2025 in Northern Ireland
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Events from the year 2025 in Northern Ireland.
Incumbents
[edit]- First Minister of Northern Ireland: Michelle O'Neill
- Deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland: Emma Little-Pengelly
- Secretary of State for Northern Ireland: Hilary Benn
Events
[edit]January
[edit]- 1 January –
- Responsibility for regulating medicines in Northern Ireland returns to UK authorities under the Windsor Framework, with the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) having UK-wide responsibility for the licencing of medicines.[1]
- The Met Office issues a yellow weather warning for ice as temperatures are set to fall overnight on 1–2 January.[2]
- 2 January – Archaeologists announce they have discovered the remains of a courtyard and building complex dating back at least 300 years on the Castle Ward estate in County Down.[3]
- 4 January – A statue of musician Rory Gallagher is unveiled at Belfast's Ulster Hall.[4]
- 6 January – Criminal barristers in Northern Ireland begin a four-week strike, withdrawing their services from legally-aided court cases in a dispute over legal aid.[5][6]
- 10 January – A man is charged in connection with the shooting of an off-duty police officer in County Antrim on 6 January.[7] He is remanded in custody the following day, charged with nine offences including attempted murder.[8]
- 12 January – A ceremony is held in Madrid's Cathedral of Alcala de Henares to recognise Sister Clare Crockett, a nun from Derry who was killed during an earthquake in Ecuador in 2016, as a candidate for sainthood.[9]
- 13 January – Addressing reporters as Stormont reconvenes after the Christmas break, First Minister Michelle O'Neill describes the pressure on Northern Ireland's health service as "dire and diabolical".[10]
- 15 January – Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer tells the House of Commons the UK government will look at "every conceivable way" to prevent Gerry Adams, the former President of Sinn Féin, from receiving compensation after it emerged that repealing the Troubles Legacy Act could allow him to claim compensation for unlawful detention during the 1970s.[11]
- 16 January –
- Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic announce restrictions on animal imports from Germany following an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.[12]
- The White House confirms that former Democratic Unionist Party MP Ian Paisley Jr will attend the inauguration of Donald Trump in Washington.[13]
- 17 January –
- The Court of Appeal upholds the convictions of George Kirkpatrick, Eric Cullen and Cyril Cullen, known as the Castlewellan Three, for the murder of Catholic teenager Francis Rice in Castlewellan in 1975. The men, who served 14 years in prison, have always denied responsibility for the crime.[14]
- A "significant" fire breaks out at a recycling plant in Coleraine in the early hours of the morning. The Fire Service later concludes the blaze started accidentally.[15]
- The Department of Agriculture, Environment and Rural Affairs confirms that bird flu has been found in three wild birds in Northern Ireland, the first occurrence of the illness in the wild since 2023.[16]
- 20 January –
- Northern Ireland's civil servants are offered a 9% pay deal, with a 3% rise backdated to August 2024, and a 6% pay rise from August 2025.[17]
- Following his conviction at Dublin's Central Criminal Court in December, Irish Defence Force soldier Kielan Mooney, who is from Derry, is sentenced to eight and a half years in prison for the rape of a female colleague at a hotel in Dublin.[18]
- 22 January – The Department for Infrastructure launches a consultation on whether MoT tests for some private cars, motorcycles and light goods vehicles should be changed to every two years.[19]
- 25 January – Sinn Féin lifts its suspension on Belfast City Councillor JJ Magee following an investigation by the Local Government Commissioner for Standards.[20]
- 28 January –
- A public inquiry begins into the 1998 Omagh bombing.[21]
- BBC News reports that planned changes at BT's Belfast headquarters could mean the loss of 90 jobs.[22]
- 29 January – The High Court clears retailer Lidl to open its first in store pub, to be situated in Dundonald, County Down, after rejecting a legal challenge to the plans from another trader.[23]
- 30 January – Two schoolchildren are treated for minor injuries after the bus they are travelling on collides with a fallen tree on a road near Lisburn.[24]
