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Bamako

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Bamako
Federation of Mali

Bamako woni laamorgo e wuro ɓurngo mawnude e nder leydi Maali,[1] e hitaande 2022 yimɓe mum ko 4,227,569 neɗɗo. Ngo woni ko e maayo Niiseer, saraaji ɓulli peccirɗi falnde Niiseer toownde e hakkundeere to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange leydi ndii.

Bamako woni nokku njuɓɓudi ngenndi ndii. Wuro ngo tigi ko cercle e mbaadi mum. Port maayo Bamako woni ko saraaji Koulikoro, wondude e nokku mawɗo njulaagu e batuuji diiwaan oo. Bamako woni wuro jeeɗiɗaɓo ɓurngo mawnude e nder Afrik hirnaange caggal Lagos, Abijaan, Kano, Ibadan, Dakar, e Akra. Marsandiisuuji peewnaaɗi e nokkuuji ɗii ina mbaɗi mbaydiiji, kosam mbaylaaɗam, e marsandiisuuji njamndi kam e njulaagu. Liɗɗi njulaagu ina mbaɗa e maayo Niiser.

E ɗii duuɓi cakkitiiɗi, Bamako yiytii ƴellitaare mawnde e nder wuro, e mahngo cuuɗi kesi, cuuɗi coftal ɓalli, e eɓɓaaɗe njuɓɓudi ngam moƴƴinde nguurndam hoɗɓe mum. Wuro ngo ina waɗi duɗe keewɗe maantiniiɗe ko wayi no duɗal jaaɓi haaɗtirde Bamako, suudu defte ngenndiiru Mali, nokku ɗo daabaaji ngenndiiji Mali ngoni ɗoo, e juulirde mawnde Bamako. Ko ɗoon kadi woni nokku ɗo laamorgo winndereejo Modibo Keita woni. Mahdiiji Bamako ina njogii mbaydi mahdi keeriindi.

Tariya

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Nokkuure wuro ngo ina jogii seedeeji koɗki gila e jamaanu Paleolitik. Leyɗeele ɓuuɓɗe e nder falnde maayo Niger ina ndokki yimɓe ɓee nguura keewka e laamuuji gadani e nder nokku hee ɓeydii alɗude nde ɓe cosi laabi njulaagu jokkondirɗi e Afrik hirnaange e Yuroopu 600 ko adii jibineede Iisaa. Hoɗɓe adanɓe ɓee ina njula kaŋŋe, ƴiye, ƴiye kola, e lamɗam. E teeminannde 11th, laamu Ganaa wonti laamu gadano jiimde nokku oo, caggal ɗuum laamu Mali lomtii ɗum.[2]

Sosi kafu (laamɗo) Bamako hedde hitaande 1650 ko galle Niare, ma a taw ina jokkondiri e soninke gooto ina wiyee Bamba Sanogo. Iwdiiji Toure e Drave, ko ɓuri heewde e mum en ko diineeji e njulaagu, ina teskaa kadi e fuɗɗoode Bamako.[3][4] Ko dowla kiliyaneeɓe laamu Segou.[5] Jiiloowo Ecoppinaajo biyeteeɗo Mungo Park yilliima Bamako e hitaande 1806 tuma nde o yiylotonoo maayo Niiseer. O hiisi wonde wuro ngo e oon sahaa ina joginoo 6000 hoɗɓe, ko nanndi e gure njulaagu keewɗe goɗɗe e nder Afrik hirnaange e oon sahaa.

Fort Farayse biyeteeɗo Bammakou, mahaaɗo e hitaande 1883


E lewru feebariyee 1882, Samory Ture fooli Faraysenaaɓe e wolde Samaya, saraaji Kinieran. E yeeso laamu Wassoulou ngu Toure ɓeydotoo yaajde, yoga e ardiiɓe renndo Dyula to Bamako puɗɗii waɗde feere ngam naatde e fedde luulndiinde Farayse. Komandaajo Farayse biyeteeɗo Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes, jiɗɗo jogaade ndeeɗoo nokku strateeji teeŋtuɗo e dow Niiseer, ruttitii e doole ngam sosde toon forso ñalnde 1 feebariyee 1883.[6]: 76 Kebe Brema, miñiiko Samory, ardii doole ngam lure Farayse yaltude Bamako. Ɓe mbaɗi hareeji ɗiɗi to Woyo Wayanko creek e fuɗɗoode lewru Apriil, Kebe Brema heɓi gadanol ngol kono haa jooni o dogi o woppi.

E hitaande 1904 laawol laana njoorndi mahii jokkondirngol Bamako e Kayes, wuro ngo fuɗɗii mawnude ko yaawi nde ngo inniraa laamorgo Sudaan Farayse e hitaande 1908.[7] Cercle Mali e oo sahaa ina joginoo fotde 160 000 hoɗɓe hoɗɓe e gure 4-500. Laawol laana njoorndi jokkondirngol Bamako e Dakaar timmi e hitaande 1923.

