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January 5

Soft Aerogel

Can Aerogel be made from a soft rather than a ridgid material? Barringa 00:00, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

The qualification of Aerogel having friability implies that it would have to be based on a rigid material, although in the world of science I am sure there are many strange exceptions. V-Man737 23:58, 4 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

using Wikipedia to advertise a business

what are the rules for a store like ShopRite being mentioned in an article for example in the Perth Amboy NJ article --Javierbaires1 02:34, 5 January 2007 (UTC)Javierbaires1[reply]

The mention in Perth Amboy, New Jersey looks fairly gratuitous / unnecessary / superfluous to me. --Tagishsimon (talk)

I agree. Removed. SWAdair | Talk 04:54, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Coca Cola arsenic

Hi all!

I read somewhere that a few years ago a law was passed in USA that prohibited excessive amounts of arsenic, lead, uranium and others in food. As the story goes, Coca Cola was forced to change its formula. Is this true? Is it probable? Is it posible?

Thanks all! --Thor Waldsen 03:32, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Doubtful, improbable but possible. I think arsenic & lead are more likely to be things found in drinks because they were in the water, rather than in the formula. Snopes has nothing on this in its cokelore section, fwiw. --Tagishsimon (talk)

I seem to recall there was discussion a few years ago in the US of changing the maximum allowed level of arsenic in ground water, which would also end up in anything made from that water, like Coca Cola. I don't remember the outcome of those discussions, however. StuRat 03:53, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

In 2002, the EPA lowered the maximum acceptable level of As from 50μg/L (or parts per billion, if you prefer) to 10μg/L, effective mid-2006. --jpgordon^∇∆∇∆ 16:35, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

There is poison (cyanide it think) in apples, so there could be poisons in other things. Apparently some vegetables in america are sprayed with carcinogenic chemicals to make them taste better.Hidden secret 7 21:27, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Not to make them taste better, but to prevent insects, bacteria, fungi, etc. from attacking them. StuRat 15:03, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

They say the mafia had to bribe people so they could use these chemicals.172.200.70.64 20:43, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

They say a lot of things... V-Man737 20:44, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Why "Wikipedia"?

How did Wikipedia get its name? It sounds vaguely Australian. I've been sent in circles trying to find an answer to this seemingly simple question.207.69.139.6 04:00, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

"Wiki-wiki" is Hawaiian for "quick", and "pedia" is from "encyclopedia". Although, judging from the number of Brits here, perhaps it should be Wikipǣdia. StuRat 04:04, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Luxury commodities by country

I'm putting together a piece on luxury commodities, and in associating certain luxury goods with certain countries, Persian rugs from Iran come quickly to mind, while maybe Swarovski crystal from Austria not so quickly, and Laguiole knives from France even less so. Can someone help me out with some other suggestions, preferably along the line of the knives, i.e. not as well-known or obvious as the rugs? I'd appreciate any help. Wolfgangus 04:42, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Luxury good and Category:Luxury brands may be a good starting point. SWAdair | Talk 05:18, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Anyone who is anybody simply must have a Sub-Zero Refrigerator from the US and several Ming dynasty vases from China. StuRat 05:17, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Single malt whiskey and tweed from Scotland(hotclaws**== 19:48, 6 January 2007 (UTC)) ~~[reply]

scientists

I am a third grade teacher with students from diverse backgrounds in my class. I am looking for American scientists that I can hold up as inspiration. I am looking for both male and female from these backgrounds in particular: black, hispanic, Asian Indian, Somali, and European. My problem is that I can't figure out the background of the scientists. Pictures/photos are a must-have.

Thanks for your help. Suzanne

Try this for black Americans scientists (I don't know if any are of Somali origin): [1]. StuRat 04:54, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

If you allow social scientists then Abdi Kusow is a Somali with a picture here. JMiall 18:25, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Another Somali scientist and some Somali doctors. JMiall 18:38, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Unfortunately, I don't see any Americans scientists which appear to be from India here: [2]. StuRat 04:59, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Most of the American scientists listed here, both male and female, are of European ancestry: [3]. StuRat 05:00, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Just guessing from their names, I would say these two might have ancestry from India: Ramesh Jain, ~~Geerat J. Vermeij~~ and this one might be Hispanic: Robert Remez. StuRat 05:11, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Vermeij is Dutch-born.[4][5][6] He can be held up as inspiration as an American scientist with a European background. --Lambiam ^Talk 13:03, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

OK, thanks, I've struck out his name from my list. StuRat 05:35, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Among Indian scientists who became American citizens, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, E. C. George Sudarshan and Hargobind Khorana are probably the most famous. Tintin (talk) 06:25, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

There is a list of Indian-Americans at Category:Indian Americans. I can't say if any of them are scientists without actually reading the articles. But if you include engineers, there are some big some big names there. Tintin (talk) 06:34, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

The following names occur both in Category:Indian Americans and subcategories thereof, and in Category:Indian scientists with subcategories: Category:Indian Americans: Aravind Joshi, Arvind Rajaraman, C. Kumar N. Patel, Gaurav Raja, George Sudarshan, Har Gobind Khorana, Harish-Chandra, K. G. Karthikeyan, Kannan Soundararajan, Madhu Sudan, Manjul Bhargava, Narendra Karmarkar, Sarvadaman Chowla, Sharmila Bhattacharya (scientist), Shreeram Shankar Abhyankar, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, Thomas Anantharaman, Thomas Kailath, Vinod Dham. --Lambiam ^Talk 13:27, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Well it's not exactly what you ordered, but astronauts have science degrees. Anchoress 05:19, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Geerat J Vermeij looks rather Dutch to me. JackofOz 05:40, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

As alluded to by Anchoress, here's somebody that holds a BS in Physical Science, is of Indian descent, and since she's currently in orbit as part of the ISS crew, your students can't help but to "look up" to her. ;-) --Maelwys 14:15, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I'd have thought Einstein would be good for a European-American scientist; he was born in Germany, but moved around Europe, settling in the US (although he actually held dual US and Swiss citizenship, making him literally European-American!), and everyone knows who he is. Laïka 16:52, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

If you really wish to inspire them, you could go for Sanjay Nigam. An Indian born American who is both a distinguished scientist and an accomplished writer of fiction. [7]. Talk about overachieving. As for Hispanic/European Americans, you could try Nobel prize winners: Severo Ochoa (images) or Luis Walter Alvarez (images), or Latino/Hispanic American Mario Molina (images). Rockpocket 20:48, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Family History

I'm having a hard time looking up my Family History on my Mother's side, her madan name was Herzog. Her Dads name was Raymond Benjamin Herzog (1908-1966), his Dads name was Benedict Nicholas Herzog and Mothers madan name was Gertrude Richter. If anybody can help me, I would be very thankful to the people who helps me.

Signed GLRasmussen(Herzog)

The names appear to be German. Could you tell us some more about them, like in which country and town they were born, etc? (1908-1966 sounds quite recent, surely there must be sources...) 惑乱分からん 12:38, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Without country info, no telling if this is the person, but Ancestry.com shows: Polk's Albany City Directory, 1957 City Information , p176. Polk's Albany (Albany County, N.Y.) City Directory 1957 Including Rensselaer. Boston MA: R. L. Polk & Co., 1957: "Herzog, Nicholas and Leahy, 11 N. Pearl rm 906." But Herzog is a fairly common name. Edison 16:07, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

You might try Rootsweb.com as well. ++Lar: t/c 21:40, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

"Herzog" is German for "duke", Richter is German for "judge", so both names are quite common.

--62.143.9.33 16:14, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Identification number

i want to find out my natiive american identification number, im from the pueblo of acoma tribe and i know that there is some sort of government assistants out there. I also cannot find out what the officical term for those numbers. pleases help me i would greatly appericate it thank you!—Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.247.23.67 (talk • contribs)

If you are in the USA, you probably want to read Social Security number. --Shantavira 13:15, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I think it would be the Bureau of Indian Affairs Card Number, Tribal Treaty Card Number, or Tribal Enrollment Number, where the last is the most commonly used identification number. Have you been enrolled, or are you trying to find out how to get enrolled? In the latter case, follow this link. Otherwise, try contacting your tribal representatives. I have found the following contact information:

Jason Johnson, Governor

Pueblo of Acoma

P.O. Box 309, Acoma, NM 87034

Phone No: (505) 552-6604

Fax No: (505) 552-7204

Melissa Gordon, TEWA Social Worker

P.O. Box 309, Acoma, NM 87034

Phone: (505) 552–5151; (505) 552–7522.

These may be out of date but should give you a starting point. --Lambiam ^Talk 16:13, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Libyan Dinars Banknotes

To whom it may concern:

I have old Libyan Dinars Banknotes, around 5 years, and I would like to know if they are still in use.

Thanks—Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.204.114.143 (talk • contribs)

According to Libyan dinar, they should be fine. Just take them along to a bureau de change.--Shantavira 13:05, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Internet VS Travel agents

Can you please find out how many people use internet to book a vacation as opposed to using a travel agent?

thank you =)—Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.151.119.66 (talk • contribs)

No, I am sorry, I don't think the Wikipedia Reference Desk volunteers can answer your question. For a start, we would need to know which country or region you are interested in - the answer is going to very different depending on which part of the world you are looking at. Even then, I think it would be very difficult to find any useful and reliable statistics on this. Gandalf61 14:09, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

What percentage of media has political bias

What percentage of media is shown to be controlled by one political party or another per your WP:RS rules? TruthInMedia 14:29, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I think 100% of media is biased, politically or otherwise. Some is biased toward 'fluffiness', i.e. conscientiouly shying away from political commentary. So to answer your question, the answer will vary with the person you ask, and I don't know, and I don't think anyone does. Vranak

But that wasn't the question, though it was the title. What percentage is controlled by one political party or another? Very few. Now, if you mean biased toward the views of one political party or another, that's a different question entirely. --jpgordon^∇∆∇∆ 16:40, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

It is usually simple to say the 'red top' newspapers (those with a red badge) have traditionally supported Labour governments and the broadsheets have broadly been in favour of Conservative governments. This obviously isn't a rule as The Guardian is a left-leaning newspaper with columnists that show outright disgust for previous Tory parties and The Sun has supported a variety of political parties over the course of many elections. Percentage wise it would be difficult to say. I don't know about 'controlled', but MPs have to declare their income and certain rules exist about what they can and cannot do. I think Hansard (should be a site link in there) will explain in more detail. ny156uk 17:13, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

The response is very British-centric. Otherwise, the question would need thorough research, and would probably be difficult to answer sufficiently. 惑乱分からん 17:58, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

In any case, the original question was in relation to the Wikipedia:Reliable sources guideline — there are almost no publications which are direct organs of political parties; those which are usually have to state that they are official publications. As for questions of leanings, there are probably no exact numbers, and as for whether a given source would violate its use as anything but a primary source per WP:RS, it is probably best decided on a case-by-case basis. --24.147.86.187 23:14, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

All media has some kind of bias becuase it was written by a human, by human nature everything we do , say and think is biased in some way. One of the biggest controlling factors is the person or company at the top of the media organisation in question. E.G. The Sun news paper is now owned by Ruper Murdoch's Newscorp and thus has become a Labour paper when previously it was staunchly right wing. I think you name is rather wishful thinking Truth In Media - dream on.AMX 19:57, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Copyrighted Images

Hi there,

I want to ask you a question. Is it okay if I upload images copied from other websites, such as town logos, as long as I include the copyright tag, stating it is a logo, and provide the website's name?