- 31 January – Teachers in Northern Ireland are offered a 5.5% pay increase, backdated to 1 September 2024.[25]
February
[edit]- 3 February – Economy Minister Conor Murphy steps down from the post and announces he will leave Stormont after being elected to the Irish Seanad.[26] Caoimhe Archibald is appointed to replace him as Economy Minister.[27]
- 5 February – Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council confirms it is to go ahead with plans to introduce parking charges at four car parks on the north coast.[28]
- 6 February –
- An inquest into the February 1992 shooting of four Provisional IRA men by the SAS at Clonoe, County Tyrone, finds the use of force against them was unjustified.[29]
- The High Court rules that Police Ombudsman Marie Anderson acted "ultra vires" by reaching conclusions that amounted to determinations of misconduct by her findings in reports into three Troubles-era killings. Anderson subsequently says she will appeal the decision.[30]
- The majority of teaching staff in Northern Ireland have rejected a 5.5% pay increase, and voted to take industrial action that falls short of striking.[31]
- 13 February – Organisers of Pride events in Northern Ireland have said political parties who supported a ban on the sale or supply of puberty blockers to under 18s will not be invited to events.[32]
- 14 February – Kevin Barry McIntyre, who was convicted of posting abusive messages online about Lilian Seenoi-Barr, Northern Ireland's first black mayor, is sentenced to five months in prison.[33]
- 15 February –
- Research published by the Northern Ireland Assembly indicates Northern Ireland to be the "least diverse" part of the United Kingdom.[34]
- Anne Marie McAleese presents her final edition of BBC Radio Ulster's Your Place And Mine, which she has presented since 1991.[35]
- 16 February – Around 64,000 birds are being culled after avian flu was discovered at a poultry farm in Dungannon, County Tyrone, on 14 February.[36]
- 17 February – Social Democratic and Labour Party leader Claire Hanna announces that the party will decline any invitations to the White House for St Patrick's Day celebrations due to Donald Trump's stance on the Gaza conflict.[37]
- 18 February – Soldier F, the British paratrooper charged with two counts of murder and five of attempted murder during the Bloody Sunday massacre, will stand trial in September, a judge has said.[38]
- 19 February – Plans for a new £671m 177-bed children's hospital within the grounds of Belfast's Royal Victoria Hospital are given the go-ahead.[39]
- 20 February –
- The findings of the inquest into the Clonoe shootings are to be referred to Northern Ireland's Director of Public Prosecutions.[40]
- The Met Office issues two yellow weather warnings for high winds, covering 21 and 23 February.[41]
- 21 February – Sinn Féin confirms it will boycott St Patrick's Day events at the White House over US President Donald Trump's stance on the Israel-Gaza conflict.[42]
- 23 February –
- A man is taken to hospital following a shooting incident in the Bell Steel Manor area of Dunmurry in west Belfast.[43]
- 16,000 birds at a poultry farm at Pomeroy, County Tyrone, are to be culled following the discovery of a suspected case of avian flu.[44]
- 24 February –
- Deputy First Minister Emma Little-Pengelly confirms she will travel to Washington for St Patrick's Day celebrations at the White House.[45]
- A third case of suspected bird flu is found in Country Tyrone, this time at a premises in Cookstown; 32,000 birds at the facility will be humanely destroyed.[46]
- 25 February –
- The UK and Irish governments announce plans to explore formal engagement with paramilitary groups to help bring about their disbandment.[47]
- Infrastructure minister Liz Kimmins tells Stormont that plans to extend Belfast's Glider bus service to the north and south of the city will be scaled back because they are "not economically viable".[48]
- 27 February – Ministers agree a programme for government in Northern Ireland.[49]
March
[edit]- 2 March – A service of reflection is held in Newry to remember the nine Royal Ulster Constabulary officers killed in the 1985 Newry mortar attack.[50]
- 3 March – The Stormont Executive's programme for government, titled Doing What Matters Most, is presented to the Northern Ireland Assembly following agreement by the Executive the previous week.[51]
- 4 March – Belfast based IT firm Kainos announces it is making 190 people redundant through job cuts.[52]
