Winnie-the-Pooh
Winnie-the-Pooh is a fictional bear created by A. A. Milne. He appears in Winnie-the-Pooh (October 14, 1926) and The House at Pooh Corner (1928). Milne also wrote two books of children's poetry which include several poems about Winnie-the-Pooh: When We Were Very Young and Now We Are Six.
E. H. Shepard illustrated all four volumes. The setting of the stories is based on the Ashdown Forest in East Sussex.
Winnie-the-Pooh, who is described as F.O.P. (Friend of Piglet), R.C. (Rabbit's Companion), P.D. (Pole Discoverer), E.C. and T.F. (Eeyore's Comforter and Tail Finder), is an unassuming "Bear of Very Little Brain" who is fond of composing poetry and eating honey. His best friend is a piglet called Piglet who is not very brave. They live in the Hundred Acre Wood with a variety of other characters (see below).
The character was named after a stuffed bear owned by Milne's son, Christopher Robin Milne, who had in turn named his toy after a real bear named Winnipeg, brought to Britain from Canada and whom Milne and his son often saw at the zoo. A character based on Christopher Robin appeared in the Pooh stories as well. Interestingly, the bear was brought to Britain as the regimental mascot of the Royal Winnipeg Rifles (hence his name), a Canadian Army battalion serving in the First World War.
In 1929, Milne sold the Pooh merchandising rights to an American promoter named Stephen Slesinger. It was only one of many properties Slesinger managed, and during his lifetime, not even the biggest — that would probably be the Red Ryder comic strip, which he placed in movies, on radio and elsewhere. Slesinger died in 1953, and his widow inherited the operation.
In 1961, the Walt Disney Corporation bought film and other rights to the character and made a series of cartoon films about him. (Note that Winnie-the-Pooh's name was hyphenated in the Milne books, but lost its hyphens in the Disney incarnation.) The early cartoons were based on several of the original stories. However this is not true of the more recent films and television series which Disney have made. The style of drawing used in the cartoons is similar to that of Shepard's drawings although the original features have been changed from classical Pooh to a more modern bear look. The storytelling style and characterisation has less in common with Milne's tales.
In 1977, Disney released the animated feature The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, introducing a new character named Gopher. This movie features three segments which include Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree (1966), Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968), and Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974). In 1983, a fourth short, Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore, was released. Today, Pooh videos, teddy bears, and other merchandise generate $1 billion in annual revenues for Disney--the same amount as Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy, and Pluto combined.
In 1991, Shirley Slesinger Lasswell, the widow of Milne's literary agent, who inherited the rights to Pooh, has filed a lawsuit against Disney, claiming that she was being cheated out of merchandising rights to the characters. Although she has collected $66 million, she claims over $200 million more. The suit has been sitting in the American legal system since that time, but was set to come to trial in March, 2003.
The Tao Of Pooh and Te Of Piglet by Benjamin Hoff uses Milne's characters in a very accessible way to explain Eastern philosophies such as taoism. Pooh has also featured in two notable satires: Pooh and the Philosophers by J. T. Williams and 'Was the Winnie-the-Pooh a good Muslim?' [1].
The Pooh stories have been translated into many languages, notably including Alexander Lenard's Latin translation, Winnie ille Pu, first published in the 1960s.
Characters in the Winnie the Pooh stories include: