Aedes togoi
| Aedes togoi | |
|---|---|
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Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Diptera |
| Family: | Culicidae |
| Genus: | Aedes |
| Subgenus: | Tanakaius |
| Species: | A. togoi
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| Binomial name | |
| Aedes togoi (Theobald, 1907)
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| Synonyms | |
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Aedes togoi is a species of mosquito in the genus Aedes, primarily found in coastal regions of East Asia and parts of North America. It is known for breeding in brackish and salt water environments, such as rock pools and tidal areas, and serves as a vector for diseases including filariasis and Japanese encephalitis. Its biting behavior makes it a nuisance in some areas, and its role in disease transmission underscores its public health significance.
Distribution
[edit]Aedes togoi is native to the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions, with established populations in Japan, Malaysia, Cambodia, China, Russia, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. It has also become invasive in the northwestern United States and British Columbia, Canada, likely introduced via the used tire trade in the 1960s.[1] Its distribution is closely linked to coastal habitats, though it can adapt to inland freshwater environments.[2]
Description
[edit]Adult Aedes togoi mosquitoes are distinguished by palpi with white scales at the apex, a vertex with erect and decumbent narrow scales, and a lower mesepimeral seta. The forelegs lack pale bands, while the tarsomeres feature both basal and apical pale bands. Larvae exhibit unique setae arrangements and short siphons, typical of the Aedes genus.[1] These traits help differentiate it from species like Aedes aegypti.
Life cycle
[edit]The life cycle of Aedes togoi consists of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult, following the standard mosquito pattern. Females deposit eggs in brackish or salt water habitats, such as tidal pools and rock pools, where larvae develop. In colder climates, larvae can overwinter, while in tropical regions, they remain active year-round.[3] The cycle's duration depends on temperature and environmental conditions.
Ecology and behavior
[edit]Aedes togoi predominantly inhabits coastal environments but can also occur in inland freshwater habitats. It is a nocturnal feeder, with peak biting activity between 01:00 and 03:00 hours, showing a slight preference for indoor feeding.[3] Some populations are autogenous, capable of laying eggs without a blood meal, while others require blood for reproduction. It bites both humans and animals, contributing to its pest status in coastal regions.
Disease transmission
[edit]Aedes togoi is a vector for several pathogens, including:
- Filariasis, notably Brugia malayi, with a higher infection rate than other vectors like Anopheles sinensis.[4]
- Japanese encephalitis virus, particularly in Southeast Asia and North America's Pacific coast.[1]
- Yellow fever virus, though this is less commonly associated with the species.
Its vector competence is enhanced by high feeding flow rates and distinct immune responses to pathogens.[5] Its public health impact varies regionally, depending on disease prevalence.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c "Aedes togoi detailed information". Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit. Retrieved 2023-10-01.
- ^ Peach, Daniel A H; Matthews, Benjamin J (2020-05-01). Fiedler, Konrad (ed.). "Modeling the Putative Ancient Distribution of Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae)". Journal of Insect Science. 20 (3). doi:10.1093/jisesa/ieaa035. ISSN 1536-2442. PMC 7248266. PMID 32451527.
- ^ a b Lee, J S; Hong, H K (1995). "Seasonal prevalence and behaviour of Aedes togoi". The Korean Journal of Parasitology (in Korean). 33 (1): 19–26. doi:10.3347/kjp.1995.33.1.19. ISSN 0023-4001. PMID 7735782.
- ^ Dedkhad, Watcharatip; Christensen, Bruce M; Bartholomay, Lyric C; Joshi, Deepak; Hempolchom, Chayanit; Saeung, Atiporn (2018). "Immune responses of Aedes togoi, Anopheles paraliae and Anopheles lesteri against nocturnally subperiodic Brugia malayi microfilariae during migration from the midgut to the site of development". Parasites & Vectors. 11 (1): 528. doi:10.1186/s13071-018-3120-1. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 6161340. PMID 30261926.
- ^ Lee, Sang Joon; Kang, Dooho; Lee, Seung Chul; Ha, Young-Ran (2016-02-03). "Peculiar liquid-feeding and pathogen transmission behavior of Aedes togoi and comparison with Anopheles sinensis". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 20464. Bibcode:2016NatSR...620464L. doi:10.1038/srep20464. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 4738329. PMID 26839008.