- 5 March – The Stormont Executive launches the process to appoint an Irish Language Commissioner and a Commissioner for the Ulster Scots and Ulster British tradition following criticism from the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.[53]
- 7 March –
- During a hearing at Craigavon Crown Court, Stephen-Lee McIlvenny, 21, is sentenced to 23 years in prison after admitting 77 offences involving the sexual abuse and blackmail of three children.[54]
- Connswater Shopping Centre in east Belfast is placed into receivership and set to close in two weeks if a buyer is not found.[55]
- 8 March –
- The Department of Education is facing legal challenges over decisions by Education Minister Paul Givan to reject applications by two schools in County Down to become integrated.[56]
- Belfast is announced as the host of the 2026 Fleadh Cheoil na hÉireann (All-Ireland Fleadh), which will take place in August 2026.[57]
- 9 March – Following an unseasonably warm spell of weather, the highest temperature of the year so far is recorded at Killowen, County Down, with a high of 17.2 °C.[58]
- 13 March – Craig Rowland, who shook his infant son so violently it caused lifechanging injuries that led to the boy's death, is sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 20 years.[59]
- 14 March – Former teacher Judith Evans is sentenced to two years in prison after pleading guilty to grooming and sexual intercourse with a schoolboy; she is also placed on the sex offenders register for life.[60]
- 19 March –
- King Charles III and Queen Camilla pay an official visit to Northern Ireland, which includes a private meeting with the First and Deputy First Ministers.[61]
- Three men convicted of the murder of Ian Ogle in west Belfast are sentenced to life imprisonment with minimum terms of 20 years following a non-jury trial.[62]
- The Natural Hazards Partnership issues an amber warning for possible wildfires for the following day when dry and breezy weather conditions are expected.[63]
- 21 March –
- Belfast Pride becomes the latest of a number of organisers to ban political parties who supported a ban on the sale or supply of puberty blockers to under 18 from their events.[64]
- Firefighters attend and extinguish a gorse fire near the Silent Valley Reservoir in the Mourne Mountains.[65]
- 22 March –
- Flights between London Heathrow Airport and airports in Northern Ireland resume after Heathrow was closed the previous day following a fire at an electricity substation supplying power to the airport.[66]
- It is reported that the UK government is to challenge the inquest ruling into the 1992 Clonoe ambush.[67]
- 28 March –
- Teachers in Northern Ireland reject a 5.5% pay increase, the second time they have done so.[68]
- Sinn Féin councillor Cathal King is suspended for two months from Newry, Mourne and Down District Council by the Northern Ireland Local Government Commission for Standards for being drunk in charge of a car.[69]
- 31 March – Edwin Poots, the Speaker of the Northern Ireland Assembly, says Stormont is engaging with police over abuse faced by Assembly members.[70]
April
[edit]- 1 April – Members of the University and College Union vote to take strike action in a dispute over pay.[71]
- 4 April – Teaching unions accept a revised 5.5% pay increase for 2024–25, averting potential strike action.[72]
- 5 April –
- The National Hazards Partnership issues an amber warning for wildfires following a prolonged spell of dry, warm weather.[73]
- A major incident is declared after a gorse fire breaks out on Sandbank Road, Hilltown, County Down, forcing a number of properties to be evacuated. The fire is brought under control by the following day, and subsequently treated as arson.[74]
- 11 April – Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer travels to Northern Ireland to meet First Minister Michelle O'Neill and Deputy First Minister Emma Little-Pengelly to discuss US trade tariffs.[75]
- 12 April – Firefighters tackle a gorse fire in Maghera, with ten appliances in attendance.[76]
- 13 April – Rory McIlroy becomes the sixth golfer and the first European to win a career grand slam when he wins the Masters Tournament in Augusta National Golf Club in Georgia, USA.[77][78]
- 19 April – Aontú submits a bill to the bills office of Dáil Éireann, seeking to allow Northern Ireland citizens to vote in Irish presidential elections.[79]
- 21 April – Two men are arrested after a dissident republican parade in Derry, where about 50 people marched in paramilitary-style uniform from Creggan to Free Derry Corner.[80]