Mali heɓnoo hoore mum e Farayse ko e saawiyee 1960, caggal ɗuum Ndenndaandi Mali sosaa. E oon sahaa, Bamako ina joginoo fotde 160 000 neɗɗo. E nder kitaale 1960, leydi ndi wonti sosiyaalist, Bamako woni e les njiimaandi Sowiyet en e doole mum en. Kono faggudu nduu ustii nde gollorɗe laamu nguu ndartini, jiiɓru nduu yaaji.[8] Haa jooni Moussa Traoré ardiima kuudetaa baɗnooɗo faayiida, laamiima Mali fotde duuɓi 23. Kono laamu makko ina sikkaa ko yoorooji mawɗi e ŋakkeende njuɓɓudi laamu e caɗeele ŋakkeende nguura.[8]

E darorɗe kitaale 1980, yimɓe Bamako e Mali mbaɗi kampaañ ngam faggudu ndimaagu e demokaraasi keewɗo lanndaaji. E hitaande 1990, Kawtal Ngenndiwal Eɓɓoore Demokaraasi (Congrès National d’Initiative Démocratique, CNID) sosaa ko e juuɗe awokaa Mountaga Tall, e Kawtal Demokaraasi to Mali (Kawtal ngam Demokaraasi Mali, ADEMA) ngal Abdramane Baba e daartoowo biyeteeɗo Koréna Oumar sosi. Ɗeeɗoo e Fedde almudɓe e janngooɓe Mali (AEEM) e Fedde Malienne Droits de l’Homme (AMDH) ina njiɗi riiwtude Moussa Traoré. E nder doosɗe leydi ɓooyɗe ɗee, denndaangal senndikaaji gollotooɓe ina poti jeyeede e fedde wootere, hono Dental Ngenndiwal Gollotooɓe Mali (UNTM). Nde ardorde UNTM taƴi e laamu nguu e hitaande 1990, luulndo ngoo ɓeydii mawnude. Pelle ɗee ndartinaama e ustude njoɓɗeele e ustude golle e nder sekteer laamu, e laamu Mali jaɓde ƴaañde doole kisal hakkunde leyɗeele ngam ƴellitde faggudu mawndu heddoraandu e juuɗe laamu nguu hay so tawii ko caggal nde laamu sosiyaalist en liɓi e hitaande 1968. Almuɓɓe, hay sukaaɓe, mbaɗii seppooji e marsandiisuuji Ba e nder wonɓe e laamu nguu, jamaanu nguu ranwi ɗum en.

Ñalnde 22 Maayu 1991, seppo mawngo e nder caka Bamako, ustaama e dow doole, tawi warɓe ɓee ina tolnoo e 300. Balɗe nay caggal ɗuum, kuudetaa militeer en liɓi Traoré. Goomu mbayliigu ngam cellal yimɓe sosaa, tawi ko Seneraal Amadu Toumani Touré ardii ɗum. Alfa Umar Konari wonti hooreejo leydi e dow laabi ñalnde 26 Apriil 1992.[9]

Bamako wonnoo ko e njiyaagu jihaadiyaŋkeewu keewngu e nder njiimaandi lislaam e nder Sahel.[10] Ñalnde 20 Noofemmba 2015, yimɓe ɗiɗo wuyɓe nanngi 170 neɗɗo e nder otel Radisson Blu. Yimɓe 21 mbaraama wondude e jom en kaɓirɗe ɗiɗo ɓee e nder waktuuji jeeɗiɗi ɗii.[11] E nder njanguuji keewɗi ñalnde 17 Septammba 2024, fedde jom en balɗe ummoriinde e Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin[JNIM), fedde Al Kaydaa, yani e duɗal heblo konu, wari heen sanndarmaaji e janngooɓe heewɓe, ngummii laanaaji diwooje to laana ndiwoowa hakkunde leyɗeele. Ko famɗi fof 77 neɗɗo mbaraama heen.[12]Ko ngol woni go’o ko jihaadiyaŋkooɓe ina mbaɗa Bamako gila 2016.[11] JNIM ko lomtiiɗo yoga e juɓɓule toppitiiɗe 2015.

Wikimedia Commons: Bamako – des documents multimédia.

Firooji

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  1. ↑ "Bamako – History". Africatravelling.net. Archived from the original on 23 September 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
  2. ↑ "Bamako – History". Africatravelling.net. Archived from the original on 23 September 2009. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
  3. ↑ Perinbam 1999, p. 4.
  4. ↑ Fofana, Moussa (31 July 2007). "Point d'Histoire du Mali: Le Royaume de Sosso ou Khaniaga des Soninké". Soninkara. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
  5. ↑ Perinbam 1999, p. 2.
  6. ↑ Fofana, Khalil (1998). L' Almami Samori Touré Empereur. Paris: Présence Africaine. ISBN 978-2-7087-0678-1. Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  7. ↑ Person, Yves (1968). Samori. Une révolution dyula. Mémoires de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Le train Dakar-Bamako : histoire d'un lent déclin". Kaay Xool. Au Senegal. 26 November 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
  9. ↑ Patrick Manning. Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa, 1880–1995: 1880–1995. Cambridge University Press (1998) ISBN 0-521-64519-0 pp.198–199
  10. ↑ Rachel Chason, Bloody attack in Mali's capital shows al-Qaeda's shifting strategy, Washington Post (October 29, 2024)/
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Mali attack: more than 20 dead after terrorist raid on Bamako hotel Archived 29 Jolal 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Mamadou Tapily et al, 21 November 2015, The Guardian, Retrieved 5 January 2015
  12. ↑ Elian Peltier and Christiaan Triebert, Assault on Mali’s Capital Killed 50 or More, but Leaders Say Little, New York Times (September 19, 2024).
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