--Smcafirst or Nick • Sign Here • Chit-Chat • Contribs at 15:56, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I don't believe it is. From Special:Upload: "Most images on the internet are copyrighted under terms intended to prevent them from being freely used on other sites, making it inappropriate and/or illegal to upload them to Wikipedia." BTW, this question would have been better asked at the help desk. --Richardrj ^talk ^email 16:01, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

No, it could be fine. In that case it would be used under the copyright exemption of fair use, which is the only way we could have any sort of logos here (see Wikipedia:Logos). There are specific criteria that must be followed for all fair use images here, though. -- Consumed Crustacean (talk) 21:23, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

MBA Ranking in the UK

Does anyone know where I can find a trustworthy ranking of MBAs in the UK? For instance, there's the US News & World Report which lists all schools in the US. I was wondering if there's something similar for the UK (again, something reliable)? Thanks, V

There are a few well respected University guides in the UK - most notatably published by The Times and The Guardian - though most tend to focus on undergraduate courses. This site links to the relevent information. Rockpocket 20:25, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

On further review, it would appear the Financial Times Global MBA guide might be better, as it compares the actual programmes rather than the University. This seems to rank specialist business schools higher than traditional Universities in the UK. Rockpocket 20:30, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Many thanks, Rockpock!http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Miscellaneous&action=edit&section=91 V

Be aware that these kinds of rankings aren't the be-all and end-all. What is important to you, and what is important to the rankers, may be quite different things. --Robert Merkel 02:17, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

berklee boston

is it a good school? My friend is going and he both plays acoustic and electric. any crime trouble on campus?

--Backgroundmusic 18:08, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

The Berklee College of Music doesn't actually have a campus, per se. But it's located in a well-traveled commercial area of Boston which I think of as pretty average for Boston, being neither especially crime-plagued nor exceptionally quiet and safe.

Atlant 18:41, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I have a similar problem. Apparently Portsmouth, where I want to go to university, is very bad for crime. Is it? (Portsmouth in England)Hidden secret 7 21:30, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

You can usually look up crime statistics online, though I don't know about England. As for Berklee, it is definitely a good school for music, one of the best. --24.147.86.187 23:09, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

As Frank Zappa wrote [8]:

“

You have made it, you are cool

You have been to the Berklee School

”

Skarioffszky 11:24, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Portsmouth is not bad at all as the UK goes, which is to say, better than most countries. Proto::► 13:59, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

nude photographer

what is the name of the nude photographer who tells people in montreal to get naked and lie down on the streets?

Sounds like Spencer Tunick. ~~Though I don't have a direct source linking him to Montreal, he has done similar in countless other cities~~. I lie, the article states he did it in Montreal also. Rockpocket 20:15, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Help needed with corporate grant application

I am in the process of writing a business plan and filling out the applications to receive a government grant for a product in which we have a patent pending status on. We would like to get it manufactured and marketed. My question is: On the grant application I have to tell how much money we need and break it down into categories and tell how much we will need for each categorey. I need to know how to go about finding these estimates. Any information you can give me will be deeply appreciated.

Sincerely, Deborah L. Holloway (E-Mail address removed)

Hi Deborah, congratulations with your company and product. Typically, the source for information for all grants is a business plan (which you're already working on), including a budget. Your budget should cover the production schedule (12-36 months, depending). In order to come up with the numbers you may need to do some leg work, such as getting estimates from vendors, producers and consultants in the different fields. You also need to be clear on what exactly the grant will cover. Is it for all operating and production costs during the startup period? Is it just for elements relating to the development of the new product? Is it a 'matching' grant that covers a portion?

I suggest you contact your local Chamber of Commerce and ask them if they have any entrepreneurial mentorship programmes where you could get guidance from experienced businesspeople. Furthermore, many governmental grantors have officers who are happy to provide guidance to applicants. Have you asked them? They also often have examples of successful applications on their websites.

I have some experience in this area; feel free to post to my talkpage if you wish. Anchoress 21:28, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I have duel degrees in accounting and business finance. If you have any specific questions relating to these topics, please post them on my talkpage; I'd be happy to help. Rangermike 02:50, 10 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Number of food service establishments in the US?

Dear Sir or Madam, my name is Paul Faguet, and I just wondered if you could help me find out how many restaurants, bars, and cafeterias are there approximately in total in the USA. I would appreciate you r help! Thanks!

Perhaps you could check an almanac? Яussiaп F 03:04, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

A search at [9] Google maps for category:restaurant says there are about 6,362,116 for category: Restaurants near the United States . (I excluded motels, which Google wanted to include with restaurants when I searched for "restaurants in United States.") It also says there are 14,337 Cocktail Bars & Lounges and 600 Restaurant cafeterias. The U.S. Department of Commerce might have additional information. I would have expected more cafeterias, given the number found in schools and office buildings. Ones lacking Yellow Page listings may have been omitted. Edison 05:24, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Courtroom: Attack Dogs

I am in Mock Trial and I need some help.

In the case, Chris Matthews (the defendant) bought an attack dog after a fight with Danny Jones (victim) at a pool party, which supposedly involved Danny's ex-wife chatting with Chris. You see, Danny and Chris were high-school rivals, the typical geek vs. jock set-up. So, years later, at this pool party, Danny and Chris got into a battle in which Danny attacked Chris and Chris got a No Contact order that said Danny was not to go with-in 300 ft. of his house and not with-in 100 ft. of Chris himself.

Now, Chris, on the other hand, did something wise/stupid, depending on your point of view. He bought a big rottwieller attack dog to protect himself, and he bought it from a lady named Jo Foltz, who owns a kennel. The kennel was suspected of selling dogs to a dog fighting ring, but charges were not pressed. This particular dog was particularly aggressive, but by the time Chris bought it, it was supposed to be a good dog. It may or may not have been trained to be more aggressive with drug-users.

Anyway, Danny eventually tresspassed on Chris's property, while hyped up on steriods (Performance Enhancing Drugs) and Chris and Danny got into a fight in Chris's garden. Danny was NOT intending to see Matthews. Danny may or may not have been about to attack Chris, and Chris may or may not have given the order to his dog, which was sitting nearby, to attack Danny. Danny and Chris had not actually touched each other, though. Either way, the dog sprang up, jumped on Danny, and started ripping apart his throat. At that point, Matthews says that he first tried to stop the dog with the command "Foos", and then, when the dog refused to stop and bit at Chris, Chris claims he went inside and called 9-1-1. He didn't actually do that, as Police records show.

Two witnesses say that they heard Matthews say something like "Blitz" when the dog attacked Danny, even though one witness could hear too well. The command to attack is "Blitz".

So... What do you think? I am trying to prosecute Matthews for having his dog attack Danny. What would be my best way to go? If you need more info, just ask.

Also, I almost forgot... This has absolutely nothing to do with actual law. All Mock Trial requires is acting and manipulating the jury to go your way. So please,... help me!!!

If it were me, and I certainly not a lawayer I cannot see how you could prove Matthews had his dog attack. The witnesses are not sure. I'd go at failing to call 911. Why didn't he do that? Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn 02:31, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

What jurisdiction is this in? Do you have to convince a judge or a jury? --Lambiam ^Talk 05:07, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I would try to look at the difference in the dog's behavior when Danny was present and when other visitors are present, for example the postman. Show that the dog acted aggressively to Danny and not the postman, and then attribute the difference to Matthews' commands. -anonymous6494 06:57, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks for all the help so far! In response to Lambiam's question, I am appealing to a jury made up of my peers, who also have the case and the fact patterns, and many of them are... shall we say, not easily impressed. Some are just plain stubborn. The themes suggested here so far, though, are very helpful, so thank you!

French Land Registry for Paris

I'm trying to find the ownership and other property details of a particular property in France, in the district of Chatou 78400, a suburb just outside Paris.

The information seems to be held at the French equivalent of the Land Registry, which I believe is called a Cadastre (or Cadastral) in France, but I can't find the actual office dealing with Paris, or for that area, or the official French website for them.

I'm assuming that once I find that, I can apply for information on the property concerned, either online or by surface mail. But first I have to know who to ask - ideally a French official website, or failing which, some kind of contact details.

Can anyone help? FT2 ^{(Talk | email)} 22:25, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Although I do not have any expertise in this area, I've taken a stab at it; hopefully someone will correct me if I am wrong. I looked up the French article on cadastre, which seems to be more like a geological survey, perhaps combined with a property registry used by the government for tax purposes. I am not sure that its records are open to the public. However, it seems that some of the functions of a registry of deeds in English-speaking countries are handled by the offices of Conservation des Hypothèques. Chatou is in the department of Yvelines, and there are five offices of Conservation des Hypothèques in Yvelines. I'm not sure which has responsibility for Chatou, but the closest are the ones in Versailles. Here are their websites:

Contact the mairie (Town Hall) for the commune within which the property is situated. They are the key to all property info.petitmichel86.211.239.138 16:43, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Here is another page on these offices from the Yvelines departmental government.

Marco polo 04:05, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

"I can see you from a mile away"

"I can see you from a mile away" is a line featured prominently in several North American rap/Hip-Hop songs that I've heard. I was wondering of the origin of this line and what song was the first song to use this in their lyrics. I know "Draped Up" by Bun B has this line in it. The Ayatollah 23:44, 5 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I don't think this line originated in Hip Hop music... 惑乱分からん 01:16, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Yes, it's an old expression. StuRat 05:06, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

...meaning "You've put on some weight"?--Shantavira 10:01, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Well, that some feature is prominently visible, like if they were wearing a yellow jumpsuit. StuRat 14:57, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Or perhaps that the persons's true intentions are blatently visible despite attempts to hide them. --Maxamegalon2000 06:10, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Or that their intention to wear a yellow jumpsuit (with baby blue stripes!) is obvious, despite attempts to hide it. V-Man737 20:46, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

January 6

welfare in Canada

Hi. When I graduate, I plan to move to Canada and go on welfare. Is anyone here familiar with Canadian welfare and can tell me what are the procedures and requirements for being on welfare in Canada? Thanks! --131.215.159.11 03:19, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

ooooh ur in for a rough ride buddy. better make plans B through Z. dont listen to the stereotypical crap from americans. if your able to work, u wont be on welfare for long. if your not able to work, you can barely, barely live off it.