- 23 April – The Police Service of Northern Ireland launches a pilot scheme allowing victims of crime to speak to police officers via video call.[81]
- 25 April – It is announced that First Minister Michelle O'Neill will attend the funeral of Pope Francis in Rome on 26 April.[82]
- 26 April – First Minister Michelle O'Neill is among international dignitaries to attend the funeral of Pope Francis in Rome.[83]
- 27 April – Counter-terrorism officers from the Metropolitan Police are reported to be assessing video footage of rap group Kneecap allegedly calling for the death of British Conservative MPs.[84]
- 28 April –
- The UK government describes alleged comments made by rap group Kneecap as "completely unacceptable" and suggests they should not receive government funding.[85]
- Kneecap issues an apology to the families of murdered MPs Jo Cox and David Amess following their comments.[86]
- 29 April – The Eden Project cancels a planned appearance by Kneecap at its 2025 Eden Sessions festival in July.[87]
- 30 April –
- The UK government is to challenge a Court of Appeal ruling that found its refusal to hold a public inquiry into the killing of GAA official Sean Brown was unlawful.[88]
- A further three Kneecap concerts, in Hamburg, Berlin and Cologne, are cancelled following the emergence of footage in which a band member called for MPs to be killed.[89]
May
[edit]- 1 May – Belfast City Council backs a proposal by the Alliance Party for a six week pilot scheme to allow shops in the city to open on a Sunday.[90]
- 4 May – Tilahun Nigussie and Millicent Kibet are the male and female winners of the 43rd Belfast City Marathon.[91]
- 7 May –
- The Irish Football Association announces that Windsor Park will be renamed Clearer Twist National Stadium at Windsor Park following the agreement of a "multi-million-pound" eight-year sponsorship deal.[92]
- Firefighters attend a large gorse fire at Clogher in County County Tyrone.[93]
- 8 May – Eamon Martin, the Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, pays tribute to the newly-elected Pope Leo XIV, describing him as "calm, affable and approachable", and a "friend of Ireland".[94]
- 15 May – Education Minister Paul Givan announces that the Northern Ireland Childcare Subsidy Scheme will be extended to cover primary school age children from September.[95]
- 16 May – A judge at Newry Crown Court sets a proposed date of 3 November for the trial of Sir Jeffrey Donaldson and his wife, Lady Eleanor Donaldson, on historic child abuse charges. A trial scheduled for March was postponed while Lady Donaldson received treatment for a health problem.[96]
- 17 May – Several thousand people attend the March for Trans Rights, held in Belfast City Centre as part of International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia.[97]
- 20 May –
- Julie Ann McIlwaine is sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 12 years for the murder of her partner, James Joseph Crossley, while he slept at her former home in Dunmurry in March 2022.[98]
- Economy Minister Caoimhe Archibald confirms she will not increase university tuition fees above the level of inflation.[99]
- 21 May –
- First Minister Michelle O'Neill tells the UK COVID-19 Inquiry there is "no evidence" to suggest her attendance at the funeral of prominent Irish republican Bobby Storey had any impact on public compliance with lockdown rules.[100]
- Northern Ireland's first regional obesity management service is approved, paving the way for patients in Northern Ireland to have access to weight loss drugs through the health service.[101]
- 22 May – Health Minister Mike Nesbitt signs off a pay increase for health staff following a recommendation from the Pay Review Body that doctors should receive a 4% pay increase, and nurses and other healthcare workers a 3.6% increase.[102]
- 26 May – The public are urged to stay away after a minke whale beached and died at Portstewart Strand in County Londonderry.[103] The whale's remains are removed and disposed of the following day.[104]
- 29 May – The Riverside Theatre at Ulster University's Coleraine campus, billed as Northern Ireland's oldest professional theatre outside Belfast, is set to close in August after 50 years.[105]
June
[edit]- 3 June –
- The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds Northern Ireland (RSPB NI) describes the presence of six calling male corncrakes on Rathlin Island during the 2025 breeding season as a "record-breaking" milestone. It is the highest number recorded there since the 1970s.[106]
