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Binoka

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Binoka
Uea of Abemama
"King of Apemama and adopted son" (1882)
Robert Louis Stevenson
Reign1878 – 1891
PredecessorBaiteke
SuccessorTimon
Bornc. 1840s
Abemama, Kingdom of Abemama, Gilbert Islands
Died10 November 1891
Abemama
HouseTuangaona
FatherBaiteke

Binoka (died 10 November 1891) was the fourth ruler of the State of Abemama, a precolonial polity in the Gilbert Islands. Binoka was an autocrat who derived his wealth from copra and limited trade with foreign merchants to himself. He generally maintained the closed borders and prohibition on foreigners that his father, the warrior-king Baiteke, implemented to restrict growing European influence. Early on, he tried to take over Maiana and Nonouti, but he was deterred by local resistance and Captain Edward H. M. Davis of the HMS Royalist, a British warship.

In 1889, Binoka hosted the party of Robert Louis Stevenson, the author of Treasure Island (1883), on Abemama. Stevenson wrote colourfully of Tembinok'[a] (Binoka) in his Pacific travelogue In The South Seas (1896). Tembinok' was depicted as "the last tyrant" of the Gilberts, a sympathetic despot from a bygone era, hoarding Western trinkets he acquired from traders. Binoka was one of the last independent Gilbertese rulers before colonisation. In 1892, Captain Davis arrived on Abemama to find that Binoka had died of syphilis the year before, and the uea's 10-year-old adopted son, Bauro (Paul), was in power. Davis promptly declared the Gilbert Islands a British protectorate, repeating the proclaimation on the other islands.

Background

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Predecessors

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The Kingdom of Abemama was a precolonial polity in the Gilbert Islands.[b] It was founded and ruled by Tuangaona, an utu (clan) from the island of Abemama. Tuangaona was named for the birthplace of Tetabo; according to oral tradition, he was the first warrior to unify Abemama. Tetabo's sons, led by Namoriki, conquered the neighboring islands of Kuria and Aranuka; Namoriki's son, Karotu, consolidated power to become the first uea (king) of Abemama;[b] Karotu's son, Tewaia, became the second uea. Karotu's historicity is supported by his descendant, Binoka, mentioning that he saw the battle-scarred old man as a child in Stevenson's In The South Seas (1896).

"Tem Baiteke, King of Apemama" Handley Bathurst Sterndale

Binoka's father, Baiteke, was the third uea; he was the son of Karotu or Tewaia.[c] In Baiteke's time, traders, whalers, beachcombers, and missionaries, mainly from Europe, were increasing their presence and control on the Gilbert Islands. He responded in 1851 by ordering the executions of every non-Indigenous person living on the three islands. Then, Baiteke closed his borders and established a monopoly on foreign trade, which he limited to one port. He mainly bartered off coconut oil or copra. Thus, Baiteke became his realm's only supplier of foreign goods, including firearms and cannons, which he used to solidify his autocratic reign. It was this power Binoka, his son, would inherit.

Early life

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Born in the 1840s,[5] Binoka had a younger brother, Timon (/ˈsɪmɒn/), and two sisters. Binoka was raised in privilege by his father's female consorts and "palace favourites". He practiced using firearms and became a fair marksman.

In 1878, Baiteke abdicated, as was customary at his age, in favour of Binoka.[6]

Robert Louis Stevenson's account of Binoka

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Recreation of Binoka's flag. He was forced to remove one of the stars after the British seized Nonouti

Binoka was the last truly independent and influential king of parts of the Gilbert Islands, at a time when the Gilberts were being increasingly influenced by white settlers and traders. Binoka resided on Abemama, and, unlike the rulers of neighbouring islands, did not allow outsiders to establish a permanent presence there. Binoka controlled access to the atolls under his control and jealously guarded his revenue and his prerogatives as monarch. He briefly accepted the presence on Abemama of Tuppoti, a Christian missionary, then deported him for attempting to set up a copra trading business.