I'm sure the Canadians will greet you with open arms, or possibly with arms drawn. StuRat 05:09, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

As with welfare everywhere, it's not like it used to be. You can't make a career of it. --Zeizmic 14:43, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Except in the Netherlands, apparently. One of our contributors, User:DirkvdM, has made a career out of it. StuRat 14:55, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Yeah, whenever he hasn't shown up for a while, I'm always afraid he's mixed his last drug cocktail... :) --Zeizmic 21:57, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Welfare is a provincial responsibility, so it varies across the country, and can change frequently depending on which party is in power. You should be able to find welfare regulations on provincial government websites. Most money spent on welfare goes into salaries of people whose job is to find ways to kick people off welfare, so expect to spend the equivilent hours of a full-time job fighting welfare workers, going through training programs, and the like. The money is generally terrible, usually not enough to live on, so many people wind up selling drugs or prostituting themselves to be able to afford rent and food. Hopefully you're graduating from law school. Sadly, "Soviet Canuckistan" is an outdated term. Bobanny 04:03, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

According to the article on chavs, it is also (barely) possible to make a career out of welfare in parts of the UK. V-Man737 04:03, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

What was the point of going to the effort of graduating, to then go on welfare? JackofOz 23:27, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

So you can make the best possible contributions to Wikipedia without the annoyance of interrupting your editing duties for work, of course ! StuRat 04:32, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

New Revolving Restaurant

I got information that a new building under construction in centreville VA is going to have a revolving restaurant, which is important because there is only one other revolving restaurant in VA, and its in arlington. I wanted to know if there is a company in the area that creates revolving restaurants, or the name of the restaurant.--Technofreak90 04:39, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

The restaurant in Arlington is the Skydome Lounge (300 Army Navy Dr, Double Tree Pentagon City, Arlington, VA 22202). Unfortunately I haven't found any information about one under construction in Centreville. --Zeborah 05:41, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Who is this painter?

Hello,

Who is the artist who depicted the image of Cupid found at this website?

http://www.narisa.com/usr/cupid/

Thanks,

Bridgette Williams Okinawa, Japan

Not sure, but I'd guess he was a Shirley Temple fan. StuRat 14:53, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

For all your nauseatingly cute artwork needs Bessie Pease Gutmann is your woman http://www.bessiepease.com/catalog/Ca/ meltBanana 16:49, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks meltBanana! And StuRat, I'm fairly certain this painting predates Shirley Temple's fame.

Do you have a date on "Caught Napping" ? The artist Bessie Pease Gutmann lived 1876-1960, so it's quite possible it was made after Shirley Temple's fame began in the early to mid 1930s. StuRat 04:16, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

anarchy wikipedia

Isn't there an anarchy wikipedia somewhere? Where everyone has sysop powers? Where is it? Paul Silverman 12:54, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

It might have existed, but not for very long... See Anarchy --Zeizmic 13:27, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

yeah clever answer but no I remember it was around. I cannot remember what it was called. Paul Silverman 14:53, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

You may be thinking of the Unencyclopedia, but this is not nearly as anarchic as it looks. Zeimic is correct in saying truly anarchic wikis don't last very long; genuine users soon get fed up with all the trolls, who all end up bitching at each other.--Shantavira

No not uncyclopedia. The admins on there are even worse than the ones on here with regard to blocking you without apparent reason. That's not very anarchic, that's authoratative. Paul Silverman 15:22, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Agree. Failing anyone else coming up with an answer, try list of wikis or this index.--Shantavira 16:05, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I've seen a Swedish language Wiki experiment without any real administation of the input. I wasn't too impressed, though, since most of the material tended to be just a mess of pubertal bullshit... 惑乱分からん 17:24, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Maybe the questioner is asking for Anarchopedia. --Taraborn 21:10, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

PRICES IN 1937

CAN I GET A LIST OF THE MAJOR PRICES/COSTS IN 1937 -

FOR EXAMPLES - THE COST OF THE AVERAGE HOME
THE COST OF A GALLON OF GAS
THE COST OF A LOAF OF BREAD
THE COST OF A GALLON OF MILK

64.61.41.82 13:02, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Do you mean the costs in the US? | AndonicO ^{Talk | Sign Here} 13:34, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

(http://www.measuringworth.com/calculators/compare/) provides a calculator to compare the relative value of a US Dollar from 1790 up to 2005 (it allows for different costs). This site (http://data.bls.gov/cgi-bin/surveymost) will show you the consumer-price-index for a basket of goods from various years in history (seems to only go back to 1980 though). Your best bet is to search around google for historic Consumer-prince-index costs. ny156uk 13:56, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I'm assuming, from your IP address, that you're in the United States. Here's gasoline: [10]. $0.20 per gallon in 1937 dollars, equivalent to $2.71 in 2005 dollars. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 16:30, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

This page ([11]) gives Depression-era prices for bread ($0.09 – nine cents – per loaf) and milk ($0.14 per quart, which is $0.56 per gallon), but doesn't specify its source. There are a number of books listed at the end of the article, however. TenOfAllTrades(talk) 16:35, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

light pollution project

I'm doing a science fair project on light pollution. I don't have time too much time to leave my house, so I will be doing it at home. How should I do a project based on the information on the internet? I feel as though the 'earth at night' maps are too unusable and somewhat unreliable. Can anyone help? Thanks.

Light pollution looks like a decent article and it has quite a lot of external links. Skarioffszky 17:40, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Great, but what should I do?

Dunno, I never did a science fair project. Maybe reading it will give you inspiration? Skarioffszky 18:07, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Maybe look at a comparison between streetlights of the old design and the newer full-cutoff lights; that should be nice and visual. Check out the International Dark-Sky Association's website for a starting point. Tony Fox (arf!) 23:48, 6 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I don't see you getting very good marks for a science fair project which you don't plan to spend much time on, especially if you aren't willing to leave your house. Repeating info from websites might be a good part of a project, but some original research is needed if you expect to get a good grade. I suggest you get a light meter and go around town and measure the light level at various places at night, then make a color-coded chart using this info. You can also snap some pics of obvious sources of light pollution in your area, like parking lots. StuRat 03:22, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

<pun>Find a device that monitors Light Current and publish your results.</pun> V-Man737 04:30, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Cat- Back Exhaust

Is it possible to put a cat- back exhaust pipe in any car?

If the vehicle in question is already equipped with a Catalytic converter you can. Simply find the right cat-back for your application. If you plan on installing an aftermarket cat-back, make sure you check your local laws. Where I live police officers will pull you over and ticket you for having a overly noisy exhaust system.Zoobeerhall 06:27, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

January 7

Australian Gov. Image Copyright

I recently discovered a prominent Australian botanist does not have an article about him doing a quick internet search I located an image I would like to use. The [image]is here, it noted this condition regarding the image Use of images for non-commercial web sites is allowed on condition that credit is given to the Australian National Botanic Gardens and these words are hotlinked to our home page. The copyright and public access page is [Here]. I would like to know if these conditions would allow publication in a Wiki article as I am a little uncertain even after reading the wiki guidelines on Image uploads, or will I need to email the copyright holders? Many thanks --Matt 00:14, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Wikipedia does not accept images with non-commercial licenses. But since the fellow is long since dead the picture could possibly be used under Wikipedia's fair use policy. --24.147.86.187 01:44, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Mombosa Chile

I purchased ground Mombosa chile and I can't find any specific information or recipes that contain it. The label only lists it as being a hot African pepper. What exactly is Mombosa chile and are there any good recipes?

Hot chilies are pretty much interchangeable except for the quantity used. If you don't know how hot the Mombasa chili is, assume it's extremely hot and add a tiny amount, finely chopped, to something you want to spice up, like salsa or chili (Warning: wear rubber gloves and eye protection when you chop them up, then wash the gloves before taking them off). If it's not hot enough, add more, until you get it right. Keep a glass of milk handy in case it gets hotter than you want. StuRat 03:05, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

According to [12] (in the section titled "Doctor, how many varieties of capsicum exist in the world?"), Mombasa chili is "too hot to be eaten, it would blister the mouth!" Clarityfiend 03:46, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

OK, we know it's pretty hot then. I think several chilies would blister your mouth if eaten whole, however. I repeat my warnings about rubber gloves and safety glasses. Also, I didn't actually say it before, but definitely do not taste the pepper straight, even in tiny quantities. You might also want to avoid any preparations which use the raw chilies, instead going for food where the chilies will be cooked, such as chili. This will help to distribute the capsaicin more evenly. StuRat 05:00, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I just saw that it's already ground, but eye protection and gloves might still be a good idea when handling it. StuRat 05:05, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I appreciate the information given but I understand the properties of capsaicin and have worked with a large number of chilies in the past. I was wondering if anyone knows the origin, size, color, cultivation, if their dried from another chile etc. (like in the case of ancho vs poblano) and if there are any recipes in which this pepper is traditionally used. Can anyone help me with this information?

Mold around windows

How can mold around the inside of windows in a home be cleaned and prevented in the future? I understand it has something to do with not having enough airflow from the outside but that's all I think I know... Dismas|^(talk) 01:16, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Try cleaning it with a weak bleach solution on a sponge. StuRat 02:51, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

As for the causes, there are many factors:

Poor insulation, which allows condensation to form on cold windows. A plastic window liner might be the best you can do to improve the insulation during the winter. In warm weather, you might want to consider getting better insulated windows. Specifically, vinyl windows are better insulated at the edges (assuming they fit properly) than aluminum windows, and won't mold like wood windows will.

Higher humidity inside than can be maintained with cold windows. If you have a humidifier, turn it down. Other sources of humidity are cooking (cover your pots) and showers (take baths and/or close the door and turn on the fan or open the bathroom window) and leaky steam radiators.

The temperature differential between inside and outside is also key. If you keep it cooler inside, this will be less of a problem.

Painted window sills are also far more subject to this than marble sills, since they absorb the moisture. StuRat 02:51, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Weak solution? Others have told me straight bleach. Why do you suggest a weak solution? Dismas|^(talk) 06:16, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Straight bleach will kill the mold. It may also wreck the paint, damage the underlying plaster or wood, stain any carpet or other surfaces it accidentally comes in contact with, and possibly kill you as well. --Carnildo 23:51, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I agree with the above, although it isn't likely to kill you, assuming by "straight bleach" you mean the 3% sodium hypochlorite solution sold in most stores. It can cause lung damage and could blind you if splashed in your eyes, though. See bleach#Hazards. If you do use straight bleach, use a tiny amount on a cotton swab, wear gloves to avoid getting bleach on your skin, and leave the room after treatment to limit exposure to the fumes. StuRat 04:00, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

No. If the insulation is grout - use white vinegar undiluted. If the contamination is heavy - use the vinegar repeatedly until the problem is cleared. If the insulation is silicone, use white spirit - no arguments - this works.

Well, this isn't an argument but I'm not referring to insulation or grout. The mold is on the wooden window frames.

As for the warnings, thanks for the concern, I know how to handle bleach properly. And yes, by straight bleach I did mean the common household stuff that you can buy in any supermarket for laundry. Dismas|^(talk) 04:06, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Straight bleach may also lighten the base color of the wood, so I'd only go with that if the dilute solution isn't getting the job done. StuRat 19:56, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Science project with minimal involvement?