- In an email to staff, Adam Smyth, the director of BBC Northern Ireland, says the BBC has "no intention" of blocking its news or other output in the Republic of Ireland.[107]
- 6 June –
- The Department of Health announces that a targeted vaccination programme against gonorrhoea across Northern Ireland has been approved and will begin in August.[108]
- John David Scott is sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 19 years for the murder of his partner, Natasha Melendez, in spring 2020.[109]
- Translink announces that bus services from Downpatrick, Newcastle and Ballynahinch will operate from Belfast Grand Central Station from July.[110]
- 7 June – The Northern Ireland Fire and Rescue Service confirms that five people were taken to hospital following a chemical spill at a cheese factory in County Down late the previous evening.[111]
- 9 June – Riots breaks out in Ballymena after two Romanian teenagers were charged for the attempted rape of a teenage girl. Two police cars and multiple properties were damaged, with 15 police officers being injured and one rioter arrested.[112]
- 10 June –
- A second night of disorder in Ballymena leaves 17 police officers injured as five people are arrested.[113] Protests also break out in Belfast, Carrickfergus, Coleraine, Lisburn and Newtownabbey.[114]
- Belfast Zoo is temporarily closed after E.coli is found in a water sample.[115]
- 11 June –
- A third night of violence breaks out in Northern Ireland, with a leisure centre damaged in Larne, County Antrim.[116]
- Former teacher and Catholic priest Canon Patrick McEntee is found guilty of eight counts of historical child abuse involving four boys at a school in Enniskillen.[117]
- 2025 Spending Review: The UK government is to contribute £50m towards the redevelopment of Casement Park.[118]
- 12 June –
- The Police Ombudsman concludes that a 1989 investigation into the sectarian murder of Catholic man John Devine in west Belfast was "seriously defective".[119]
- A fourth night of disorder breaks out in Northern Ireland, albeit on a smaller scale than previous nights, with protestors throwing bricks and masonry at police in Portadown, County Armagh.[120]
- 13 June –
- Disorder breaks out in Portadown for a second night.[121] Water cannons are used on protestors after they throw objects at police.[122]
- Colin Crawford announces he is stepping down as the Ulster Unionist MLA for North Antrim.[123]
- 14 June – An anti-racism demonstration is held in Belfast City Centre following several nights of disturbance.[124]
- 16 June – A 13-year-old girl and her mother appear in court in Coleraine in connection with disorder in Ballymena.[125]
- 17 June – Marie Anderson, Northern Ireland's Police Ombudsman, announces that she is taking a leave of absence with immediate effect due to what she describes as commentary "detracting" from her work.[126]
Holidays
[edit]- 1 January – New Year's Day
- 17 March – Saint Patrick's Day
- 18 April – Good Friday
- 21 April – Easter Monday
- 5 May – Early May bank holiday
- 26 May – Spring May Bank Holiday
- 12 July – Orangemen's Day
- 4 August – Summer Bank Holiday
- 25 August – Summer Bank Holiday
- 25 December – Christmas Day
- 26 December – Saint Stephen's Day
Deaths
[edit]- 10 January – Thelma Hopkins, 88, high jumper, Olympic silver medallist (1956).[130]
- 22 January – Michael Longley, 85, poet (The Weather in Japan),[131]
- 31 January – William Brown, 94, politician, MLA (1982–1986).[132]
- 13 February – William Beattie, 82, politician.[133]
- 21 February – Brendan McFarlane, 73, Irish republican activist.[134]
- 17 March – Peter Farrelly, 76, Northern Irish musician (Fruupp).[135] (death announced on this date)
- 18 April – Clodagh Rodgers, 78, Northern Irish singer ("Come Back and Shake Me", "Jack in the Box").[136]
- 4 May – Peter McParland, 91, Northern Irish football player (Aston Villa, national team) and manager (Glentoran).[137]
- 5 May – John Allen, chair of Belfast City Marathon[138]
- 16 May – Andy Tyrie, 85, Northern Irish loyalist paramilitary leader, chairman of the Ulster Defence Association (1973–1988).[139]
- 31 May – Sir Kenneth Bloomfield, 94, civil servant.[140]
- 13 June – Seán Neeson, 79, Northern Irish politician, MLA (1982–1986, 1998–2011).[141]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Campbell, John (1 January 2025). "NI medicines regulation returns to UK under Windsor Framework". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
- ^ Best, Barra (1 January 2025). "Wales weather: Met Office yellow warnings for ice and heavy snow". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 1 January 2025.
