014). China and Japan at War, 1937-1945. Stanford University Press. p. 87. ISBN 978-0804708005.
  17. ^ "Reorganized National Government of China". Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  18. ^ Hickey, Michael. "The Burma Campaign 1941 - 1945". BBC - History. Retrieved March 15, 2014.
  19. ^ "THE SECOND REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES". Watawat. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  20. ^ Pettibone, Charles (2012-01-16). THE ORGANIZATION AND ORDER OR BATTLE OF MILITARIES IN WORLD WAR II: VOLUME VII: GERMANY's and IMPERIAL JAPAN's ALLIES & PUPPET STATES. Trafford. p. 411. ISBN 1466903503.
  21. ^ Llewellyn, J.; et al. "Japanese occupation of Vietnam". Alpha History. Retrieved 15 March 2014. {{cite web}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
  22. ^ "Cambodia-The Japanese Occupation, 1941-45". Mongabay. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  23. ^ "Nazis take Czechoslovakia". History Channel. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  24. ^ "Czechoslovak Republic and Protectorate of Bohemian and Moravia". The Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 11 May 2014.
  25. ^ "The French Vichy Regime". The Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
  26. ^ "Introduction: The Occupation". Retrieved 18 March 2014.
  27. ^ Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941 - 1945. Stanford University Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 0804779244.
  28. ^ Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941 - 1945. Stanford University Press. p. 73. ISBN 0804779244.
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