How can I do a science project with minimal involvement (as in 'do little') on my part? I don't have much time on my hands but I want to do a good experiment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Member (talk • contribs)

You need to give us some idea of your age. I will assume you are 10. Growing bacteria is pretty easy, you can mix up a batch of gelatin, swab the inside of your mouth to get some bacteria, then rub the swab in the gelatin. Then divide it between jars you put in the fridge (properly marked) and leave out. Then observe the diff in the growth rates in the jars. StuRat 02:40, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Good God. Don't do that! Trying to go bacteria from the human body is potentially dangerous as you have no idea what it is you are growing. This sort of experiment is banned in UK schools because of this issue. Also I'm not sure this would even work as StuRat describes as the bacteria would have nothing to eat (unless they eat the actual gelatin) Most bacteria are grown on agar gel that has had some sort of nutrient added to it. A safer microbiology experiment to do is to use yohurt bacteria (these are known to be safe) or allow bread to mould. Tie some fresh bread in some polythene bags and place some in the fridge and others in a warm place for about a week. Then examine inside the bags - no need to remove the bread as the mould will smell bad. Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn 17:14, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

They do go a bit overboard on the safety precautions, don't they ? Just keep the container closed and there is no way it's going to kill you. (Even if you opened the container and ate it all, you probably would still be OK, but don't do that, just in case). I did forget to mention that you should mix the gelatin with apple juice to provide the food source. The advantage of starting with a liquid is that you can mix it to get an identical bacteria count in each sample at the start of the experiment, something difficult to do when starting from bread. StuRat 19:49, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

They do but I suppose the thinking is why take a risk if you don't have to? Hence the yoghurt rather than a mouth swab. Many secondary schools simply buy in suitable bacteria. Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn 22:09, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

10...no, 13. --hello, i'm a member | talk to me! 03:04, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Have you tried looking up "science projects" or "science experiments" on Google? BenC7 03:13, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

You can do "Does moisture affect the rate of growth of mold on cheese" or something. Jamesino 03:46, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

When I was in middle school, anyone who did a science project involving potential biological hazards like bacteria or mold had to fill out a buttload of safety paperwork. Apparently someone got meningitis from moldy bread and they had to crack down on that sort of thing. I suggest avoiding anything to do with living organisms, especially human subjects. How about a nice safe physics experiment, like measuring the average number of pieces into which a piece of uncooked spaghetti breaks: [13] —Keenan Pepper 04:36, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Measuring rainfall?Just an open-topped vessel which you measure every day and chart,about 5 mins work.(hotclaws**== 16:58, 7 January 2007 (UTC))[reply]

I grew my own bacteria at school, when I accidentally sneezed on a sample. And nothing came out and et anyone.Hidden secret 7 19:21, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Homesteading help, please?

I am a senior in high school right now but once I graduate from University I plan to pursue my dream of making a homestead in a few miles from the southern shore of Lake Superior. I read how to build a $4,000 cabin on this site, and I already know how to hunt, fish, sew, cook, chop wood, and do basic gardening/lawn care, but there is a LOT that I don't know, so I hope you can help.

First of all, how much land would I need to purchase? It will be just me and maybe my significant other living there, but I might need to use more land if, years down the road, I have children or need to take care of my parents in their old age. Plus, I would be a recent college graduate, so even though I am fiscally responsible and my parents are paying for my tuition, I won't really have a lot of spending money.

Are you talking about building in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan ? My brother lived there (although he was near the Lake Michigan shore). Two problems there are a lack of infrastructure (expect to dig wells, use septic tanks, and either pay thousands to bring in electricity or use windmills, etc.) and a lack of jobs. For communication you may need a satellite cell phone, unless you are near a major freeway or city with cell phone support. StuRat 03:30, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

That brings up the issue of further finances; how much would the rest of the homestead cost? I realise that I don't have to build it all at once, but I'd like to live there year-round as soon after I graduate as possible, so I'd need a cabin, shed, garden, and outhouse. The cabin plans listed on this site say about $4,000, but the materials could cost more, and I'd need to pay for the land, the people that help me build the thing, seeds, and some basic home furnishings.

Also beware that everything will cost more there, as it needs to be shipped in "from civilized areas". StuRat 03:32, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Speaking of furnishings, what is the best way to heat my cabin? I'm planning it to be about 20x20x15'... about 6000 cubic feet in one room. From what I've seen, solar panels seem way out of my range, and although a wood stove looks like a great idea, I'm worried about the amount of pollution that it could cause. Plus, I have no idea how much wood I'd need.

A wood stove is definitely the way to go. The pollution might be a problem on a global scale, but not locally, since the area is so lightly populated. One problem, though, expect to get up every hour at night to toss another log onto the fire. Cutting up fallen logs will also be how you will spend much of your day. Are you getting the idea that this will be hard work yet ? StuRat 03:40, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Burning wood isn't really a pollution problem on a global scale either, since I assume you're not expecting to clear this area of wood? I'd imagine you're planning on keeping a large patch of woodland that will continue to provide you with wood. The new wood that grows should at least equal the wood you burn, if you're not planning on running out! So it's carbon neutral. Skittle 19:15, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

The pollution concern with burning wood is the high amount of particulate matter in the smoke, relative to something like natural gas. StuRat 03:41, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Yes, I still have more questions! As I mentioned before, there would initially be one or maybe two people living in the cabin, and I intend to use the vegetable/fruit/herb garden on the homestead as the primary source of food. How large would the garden need to be to feed the homesteaders year-round, assuming that aside from some fruit trees (how many should I plant?) and the occasional fish or small game animal from Lake Superior/ the local forests are the only other food sources? I need to figure that out before it's the middle of winter and I realise that I don't have enough food.

Living completely off the land is unrealistic for most people. Are you an experienced hunter/fisherman ? Do you know how to clean small game ? How will you store the meat until you are ready to eat it ? A diet of fruits and vegetables would be inadequate, you would also need bread and cereals. Also, are you going to preserve the fruits and veggies for the winter ? Realistically, you should expect to get most of your food, at inflated prices, from the nearest store. StuRat 03:53, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I concur. As romantic as the idea seems, living off the land is completely untenable, and probably not at all desirable for even the most severe misanthrope. Vranak

Speaking of food, would it be a good idea to build a greenhouse at some point (not necessarily immediately) so that I can grow food in the relatively long off-season, or would the blustery cold of the long U.P. winters offset all possible gains from that? Also, would it be wise to build a cellar in which to store food I've canned, wood, and tools, or not? I wonder if a cellar would negate the physical integrity of the cabin, and if the cellar would get too soggy or make the house less heat-efficient. I promise, I'm almost done. I just would like to know how often I need to dig a new outhouse hole, how far that needs to be from the well, if I can dig the well myself or that needs to be a commercial job, and how I can get water from the well in wintertime. Also, how far do the well and outhouse need to be from the garden, and how far does all that need to be from the cabin?

The greenhouse isn't likely to work, as your lot is likely to be heavily wooded. Evergreens will block the few hours of sunlight you get in winter, and falling limbs are likely to damage the greenhouse, too. Also, the heavy lake-effect snowfall would likely collapse the roof. If the water level is high (if you're near the shore), then a cellar is out, but a well will be relatively easy. If the water level is low, say if you're up a hill from the lake, then a cellar would work but the well will need to be quite deep. I think the cellar is a good idea for keeping things cool in summer and warm in winter (you may find yourself sleeping down there). I would put the well adjacent to the cabin with underground pipes into the cabin, below the frost line. The well should use an electrical pump, controlled from the cabin. You could run the pump periodically to fill a tank inside the cabin. Hot water for baths could be a problem, you may have to settle for heating some water on the wood stove and pouring it into the tub. This works best if one person bathes while the other heats. Place the outhouse quite far from the cabin so the smell isn't a problem in summer and the water isn't polluted. Be prepared for long walks in blizzard conditions to and from the outhouse. Hanging a rope between it and the house is a good idea so you don't get lost and die in whiteout conditions. Actually, you'd best make it a series of ropes at various heights, such that the top rope is above the maximum snow depth. StuRat 04:16, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Finally, how far ahead of time do I need to start working on the homestead so that it's ready to move into when I graduate from university? I will be attending class full-time and working part-time, so I shall have to work on the homestead in my spare time, and that is going to be a LOT of work. Though I will have the summers off from school, I'll be working full-time then. So when do I need to start working on it... the summer between my sophomore and junior years? And what do I need to do to protect the area when I'm not there/through the winter?

I'm afraid you might be biting off a bit too much here. I suggest you do this in steps. First, buy a trailer in a mobile home park near a "big" city, like Houghton, Michigan, so you will have utilities. From there, you can scout out locations, buy a property, and work on improvements. I would expect to spend several years to get it into a habitable condition. As for money, you should expect to spend tens of thousands of dollars, can you manage this ? If not, you should probably work and save up money first. StuRat 04:23, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Thank you so much for putting up with all of my questions! I hope that you can answer some, maybe even all of them. Thank you so much again. 65.42.241.93 02:16, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I would suggest purchasing a book on self-sufficiency; it should be able to answer most of your questions. BenC7 03:11, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

You might also try contacting people who have already started a homestead. I'm not really that familiar with the community myself but the first name that pops to mind would be Eustace Conway. In addition to other things, he runs a camp dedicated to skills that would be used in homesteading. Dismas|^(talk) 05:36, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Hopefully you have already learned to snowshoe. That area can receive 200-300 inches of snow each winter and may have snow on the ground from November to April continuously. Rmhermen 21:40, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Look at every issue of Mother Earth News, available free online at [14] which strongly advocated the lifestyle you are considering, especially in the early years of publication. Read "Five Acres and Independence" by M.G. Kains, revised 2003, and "The Good Life" by Helen and Scott Nearing. Try living in the area but not in a full-blown, build a cabin and live off the land mode. It works to live in a country place and work to buy the things you can't raise. Many rural areas have had a population decrease, so there are cabins and small homes for rent cheap, and you can try a year to see how things work for you, such as the relative isolation. You need to have good neighbors, because people benefit from the help of others. For heat, there are wood burning furnaces which go outside the dwelling, and there are wood heaters such as the Ashley, which have a thermostat and a damper, allowing a more even heat for a long time. Fireplaces are pretty, but impractical heat sources. Follow every rule about fire safety, since many people heating with wood burn their house down. Fireproof material under a stove, and between the stove and the wall, insulated chimney and thimble, avoid huge roaring blazes and red hot stoves. A couple of generations ago in many parts of the U.S. people had no electricity, got their water from a well they dug or drilled, heated with wood, grew most of their food, and counted themselves as fortunate that they owned their home and farm. But many people who thought they would live off the land in a 1970's free spirited, non-materialistic lifestyle gave up when the cow died and the crop failed and they got lonesome or someone got sick and they realized how far they lived from (then) 20th century medical assistance. As for protecting the structure when you are away for months, my relatives in the country say that breaking into homes is very popular. Expect seomone to break in and steal or vandalize or make it into a crack factory. There is no structure you can build so solid that someone can't break in. Someone said if you build it out of 3 inch welded armor plate, as you are finishing the last weld on the east side someone will be cutting a hole in the west side with a plasma cutter. The only way around that would perhaps be to have your friend or relative living next door, arguing again for renting a vacant cabin next to someone's rural home. Many people are desirous of a good neighbor. Good luck. Edison 13:45, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Another way to deal with that risk is to have a portable home and take it with you, like an RV. The property, of course, would then need to have all the proper hook-ups. Of course, this particular question was about living in the home permanently, so it would be less of a risk. StuRat 19:41, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

About the green and red numbers in "My Watchlist"