- ^ "Castle Ward: Remains of 300-year-old buildings found at estate". BBC News. BBC. 2 January 2025. Retrieved 2 January 2025.
- ^ McKee, Ross; Allen, Bernie (4 January 2025). "Belfast: Rory Gallagher statue unveiled outside Ulster Hall". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 4 January 2025.
- ^ "Northern Ireland criminal barristers begin boycott of legal aid cases". Irish Legal News. 6 January 2025. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
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- ^ Allen, Bernie (12 January 2025). "Sister Claire Crockett: Derry nun's family 'proud' as sainthood journey begins". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 12 January 2025.
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- ^ McCormack, Jayne (15 January 2025). "Gerry Adams: PM says government will try to block payout". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 15 January 2025.
- ^ "Foot-and-mouth: NI restricts imports from Germany". BBC News. BBC. 16 January 2025. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
- ^ McClafferty, Enda (16 January 2025). "Donald Trump: Former DUP MP Ian Paisley to attend inauguration". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
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- ^ Cullen, Louise (24 February 2025). "Bird flu: Potential supply shortages if avian flu continues to spread, says UFU". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 24 February 2025.
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- ^ Hughes, Brendan; McCormack, Jayne; Connolly, Gráinne (27 February 2025). "Stormont's programme for government a milestone – O'Neill". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 27 February 2025.
- ^ "Newry: Service held to remember RUC officers killed in IRA attack". BBC News. BBC. 2 March 2025. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
- ^ McCormack, Jayne; Hughes, Brendan (3 March 2025). "Stormont: Programme for government presented to the NI Assembly". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 15 March 2025.
- ^ Campbell, John (4 March 2025). "Kainos: Belfast IT firm to make 190 staff redundant". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 4 March 2025.
- ^ "Executive office launch process to appoint language commissioners". BBC News. BBC. 5 March 2025. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
- ^ Campbell, Cormac (7 March 2025). "Man given 23 years for rape and abuse of children". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
- ^ McKee, Ross; Mitchell, Elaine (7 March 2025). "Connswater Shopping Centre in east Belfast to close". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
- ^ Meredith, Robbie (8 March 2025). "Legal challenges after NI schools' integration plans rejected". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
- ^ Connolly, Gráinne; Logan, Daniel (8 March 2025). "Fleadh Cheoil: Belfast to host Irish music festival in 2026". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 8 March 2025.
- ^ Cole, Hollie; King, Simon (8 March 2025). "UK weather: Warmest weekend so far but cold conditions forecast to return". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 9 March 2025.
- ^ "Portadown: Craig Rowland sentenced to 20 years for murder of son". BBC News. BBC. 13 March 2025. Retrieved 13 March 2025.
- ^ "Judith Evans: Teacher who abused pupil jailed for two years". BBC News. BBC. 14 March 2025. Retrieved 14 March 2025.
- ^ Allen, Bernie (19 March 2025). "King Charles and Queen Camilla visit Northern Ireland". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
- ^ Fitzpatrick, Michael (19 March 2025). "Three men given minimum 20-year jail term over Ian Ogle murder". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
- ^ Best, Barra (19 March 2025). "Amber warning for wildfires issued for Northern Ireland". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 19 March 2025.
- ^ "Belfast Pride latest to ban political parties over puberty blockers". BBC News. BBC. 21 March 2025. Retrieved 21 March 2025.
- ^ "Mourne Mountains: Firefighters tackling gorse fire near Silent Valley". BBC News. BBC. 21 March 2025. Retrieved 22 March 2025.
- ^ Purdy, Finn (22 March 2025). "Flights from Belfast City and City of Derry to Heathrow resume". BBC News. BBC. Retrieved 22 March 2025.
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