In 1888, he granted Robert Louis Stevenson, Fanny Vandegrift Stevenson and Lloyd Osbourne the right to live temporarily on Abemama, on the condition that they did not give or sell money, liquor or tobacco to his subjects.[7] They returned to Abemama in July 1890 during their cruise on the trading steamer the Janet Nicoll.[8]

Binoka was immortalised by Robert Louis Stevenson's description of him in his book In the South Seas. Stevenson spent two months on Abemama in 1889. Stevenson described Binoka as the "one great personage in the Gilberts … and the last tyrant".[7] Stevenson described the ambitions of Binoka as an embryonic "empire of the archipelago" and established his importance in the Gilbert Islands as "Binoka figures in the patriotic war-songs of the Gilberts like Napoleon in those of our grandfathers."[7]

Stevenson describes Binoka, in years before his visit, as attempting to extend his rule over a number of islands and atolls; he compelled Maiana to pay tribute, and seized Nonouti, before being driven out by a British warship and being forbidden to expand his kingdom further.[7] Stevenson does not date these events. At this time Royal Navy ships served on the Australia Station, and operated in the South Pacific.

Binoka—the merchant king

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Binoka owned trade ships which would travel to Australia and New Zealand. His commercial ventures, however, ended in failure with the loss of his ship the Coronet.[7][9]

He found a Scotsman, George McGhee Murdoch, who organized production and marketing on Binoka's several thousand acres of heritable land. Murdoch also maintained good relationships with the New Bedford whalers who used Abemama as a base, and he persuaded Binoka to allow Stevenson's party to settle ashore.[10] George Murdoch did not reveal Binoka’s murderous habits to Stephenson - Binoka would shoot his own subjects down from tree-tops for the amusement of watching them fall sprawling - and Stevenson did not name Murdoch in his book.[11]

Binoka was also a merchant king, controlling his kingdom's commerce.[12] He enforced the allocation of produce; such that the taro went to the chiefs of each village to allocate among their various subjects; certain fish and turtles and the whole of the produce of the coco-palm, the source of copra belonged to Binoka. He would trade the copra with visiting trading ships. He was, according to Stevenson:

greedy of things new and foreign. House after house, chest after chest, in the palace precinct, is already crammed with clocks, musical boxes, blue spectacles, umbrellas, knitted waistcoats, bolts of stuff, tools, rifles, fowling-pieces, medicines, European foods, sewing-machines, and, what is more extraordinary, stoves.[7]

While the captains and supercargos of trading ships could expect to sell such novelties at a great profit, Binoka controlled access to his islands and would refuse to deal with those whom he considered to take advantage of him. Stevenson describes Binoka as classing captains and supercargoes in three categories: "He cheat a little"—"He cheat plenty"—and "I think he cheat too much”.[7]

Binoka gave his many wives a share of the copra, which they would use to trade for hats, ribbons, dresses and other produce available on the trading ships. However sticks of tobacco were the main product they purchased, which Stevenson described as being "island currency, tantamount to minted gold".[7] Stevenson described a notable feature of life with Binoka as being that evenings were spent with Binoka playing card games with his wives with the currency being tobacco sticks. He had developed his own version of poker in which he could play either of two hands dealt to him. By this strategy Binoka would win most of the tobacco, so that Binoka ended up with effective control of the tobacco, which he would allocate to his wives and other subjects, so that he was, as described by Stevenson "the sole fount of all indulgences".[13]

While Stevenson refers to Binoka as "the last tyrant",[7] Stevenson's account of his time with Binoka is much more sympathetic that given to Nakaeia, the ruler of Butaritari and Makin atolls in the Gilbert Islands. Nakaeia allowed two San Francisco trading firms to operate, Messrs. Crawford and Messrs. Wightman Brothers, with up to 12 Europeans resident on various of the atolls. The presence of the Europeans, and the alcohol they traded to the islanders, resulted in periodic alcoholic binges that only ended with Nakaeia making tapu (forbidding) the sale of alcohol. During the 15 or so days Stevenson spent on Butaritari the islanders were engaged in a drunken spree that threatened the safety of Stevenson and his family. Stevenson adopted the strategy of describing himself as the son of Queen Victoria so as to ensure that he would be treated as a person who should not be threatened or harmed.[14]