Recently I have observed in My Watchlist that in each article watched there are green positive and red negative numbers in between brackets between the article's last edit time and the last user to edit it. What are the meaning of those numbers. I have never seen them before a few days ago...? --Francisco Valverde 02:18, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

See Help:Watching_pages#What_do_the_colored_numbers_mean? for more information on this. (Also note, for future reference, that the help desk is the appropriate place to ask questions related to Wikipedia.) Thanks! Flcelloguy (A note?) 02:19, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Eyes and glasses

Why do my eyes only itch when I have my glasses on? (Serious Q)--Light current 02:54, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Maybe your eyelashes are rubbing against the glass every time you blink.Jamesino 03:45, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Do your eyelids itch, or the actual eye? Whenever I have itchy eyes related to my glasses, it's from loose eyelashes that are prevented from falling off completely because of the lens - they stick to my eyes! AAAGH! I feel your pain. V-Man737 04:17, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

No not the eyes themselves, but the skin around the eyes and eyelids. I have to take my glasses off the rub them--Light current 04:22, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Maybe it has to do with the lack of air circulation? Humidity builds up in the space between your face and the glasses? —Keenan Pepper 04:26, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I don't suppose you're allergic to light? Too ironic. V-Man737 04:31, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Try reading something. As you read your eyes move around, and this could help clean them.Hidden secret 7 10:36, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I had major problems with itchy eyes and such, back when I wore glasses and contacts. Eventually I just swore off glasses (and contacts) altogether. Within a couple days my vision had already markedly improved. A year and half later, I don't even have to squint anymore. Still a long way from 20/20 vision, though. Vranak

Revenue from Google AdSense

As I cannot find the information on Google's official site, does anyone know how much monthly revenue I can generate from putting Google Ads onto my webpage? Thanks. Jamesino 03:43, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

This depends on how many time visitors to your site click on the sponsored ads. It will be dependent on both site traffic and the disposition of your visitors towards ads. As for a per-click fee, that is a closely guarded secret.—WAvegetarian•(talk) 04:57, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

It not a secret. It just varies by ad. Superm401 - Talk 01:38, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

PunkBuster question

The EULA for PunkBuster says that it may scan your computer and upload anything at all that it finds (including screenshots of computer use) to its servers. If I have files on my computer that are illegal to posess under United States law, do I have anything to worry about? Does punkbuster detect anything besides cheats? (UTC)

These days, the best bet is simply to not own files that are illegal. Although companies that make software like PunkBuster may not care, there is the possibility that the government may have bugged your computer already. But to answer your question more directly, since its main purpose is to prevent cheating in online games, I'd say PunkBuster is matter-specific enough to not worry about it. At most, perhaps they have a department that deals with finding illegal files with this method, involving Federal reports, etc. V-Man737 05:09, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

At the risk of providing legal advice, I would first find what exactly the company promises about the data it collects in the EULA. Do they promise not to give it to a third parties? Do they say who has access to this data? How long do they keep it? Any answers you want are in the EULA. I'm pretty sure that anything they have can be subpoenaed with good enough reason. If you're talking about child porn, I would suggest not installing the software if you don't want to spend the rest of your life in jail. If you're talking about downloaded music/movies/etc., I wouldn't really worry. -Michael 05:13, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

More like QTFairUse, mdcrack, DeCSS sources, etc --⁪froth^{T C} 21:36, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I'm pretty sure PB won't fetch random things from your HD, only game related things perhaps, like saved screenshots or configuration files. I think people would be up in storm if PB took a bunch of random files off your hard drive and sent them to its servers, such a thing could compromise a business, and would be possibly classified malicious spyware. If you're still concerned, use a virtual disk (I use TrueCrypt, but that's only because that's what I first heard of, I'm sure there's others out there that save "disks" as files and you can mount them). It'd be extremely unlikely PB would read off disks rather than your main HD, and it would not be able to do so at all for passworded or encrypted volumes. --W ooty Woot? contribs 06:16, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

House of the Rising Sun

In which album is "House of the Rising Sun" (by The Rolling Stones) listed in? I can't find it! CL

I'm fairly certain that the song you are looking for is not by the Rolling Stones, but by The Animals.

The House of the Rising Sun article lists The Rolling Stones as having done a cover of the song. Anchoress 08:16, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I think it might be wrong. All Music Guide shows no listing for the Rolling Stones among the 483 releases of the song. --jpgordon^∇∆∇∆ 16:27, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

The article doesn't really state whether it is has been recorded or not — they might have done it in concert. Of course, if it is verifiable it shouldn't be in an article... --24.147.86.187 18:06, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

No mention of The Beatles here; a view with which I am happy to concur. Eric Burdon of The Animals was by no means the first, but was by far the best in living memory - pity all the credit went to Alan Price (who nonetheless did a magnificent job on his organ). —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.145.240.100 (talk • contribs) 18:53, January 7, 2007 (UTC)

Well, thanks to all of you who responded! CL

Historic Flags of Yukon (Canadian territory)

Note: my question might only be able to be answered by someone with an extensive knowledge of Canadian flags and vexillology. While looking for information to work on the article Flag of Yukon, I was looking for any information on past historical flags of the Yukon, knowing that the current flag has been around since 1967/1968. I found this website: [15] which has listed two past historical flags of the Yukon, which can be viewed at

[16] (according to the site for 1934-1956) and
[17] (according to the site for 1956-1967)

No other information is provided, and so far it is the only site I've found with these flags or any info on past flags of the Yukon for that matter. If anyone knows if these flags are in fact correct, or any information on them or or if they were ever even used, that would be greatly appreciated. Thank you for any help I receive.--Bobo is soft 06:36, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I haven't found any other sites, either, but have no reason to doubt that source. I do wonder what the flag of Yukon was prior to 1934, however. Also, do you intend to update our Flag of Yukon article with those flags ? Yukon do it if you want, otherwise I will. :-) StuRat 03:29, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Volumetric Display Penguin

Does anyone know how to make a volumetric display (as in, a 3d hologram) of a penguin? They're so adorable. .V. 07:43, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Do you actually mean a hologram ? That is basically a 3D photographic process, so you would need a penguin or reasonable facsimile as your subject, and would need a holography studio to capture the image. Perhaps you really mean a computer representation, like VRML ? StuRat 02:20, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

It would be the first case. Do you have any more info on holography studios? .V. 07:27, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Our article has many links, especially at the bottom. You can find the info you need there. StuRat 19:26, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Tiger barbs

I just app two weeks ago, purchased two Tiger Barbs---already had three cherry barbs and one Beta (we have had awhile). The Cherry barbs and beta have gotten along great and also the tiger barbs. But past couple days---smaller tiger barb won't leave bigger one alone. Read where they are nippers toward other fish, but did not say if nipped their own. It looked like he kept nipping same place, behind bottom fin. I know they chase each other to play and read it is better if have five or more---will get three more if that the case (have 20 gal tank. Did not know if maybe mating ritual---but looks like it is all red where the one has been nipping---don't know if blood or what. Got the aggresive nipping one seperated from all other fish. The larger one, think he may die, swimming more with face pointed down---but seems to be a little better since seperated the other one. Looked everywhere for anwsers---the kids at pet store don't know nothing---said they would all be fine together. I know Beta a fighting fish, but he's done just fine---when anyone of others bothers him, he just runs them off and goes bout his business. Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks,Leggylulu 14:32, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Tiger barbs are rather violent little buggers, aren't they? The nipping shouldn't be a problem - they tend to spend most of their time chasing each other around, so if you have half a dozen or so they'll keep each other busy. They make lovely fast-moving groups, swirling around in intricate dances trying to get at each other to establish the pecking order...

As to "swimming face pointed down", this should be okay - our friend Barbus tetrazona is a natural bottom-feeder, and will often feed like this, at about a thirty degree angle, against the bed of the tank. They're quite stable like that, if memory serves. Shimgray | talk | 14:47, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

My account

Dear Wikipedia,It seem as tough I am unable to log in. Can you help?

My email is:dan 2 man 2 at yaho0 d0t c0m 
                               Thank you and
                                            Happy New Year!

Well, I'm able to. What exactly do you try and what do you obtain (void, silly message or computer explosion ?) -- DLL ^{.. T} 18:20, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Is your user page still there? If not, just make a new one. If it is, probably you have just misremembered your password or are typing your username incorrectly (you need to be careful with case-sensitivity). Have you tried the "Email new password" button on the login screen? BenC7 02:26, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Mood Ring Entry

Jan 7, 2007

To; Anyone who can advise me on latest change made to the "Mood Ring" Web-page on Wikipedia,

Someone has recently added a new color to the listed "Mood Ring Color Chart" on the E-article about "Mood Rings". The new color added is "Orange- Guilty Feelings. . .etc". Would appreciate a response from whomever added that color and where they got their information from. I don't necessarily disagree with the mood that is applied to the color orange. I do disagree with where they placed the color orange on the mood chart. "Orange" should be placed inbetween "Gray" & "Amber". Anyone else can respond to my question here as well.

Thank you & respond to me here.

Signed, Dawn

Click on the history tab of the page. Please do not leave ur email address here. -- DLL ^{.. T} 18:18, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Jan 7, 2007

To; Harvestman,

Thank you for timely response. I corrected my earlier entry here regarding email. I checked on the history of edits made to the "Mood Ring" page and did not find anything that explained the recent addition of the color "Orange" to the "Mood Ring Color Chart" (where they got their sources from). I also found many additions (and then deletions) of other colors to the "Mood Ring Chart". Some reasonably accurate and others completely incorrect. You appear to be more experienced at working with the Wikipedia Encyclopedia than I am. What is your opinion of the recent entry of "Orange" to the "Mood Color Chart"? I think that the mood attached to the color is reasonably accurate, but if it is correct- I believe that "Orange" should be placed inbetween "Gray" & "Amber".

Would appreciate any advice you have to give. Advice from anyone else is Ok too.

Thank you again,

Dawn

I couldn't find any sauce online about orange in a mood ring, so I took it out and added a source from this website backing up what is left. A Google search will yield thousands of identical indications. V-Man737 21:16, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Retailer deception

Is the way that Wal-Mart and others have made so much money "selling" music online at a lower cost than a CD is through the deception of claiming that the transaction is a purchase on the part of the "buyer" when in fact it is a rental or lease according the the degree of control Wal-Mart retains over the ability of the "buyer" to play a song? (Microsoft's WMA format requires Windows Media Player to be online and to succeed in verifying the "buyer" has a license to play the song before the song can be played)

Since this system of license verification allows Wal-Mart to know when you play every song can Wal-Mart use this system to track your activity and if so what options do you have to keep Wal-Mart from threatening your privacy like that? 71.100.10.48 21:37, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

If that's really the case, then the best way to keep Wal-Mart out of your computer is to keep it out of your computer. V-Man737 21:52, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

That's a great idea except that after 90 days wal-Mart will not issue a refund or accept a return although it will continue to maintain control over the song. If Wal-Mart charged 1¢ everytime you played the song and stated that you were only renting the song (like putting money in a juke box) and Wal-Mart instead of claiming that you were purchasing the song and then charging you 88¢ to download it but then keeping you from playing it under a variety of different circumstances until you reacquired the license (which in some cases is not automatic or transparent and can take many emails and phone calls and even days or weeks to reacquire) then it would be hard to call it a deception but honesty has never been a policy of some retailers and never, ever will. 71.100.10.48 22:06, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

The terms and agreements of your purchase are written clearly in the company's purchase policy. That they have such strong and frankly foolish rules over how your purchase is licensed to you is a matter that the mass-market will filter out. It is clear that the mass market has a desire to purchase legal music instead of steeling it (1bn+ sold on iTunes Music Store alone), but that many users are unhappy with the terms and agreement. Intellectual Property is a very unusual area because what you are buying is not the product (in this case 5-10mb of data) but the intellectual content of that data. They sell the data to you with their choice of Digital Rights Management and you have the choice not to buy it. It is a pity that so many firms have gone (in my view) too far with DRM, but their justification is that piracy of their valuable material is rife and they need to try control it (even though their efforts are essentially futile). New start ups have tried different things, there is a site (www.amiestreet.com) which is taking off, the first X users to buy the song get it for free and as it becomes more popular the price increases until it is at the full price ($0.98), not sure of the DRM they have but the business model is quite interesting. ny156uk 23:40, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

That is the problem... most everyone would rather pay for something because the consequence of paying is entitlement and legal right of possession, resale, ownership, etc. but even though they have been duped into paying with the claim that ownership and all of the rights which accompany it remain intact by calling it a purchase rather than a rental. The problem is after calling it a purchase they then defer to the provisions in the purchase agreement for exceptions. The deception is that they do not call it a rental up front but hide this fact in the "purchase" (rather than rental) agreement. Call it what it is, a rental agreement and not a purchase agreement or live with the consequences of piracy which such deceptive practices spawn. -- 71.100.10.48 00:32, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I recommend Magnatune. You can get the file in most formats, including original WAV, there's no DRM and they encourage you to share the songs with about 3 friends. Also, artists get half the proceeds. Superm401 - Talk 00:27, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I really shy away from the whole concept of "buying" a song electronically. If I buy something, I want to be able to hold it in my hands and gloat over it (and possibly have the ability to accidentally break it). (Truncated rant) V-Man737 08:49, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Well, with Magnatune you can legally burn it to CD (and break it) as many times as you want. It will even be high-quality if you download the WAVs. No, I don't get a commission, and I've only bought from them once. :) Superm401 - Talk 09:00, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I would never buy anything at all that's DRM'd and I mercilessly strip all of the software on my computer of its protection (CD in drive, online checks, etc) even if it's legally owned. I'm especially suspicious of iTunes since it binds your music to your account and you can't get at the actual decrypted audio without using the iTunes player! It's an insane situation (and a dangerous one if it evolves into more than just music), but people don't care because they trust apple. --⁪froth^{T C} 09:19, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Companies have a problem when products obtained officially are inferior to products obtained unofficially. And as Superm401 said, Magnatune is a good, DRM free solution. WP 10:18, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

DRM is there to protect the stability of the record labels, they need to protect their valuable work from abuse. The development of DRM is very much in its infancy and some of the locked-down format on offer are not 100% perfect. They are not entirely different however to the Video-tape war of the 80s, or indeed software that only works on given platforms (games developers workign exclusively for one console ring any bells?). This is all an attempt to protect market-share. DRM is not some evil, it limits the things you can do with music more so than a CD but in return your product is cheaper/more conviniently bought than a CD. The problem exists because piracy is a gigantic industry with billions of songs (and increasingly DVD quality movies) moving hands across the internet without those who developed them receiving payment. Now whether you think that is fair is your own view, but the DRM is an attempt by the firms to protect themsevlves. iTunes clearly has a system that users and record-labels both accept and whilst I would love a more open system the limiations on usage have (from my purchases since launch) caused me no problems at all. ny156uk 18:09, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

That's simply not true. Record labels have been "stable" and indeed complacent, for years, without the use of DRM. They are merely using the entrance into the online marketplace as an excuse to further limit fair use rights. This is not the same as a format war, because this is not mere incompatibility. The video war was over which standards to support. With, companies are not free to support whatever format they want, because of encryption. If this encryption is broken (even for otherwise legal reasons), it is a violation of the DMCA. DRM doesn't stop piracy. How could it, when CDs can still be freely copied? What it does is limit what legitimate customers can do with music they've licensed. DRM certainly causes me practical inconvenience, because it is not supported on GNU/Linux. Thus, I support Magnatune, which seems to be doing fine without "protecting their valuable work". Superm401 - Talk 07:15, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Whats that song?

What was that song that was in the episode of "The Bernie Mac Show" when Bernie had gotten a motorcycle and had crashed then he was shown a hallucination of how his family's life would be without him?The only lyrics I remember are "Our voices will ring together!!".Thks. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 209.247.5.216 (talk) 22:27, 7 January 2007 (UTC).[reply]

Fantasy by Earth, Wind & Fire? That's what Google seems to think it is. Dave6 23:17, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Zipf's Law

Does the website's global traffic rank on the Internet and hits per day obey Zipf's Law? If so, can anybody give me the formula in relation to Zipf's Law?--PrestonH | talk | contribs | editor review | 23:03, 7 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Zipf's Law applies to frequencies, not ranks. Also, it applies to the frequencies of the occurrences of types from an ensemble of types. For example, for the ensemble of online encyclopedias, the number of consultations of each encyclopedia. Or, for the articles on Wikipedia, the number of edits to each article. It is not a meaningful concept with respect to the traffic attracted by a single website. --Lambiam ^Talk 06:05, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Umm, I don't think so. The Zipf's law article says "the frequency of any word is roughly inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table." In this case, the frequency would be the number of hits. It certainly could apply. I don't know if it does. Superm401 - Talk 09:03, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

January 8

what would I be

what would i be if my aunt got married to someone.and that person now which would be my uncle had an x-girlfriend that had a kid that had 2 kids if those two kids were the grandaughters of my uncle now? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 63.215.28.59 (talk) 00:22, 8 January 2007 (UTC).[reply]

A nephew. Nice try, though. Superm401 - Talk 00:24, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Or niece, in relation to your aunt. Though I suspect you are really asking about your relationship to your uncle's grandchildren. Of course, you are not blood relatives, but you might consider your new relatives "cousins by marriage". To be really specific, you could call them your aunt's husband's grandchildren. Marco polo 17:08, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Or uncle's grandchildren, since "uncle" is not specific to blood relatives. Btw, a nephew to an uncle does not become a niece to an aunt; he's still a nephew to the aunt. Same for nieces. JackofOz 01:19, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I think Marco Polo was trying to be gender non-specific (although I gotta agree, it probably isn't in relation to the aunt). At any rate, the answer to the original question is that it would, in fact, make you a monkey's uncle. (Or, depending on perspective, a West Virginian, but we'll not get into that.) V-Man737 01:51, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Confused copyright question

Hi, I have read Wikipedia's FAQ on copyright, but I am still confused. I found an online book that is copyrighted by its author. The website states:

Permission is granted for an individual to make only a single electronic copy or paper copy for personal reference purposes. Permission is not granted for an individual or institution to make more than a single copy, or take part in any arraignment where a third party is either paid or charged for a copy or the reproduction of one. Nor is permission is granted for distribution of any of this material (in whole or part) from any Internet site (other than the author's site of fraser.cc). Inquiries should be made to the author if you wish to make other than a single copy for personal use or to distribute any of the material from your own Web site.

Am I not allowed to put any of it's information in an article? Even if I reword it? Even if I properly cite it as a source? Thank you for any help.--Bobo is soft 00:34, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Yes, but you can't copy and paste it. You have to rewrite it in your own words, and yes we want you to cite it as a source. This question belongs on the help desk though. Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn 00:58, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

That's just a typical copyright notice; quoting, rephrasing, etc. is still covered under fair use. See Wikipedia:Fair use for details on fair use claims with text. --24.147.86.187 01:05, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Rephrasing has nothing to do with fair use. It isn't a copyright infringement at all. Only expression can be copyrighted, not ideas. Superm401 - Talk 01:44, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Yes and no. In practice derivative expressions can be considered derivative works. It isn't quite as clear cut as the standard mantras would have it appear; if you look over the case law for fair use suits (Stanford's site is especially good for that) you'll see how the line between expression and ideas gets pretty murky. --24.147.86.187 03:31, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

photo copyright

I've added the photo to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Styles, and have gotten a message that it was scheduled for speedy deletion. I've tried to add the GFDL-self to it, and want to let it be known. As nice as Wikipedia is, it does seem to be cumbersome.

If copyrights have to be a certain way to be published, it should be noted concisely, and the options in the drop down menu when adding a photo/file shouldn't allow one to select an inadmissible copyright... don't you think? Why make more work for Wiki by allowing multitudes of people upload works with inadmissible copyrights which have to be deleted. In my case the end result is going to be the same... a photo added. But an extra hour of my time, and some of yours (wiki's), has been seemingly wasted.

Thanks03:45, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Everyone finds image uploads and copyright wrangling a pain, even experienced wikipedians. You're not alone! --⁪froth^{T C} 09:21, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

The reason we let people pick inadmissable copyright statuses is because otherwise people who want to upload something imadmissable just pick an admissable one at random, even if it has nothing to do with the image. I don't want to criticize but if you had just read the upload page before uploading it is pretty clear about what is necessary. Any terms which might be unfamiliar are linked to articles describing them. Not sure what else you are looking for here — it isn't our fault that you decided not to read the disclaimers which are printed quite large and with some parts written in nasty red and bold. --Fastfission 21:50, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Does anyone think fart jokes are funny?

The low point of a Family Guy episode tonight (and perhaps the low point of the series) was a fart joke. That got me thinking: I have never met anyone who thinks fart jokes are funny. Yet they are remarkably prevalent on TV and, especially, in greeting cards. Does anyone think fart jokes are funny? I can't imagine the Family Guy writers laughed out loud when they wrote the joke. Do they (and other humor writers) think there's a population out there somewhere that really loves fart jokes? -- Mwalcoff 04:01, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

See for yourself Flatulence_humor--Light current 04:05, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I didn't see the show tonight, but the sheer pervasiveness of that kind of humor on American TV alone should convince you that plenty of people respond to it. One example: Recently on Saturday Night Live they parodied a show called Most Haunted, specifically the show's resident medium Derek Acorah, framing the entire skit around just such humor. It's fair to suggest that the writers of Family Guy are well aware of how cheap or low such humor is, but you could also argue that it's expected from a character like Peter Griffin. Personally I like the show, but it's hardly High culture. To some degree, being an adult and openly enjoying that kind of humor is something of a minor taboo ... which may go some distance in explaining why you don't know anyone who enjoys it.Wolfgangus 05:18, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

It would appear, at least in some situations, to function as a bit of a meta-joke. That is, the basis of amusement is because it is so lame and juvenile. See, for example, its use in the recent (and rather good) Children of Men. A mature Michael Caine uses the old "pull my finger" line (twice!) to some amusement from the audience. Not because its a funny line, but because of the contextual contrast of an elderly man making such a childish remark. As a proof or principle - I challenge you to read the intro of our pull my finger and refrain from smiling. I found it mildly amusing, probably because of the contrast between the puerile subject matter and the matter-of-fact, encyclopaedic description (and because the person doing the guffing is referred to as an "illusionist"!) Rockpocket 07:55, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Yes. I think fart jokes are funny. It depends on a person's willingness to be immature for a time. It's a bit like suspension of disbelief in a way. On the other side of things, my father doesn't think "toilet humor" is funny at all. But then I think he was born being 60 years old... And yes, I know this is POV and OR. Dismas|^(talk) 08:06, 8 January 2007 (UTC)_{please don't ban me}[reply]

Every once in a while, people need to reflect on their bodily functions with a philosophical perspective and laugh themselves silly. Isn't it hilarious that our bodies make bizarre noises as they get rid of gas? Certainly not all the time. But still... V-Man737 09:00, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I guess it's kind of like the lone "Your. Mom." comeback.. it's so bad, it's good --⁪froth^{T C} 09:14, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Without knowing for sure, I would bet my house and my pension on the original questionner being a US American. Only that race could re-invent itself to be "above" natural bodily functions and the natural and inoffensive humour that results. Prudishness personified. That's why they don't use the lavatory, toilet or water-closet, favouring instead - the Bathroom. Get real before you disappear in a cloud of faecal gas. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.145.241.235 (talk) 11:29, 8 January 2007 (UTC).[reply]

This is a reference desk, not a soapbox. Wolfgangus 11:58, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

For the record -- yes, I am American, and no, I don't dislike fart jokes out of prudishness. I dislike them because they're stupid. And it's not like other countries find fart jokes funnier than Americans do, do they? I don't think I've ever seen a fart joke in a French movie. -- Mwalcoff 04:01, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

A TV program which only has fart jokes would get rather tedious. A few farts, on the other hand, mixed in, are hardly flatal to the show. StuRat 19:19, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Part of the writers' fartistic freedom, huh? (Sigh...) 惑乱分からん 23:46, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I could counter your horrible puns, but I think I'll pass. V-Man737 05:52, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

You've just committed a fragrant foul. --StuRat 06:03, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Nooo! ;_; LOL. We're not worthy. V-Man737 06:18, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I hope certain sitcoms catch wind of this. The last time I agreeably sat through a sitcom, I was aghast at the people who consider it to be some kind o fart. Most of the humor was derived from sex, toilets, or merciless personal insults. Actually, I was impressed when on The Drew Carey Show they used more original humor than toilet humor. My main griping is for those dime-a-dozen sitcoms that came out in a gust of foul air in the late 90s. V-Man737 00:22, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

What is the French translation for Fart? Is it Mistral, or is that just a strong wind? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.145.242.35 (talk) 11:31, 9 January 2007 (UTC).[reply]

The mistral is a specific type of cold katabatic wind occurring for example in the Provence. The French word for the noun "fart" is le pet, and for the verb péter, whence the stage name Le Pétomane. Note that these words may be considered vulgar. --Lambiam ^Talk 12:15, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Cigarette burn on enamel surface

Is there any possible way to remove a small cigarette burn from an enamel surface like a bathtub? Many thanks. --Richardrj ^talk ^email 06:05, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

My dad has some hot sauce that might work... On a more serious note, I would suggest bleach, were it not for the ridicule my last recommendation of the purgatory substance harvested. V-Man737 13:29, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

From my own experience: My opinion is that one should physically remove the discoloured layer with a fine sandpaper or buffing compound and a rotary hobbyist tool (Dremel) fitted with with a buffing disk. Bleach does not seem to remove the brown colour. I have seen paint remover restore a whiter colour, but that "wore off" after a few months - the area went a light beige colour, and the surface felt slightly roughened and pitted. I'd try buffing the area, since that is what we ended up doing anyway. Once the surface was quite smooth and shiny the whiteness lasted for at least 4 more years. Whatever one does, that section of the enamel finish is permanently thinner or weaker than the unburnt part. --Seejyb 13:53, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Try white vinegar.

Choice

All preferences seem reactionary insofar as they are either reinforced responses (punishment/reward scenarios both in childhood and in adulthood) or counter-reactions to those same enforcements. It seems that even logical deduction cannot escape this process; after all, to properly form a string of logic, the subject would need to have experience in that realm of knowledge. Of course, that realm of knowledge would have been obtained through the means described prior (either forced upon the subject or chosen by the subject as a result of earlier, external preference-forming.)

This creates the question, where are the preferences coming from in the first place? Would it be too bold to say that society and the maintenance of society is the genesis of these impulses? It seems that individuals surrender individual freedoms for some conception of a greater freedom or ability. For example, one can enter into a society where a particular idea is "banned" (every society has their sacred cow), but in return for this restriction of thought, they gain solidarity and support. After all, reliance on others seems to be an innate human need to an extent (division of labor, and all that.) The societal groups try to cultivate this even further, usually by the implicit threat that if uniformity is not achieved, the individual would be separated from the rest. I've noticed that this creates an almost crippling conformity, even in counter-culture groups. Combined with the natural human tendency to adapt to a situation (like Stockholm Syndrome), it seems like many who favor this conformity favor it only because they dislike the alternative. It's somewhat sad that this is what passes for contentment nowadays.

It seems that if this were the case, there would truly be no free will or free choice.

Anyway, what do you fellows think? .V. 07:44, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

What you have explained is essentially the behaviourist view of learning, also known as connectionism. Connectionist theory has expanded to take on board more cognitive approaches, which basically recognize that not everything can be explained purely by stimulus-response-reinforcement connections. For the most part, it is basically understood (as you have asked "if this were the case"), that no, it is not the case. People are more complicated than bundles of nerves that are just automatic responses to stimuli. See also Gestalt psychology. BenC7 11:38, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I'm not sure people are that complex. .V. (talk) 11:59, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Close as I can figure, if everybody is completely free, then everybody is completely unfree. Conclusion: some people are more 'free' than others. I'd recommend investigating Nietzsche, though, if you want an in-depth analysis of 'freedom', 'will', 'choice' and so on. Also, I do not recommend the Matrix trilogy. Vranak

I think it's quite clear from observing people that free will is a complete illusion. Whenever you are faced with a choice, you can make a completely free choice, and yet it is the choice you will always have made. If someone was exactly the same as you and had lived exactly the same life as you, and was in exactly the same position, they would make the same choice. You act as humans have to act. However, you have to act as if you had free will, otherwise what's the point? I have seen no evidence that humans need be anything other than physical beings, making their decisions through electrical impulses and chemical reactions. However, it is often easier to deal with humans if you treat them as something else, something simpler. Macro view over micro. Cognitive approaches use a useful model for people who interface with humans; it's less useful if you're looking to perform surgery on a brain, for example. Skittle 22:44, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Connectionist theory started to expand to include cognitive concepts because it was found that connectionism could not adequately explain all behavioural phenomena that could be observed. There was an experiment where mice were placed in an area with one exit straight ahead, which turned a couple of times and eventually led to a food reward. After a few runs of this, the mice were put in a similar area which now had multiple exits, with the one leading straight ahead blocked off. Instead of choosing one of the paths leading close-to-straight-forward as expected (since this behaviour had been rewarded before), the mice actually chose the path that went most directly toward the food. The conclusion was that the mice must have developed some sort of "map" that told them the general direction of the food from the starting area - a very cognitive concept.

I would recommend reading more on the development of connectionist learning theory (including how it has moved in more cognitive directions, and why) before concluding that humans are robotic responses to stimuli with no ability to choose anything. A good book (although it is a little old) is Learning: A survey of psychological interpretations by Winfred F. Hill, if you can find it and are interested enough. BenC7 01:20, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I fail to see why the ability to form a map in your head would require anything other than physical brains operating through chemical reactions and electrical impulses. Plus, since I already know humans can do this, why would telling me mice can do this affect my view of how human minds work? Oh, note I didn't say humans had no ability to choose anything, just that all the choices they make are predictable and inevitable. You say 'robotic responses to stimuli' like that means simple reflex reactions; robotics and computers can be quite advanced :-) Again, these ways of looking at how minds work are useful, but so is centrifugal force. Skittle 02:21, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I wouldn't think that centrifugal force has much to do with brains, except when you're trying to launch someone into space while at the same time trying to avoid squishing their brains with G-force. :-P V-Man737 02:27, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

He was trying to make the point that centrifugal force, though intuitively appealing, does not exist. Now - no doubt that the brain does work through chemical reactions and electrical impulses; but the OP was saying that preferences to do one thing or another arise solely from reinforced responses. In the mice example, I was demonstrating that behaviour cannot always be explained in that way. BenC7 06:37, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Ohhhh... So, brains can't get squashed with centrifugal force? V-Man737 06:52, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Belly Stripe.

What is the dark or sometimes light colored stripe/line found on pregnant ladies tummies? What is the purpose there of? Thanx,--Crazypinkster 12:17, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Stretching of skin? 惑乱分からん 12:26, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

See Stretch marks --Maelwys 13:25, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Thanx but i was refering to the stripe that passes down the middle vertically right over the belly button! Any ideas?--Crazypinkster 13:43, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Linea nigra --Seejyb 14:03, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I thought that was a village in Mexico? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.145.241.235 (talk) 19:50, 8 January 2007 (UTC).[reply]

Cyrus cylinder

Hi guys. Is there a free picture of the Cyrus Cylinder ? (I cannot find any on Commons). If not, could someone go the British Museum and take a photo of it ? Thanks a lot, bye. --NeuCeu 14:21, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Do you mean this? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cyrus_The_Great_Seal.jpg

This is non-free ! There is no source for the picture and IMHO, it has been abusively tagged as PD. --NeuCeu 14:42, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I don't think it's so easy to get a picture of anything in the British Museum. It would be like telling someone to get a PD picture of the Mona Lisa. --Zeizmic 14:57, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Is it forbidden to take a photo in the British Museum ? We have commons:Category:British Museum, so I supposed that it's possible to get a picture of an object exposed in there. --NeuCeu 15:02, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

(after edit conflict and Anthony removing my comment) - It is forbidden to take photographs in many areas of the British Museum as flash photography damages the works. The fact that it does happen - because of the hundreds of ignorant people who all think 'well, my one photo won't hurt' and the cretins who rapidly take many flash photographs of the same piece - does not mean we should encourage it, at all. Proto::► 15:34, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

No - the museum's copyright policy (located at the bottom of their webiste) states that all images are protected under copyright; furthermore, the images are from the United Kingdom and therefore do not qualify under Fair Use. Editors of Wikipedia who are more experienced in the area of copyright than I am may be able to clarify, but I have sourced my answers from the British Museum website and from Wikipedia:Copyrights. Anthony cfc ^{[T • C]} 15:37, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

The fact that it is copyrighted originally in the UK does not impact a claim of "fair use" under U.S. law. Rmhermen 16:06, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I looked this up, and it's generally impossible to get any 'clean' PD picture of any museum work, unless the museum releases PD images on the web. That means people should annoy the museums 'that it is part of their mandate', yada, yada. --Zeizmic 15:42, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Uh, that's weird ! Look at commons:Category:Louvre, you will see that it's authorized to take photos of pieces in the Louvre with no flash of course (only some parts of the museum are restricted to photography, the excuse is that it blocks the crowd ; but if you take a photo when it's not overcrowded, the guards won't tell you anything) and French contributors started to take pictures of everything interesting in the museum. So, yes, it's possible to get a free picture of Mona Lisa (look at Image:Crowd at Mona Lisa.jpg). So when we need a picture of something in the Louvre, we just ask some guy to go there with his camera. Is there a page like Wikipedia:Asked pictured or something like that on en:WP ? --NeuCeu 16:09, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Yep, here it is: Wikipedia:Requested pictures --Maelwys 16:15, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Many museums ban pictures, and some take a very broad-brush ownership of pictures that are snuck out. [18] As well, 'slavish' pictures of paintings cannot claim their own copyright, so I suppose that means they are PD [19]--Zeizmic 17:25, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

From the FAQs section of the British Museum:

Q: Can I use a camera? A:Photography with flash and video recording is permitted in most galleries for private purposes only, using hand held equipment. source: http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/aboutus/faqs/faqs1_4.html# ny156uk 17:29, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Hmmm. I don't like the sound of that 'for private purposes only'. I've emailed the British Museum Visitor Information to ask them to clarify whether that means pictures can be put on Wikipedia as Public Domain images. Skittle 22:35, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Just a couple of points. First, the copyright notices on the web site (at least, the ones I saw) are entirely about the images on the web site, and thus irrelevant. Second, if the museum rules prohibit you from photographing something that is itself in the public domain, it doesn't necessarily mean that the museum owns the copyright. I say "not necessarily"; I am no expert in copyright law or museum law in Britain or anywhere else. I'm only saying that the situation is complicated. --Anonymous, January 8, 00:37 (UTC).

New Article

How long does it take a new article to post and what is the process? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by The Hartz Mountain Corporation (talk • contribs) 17:05, 8 January 2007 (UTC).[reply]

It takes effect immediately, just like the post you just made. Of course, depending on how awesome the new article is, it could get deleted just as speedily.V-Man737 17:16, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

See Help:Starting a new page for help, and Wikipedia:Notability for when something is considered notable enough to have an article. Cheers, Dar-Ape 17:24, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

There is sometimes a delay, usually only a few seconds, either at Wikipedia's end or at your end. Try reloading the page to get the updated version. In some cases, you may also need to clear your cache. StuRat 18:57, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

mobile phone top up in USA

How can i top up my vodafone mobile while in the USA using a top up voucher purchased in Britain? I have tried dialling 2345 but cannot get through on cingular or t-mobile. I would appreciate any help. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 67.151.122.195 (talk) 17:14, 8 January 2007 (UTC).[reply]

I'm not sure that it will be possible. Prepaid mobile accounts are unusual in the United States. People typically are billed on a monthly basis for their phone use over the preceding month. Also, Vodafone does not have a retail presence in the United States. Their customer service number in the UK will almost certainly not work in the United States, where four-digit phone numbers are virtually unheard of. (Most mobile phone companies use 611 for customer relations. You might try that and see what you get, if anything.) If you go to Vodafone's website, they seem to be partnered with Verizon as their retail provider in the United States. I'm not sure that your UK plan will be valid in the United States, I doubt that you will be able to top it up, and you may simply have to purchase a new account and SIM card here. Marco polo 19:08, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

New word

Hi WIKI... I HAVE TRIED MANY TIMES TTTOOOO LOG IN... B-U-T IT ALWAYS SAYS THIS NAME IS NOT REGISTERED..W-H-A-T IS W-R-O-N-G..

I WISH TO SEND A NEW WORD TO THE DICTIONARY... SINCE 2004... "PERSONALIZATIONS" WHICH WAS COINED FRON PERSONALIZED & AMORTIZATION...

THIS MEANS: MAKE BALANCE REDUCTION PAYMENTS TO YOUR EXISTING MORTGAGE WITHOUT INCURRED INTEREST... Tricky Dicky LAW in 1972... after making the current mortgage payment each month ANY ADDITIONAL payments to the existing BALANCE reduces that existing balance by the B.A.L (Balance Reduction Payment), thus the full payment is applied to the balance without any interest incurred... thus the full amount is subtracted from the balance... to produce a NEW BALANCE.

No need to use all caps. I would add that word to Wiktionary: [20]. It isn't necessary to login to do so, as far as I know. StuRat 18:48, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Perhaps you are trying to login using your Wikipedia account on Wiktionary? That isn't possible - yet. You have to re-register at each project (often you can use the same name.) Rmhermen 20:27, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Also, personalization seems to be a bit older than 1972, and means something a bit more mundane. Of course I'm sure it's a homonym. V-Man737 00:13, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Passenger capacity of cruise liner lifeboats?

I saw a picture of the liner Queen Mary 2 on Wikipedia and noticed that the port side showed only 10 lifeboats (I imagine the same number as on the starboard side). That set me to wondering what capacity each lifeboat has. In searching the web, I came across a regulation taken from the Canada Shipping Regs. and noticed the requirement that each lifeboat be able to carry 37 people, meaning the 20 lifeboats on QM2 would only be able to carry 740 people, not nearly enough to save the entire crew and passenger list. So what is the fully laden capacity of a modern on-board lifeboat, and where are they all stowed? And for good measure, how frequently are the crew trained in their use - in all weather conditions? Thanks. ps I am aware that QM2 is not a Canadian Registered Ship. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 81.145.241.235 (talk) 19:47, 8 January 2007 (UTC).[reply]

Here's a page on the Carnival Miracle cruise ship that indicates it's got 12 lifeboats fitting 150 people each, six tender/lifeboats for 150 people each, and 52 inflatable life rafts with capacity of 52 each, for a total capacity of 4,520. Its passenger capacity, according to that page, is 2,680, with a crew complement of 961. So, those lifeboats should be fairly roomy! The US Coast Guard provides that consumer fact sheet with information on safety; I can't find specifics on training requirements at present, however. Cheers! Tony Fox (arf!) 21:43, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

The lifeboats aren't roomy -- if you need to be in one, it's going to jammed and uncomfortable, but better than drowning. The relevant quote from the CG fact sheet: Modern cruise ships carry a variety of survival craft. Passengers are invariably assigned to lifeboats or similar survival craft. The total capacity of all the survival craft on board will exceed the total number of persons on the vessel). In other words: passengers get lifeboats; crew get inflatable rafts (and there are probably several dozen on board the ship.) --jpgordon^∇∆∇∆

I know that the cost guard (in the US) requires a complete check of the safety procedure on cruse ships at least once a year. From my own observations this includes a simulated evacuation with the life boats. It also includes simulated fire drills in multiple parts of the ship. Including theatrical smoke. :-) S.dedalus 23:59, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Thanks for the above helpful and informative responses. You Wikipedians never cease to amaze me. Keep it up!

A while back when I was on a cruise ship and we had lifeboat drill (done while still in port, and for passengers only; crew had a separate drill), my wife and I looked at the boat and could not believe it could seat the number of people it was supposed to hold. It would at best be extremely crowded, which also means it would be slow to load. --Anonymous, January 9, 00:42 (UTC).

Too many people on the server? :P Vitriol 01:24, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Laptop vs. Desktop

Hey, I'm looking for information on how laptop sales are competing with desktop sales. I heard that this year will be the first year most people buy laptops but I can't find any article to back that up.

Thanks. - Pyro19 20:56, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Here are a couple of articles on the topic [21] [22]. They don't confirm exactly what you say, but BusinessWeek cites a NPD Group study that said through October desktop sells fell 5% while laptops sells were up 35%. I did find this Survey: Notebooks Surpass Desktop Sales For First Time however its dated 8/19/05. —Mitaphane _talk 22:44, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I doubt that's very reliable since you cannot count the number of desktops just by sales figure. For example I can buy CPU at shop A and motherboard in shop B and ram in Shop C etc. to build my new computer and yet I have not bought a complete system from any of the shops and thus on paper my computer doesn't exist. At best the sales figure only counts the pre-made computers and thus putting desktops at a disadvantage here. --antilived^{T | C | G} 05:35, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

I'll bet that the computers built by end-users from components don't even amount to statistical noise in the grand question of laptops versus desktops.

Atlant 13:58, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Pertaining to the ref desk

Whenever I enter a ref desk, it gives me an archive of it instead of the actual desk. Why? Thank you. Ilikefood 21:16, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Some of the days are archived before they are removed completely from the main page. It's nothing to worry about. --24.147.86.187 21:47, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Yes, that's called transclusion, and the goal is to keep the page down to a reasonable size without actually deleting material until the discussion has ended. If you SHIFT-CLICK or CONTROL-CLICK on "edit", most browsers will open a new edit window or tab on the archived section and leave the old page as is, unmolested. StuRat 22:18, 8 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Martial Art - Niyuddha-kride

OK i'll ask again,

I've seen 2 different descriptions of this martial art, where one describes it as a type of wrestling Fighting arts of India and the other as a type of striking art Wikipedia - Niyuddha-kride . As I have limited resources, it would be muchly apprecited if someone could give me clear infomation or some links to this art, as much as possible too ;). Thankyou —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Kachi (talk • contribs) 01:04, 9 January 2007 (UTC).[reply]

Horst Tube Submarines

Does any one know where I can get info on the Horst Tube, used in submaries by the Germans in ww11. This tube completely covered the propellor of the submarine, to increase speed or thrust. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Garyrich (talk • contribs) 02:44, 9 January 2007 (UTC).[reply]

I note that you've also posted this question on the Science reference desk. Please decide which reference desk you wish to post this question upon, and delete it from the other(s).

Atlant 14:00, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Are you sure that's what they were called? I can't find any mentions. Proto::► 16:00, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

Finding some info on a ship

Hellow, i am looking for a ship called the USS Burias. My grandfather was on that ship. His nane and ranke, Seaman 2nd class Franklin J Simmons. I would like to know moer info on the ship he was on? Thank you Harold D Ogilvie Jr. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Harold Ogilvie (talk • contribs) 07:06, 9 January 2007 (UTC).[reply]

Have a look here, Harold [23]. You may be able to get more information for your grandfather in the linked veterans info and crew reference pages. Clio the Muse 10:17, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

January 9

yogas

how can yogas be dangerous if done without proper guidance? Chirag111 12:41, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

If you don't know what you are doing, you can strain or tear muscles or tendons, dislocate bones, or herniate parts of your abdomen, including the intervertebral discs in your back. These injuries can be painful, debilitating, and even life-threatening. Here is a web site explaining the importance of finding a qualified instructor. Marco polo 15:40, 9 January 2007 (UTC)[reply]

US clothing retailers

I've noticed that a number of US clothing retailers - such as American Eagle, for example - are covered by wikipedia articles. In addition to the standard biographical information of the company, however, it would be interesting and endlessly useful to have current research on companies' labor practices and work/wage standards, both at outlets in the US as well as factories abroad. This information would be helpful in allowing consumers to more effectively choose brands that participate in fairer trade. Is there any way that wikipedia could solicit input from knowledgeable individuals with regard to this question, perhaps generating a network of behind-the-scenes investigative information on the practices of US corporations? Many thanks. Jason Hickel Department of Anthropology University of Virginia