In 1876 Britain and Germany agreed to divide up their interests in the western and central Pacific, with each claiming a 'sphere of influence'.[15][16] In 1877 the Governor of Fiji was given the additional title of High Commissioner for the Western Pacific. The British 'sphere of influence' included the Ellice Islands and the Gilbert Islands, but it made little difference to the governance of these islands until after Binoka's death.[16]

Murdoch is reported as saying that "I ordered myself a belt with a big crown on the buckle, and I stuck another crown in front of my helmet. Solid silver, they were. I told him the Queen herself had sent them to me for a present. Whenever a new law came out, I invented a special message from the Queen requesting his pairsonal collaboration in the matter. He was impressed and pleased. I made a by-ordinary good citizen of the old reprobate before he died."[17]

Binoka died from an infected abscess on 10 November 1891.[18] In 2014, Don, a descendant of Binoka, said that he died of syphilis, brought to Abemama by the whalers.[19] He was succeeded as uea by his adopted son, Bauro. Timon acted as regent until Bauro came of age and reigned briefly and uneventfully.[20]

The year after Binoka's death, Captain Edward Davis moored at Abemama to proclaim the Gilbert Islands a British protectorate. Murdoch became the District Agent and Tax Collector, setting up local courts and administration that brought peace and order to the lagoon villages and controlled (often with strong measures) the European beachcombers; he retired as a Resident Commissioner in 1912.

Ancestry

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Notes

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  1. ^ A corruption of Tem Binoka, Tem being a male prefix in the Gilbertese language,[1] His wife, Fanny Stevenson, spelled it Tembinoka in her diary.[2]
  2. ^ a b In the Gilbertese language, a uea is a sovereign ruler. The word has been translated as "king" – although it is not gendered – or "high chief". Scholars such as H. E. Maude have referred to the territory of the uea of Abemama as the Kingdom of Abemama or the State of Abemama.
  3. ^ Baiteke's uncertain parentage lies in a story retold by R. G. Roberts and H. E. Maude. Karotu and his first wife had a son named Tewaia. When Karotu abdicated his position in favour of Tewaia, he gave him the title of uea. Karotu's second wife, Teaa, fell pregnant, and so Karotu, Teaa, and Tewaia agreed that her child should become the next uea. Teaa and Tewaia had sex four times to establish the child's royal claim.[3] The child was born around 1810;[4] he was announced as Teaa and Tewaia's son and was named Baiteke. Roberts wrote in 1853 that Baiteke was actually Karotu's son,[3] but Maude wrote in 1970 that it was ultimately impossible to know if Baiteke was Tewaia's son or stepbrother.[3]

References

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  1. ^ Maude 1970, p. 203.
  2. ^ Stevenson 2016, p. vi.
  3. ^ a b c Roberts 1953, p. 271.
  4. ^ Uriam 1995, p. 170.
  5. ^ Uriam 1995, p. 70; Crowley 1990, p. 30.
  6. ^ Maude 1970, p. 212.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Robert Louis Stevenson (1896). In the South Seas, Part V, Chapter 1. Chatto & Windus; republished by The Hogarth Press.
  8. ^ Fanny Stevenson incorrectly names the ship in The Cruise of the Janet Nichol among the South Sea Islands A Diary by Mrs Robert Louis Stevenson (first published 1914), republished 2004, editor, Roslyn Jolly (U. of Washington Press/U. of New South Wales Press)
  9. ^ Resture, Jane. "The Alfred Restieaux Manuscript Part II". Retrieved 6 August 2011.
  10. ^ A Pattern of Islands. Arthur Grimble. The Reprint Society, by arrangement with John Murray (publishers) Ltd., 1954. First published 1952. Pages 224-228
  11. ^ A Pattern of Islands. Arthur Grimble. The Reprint Society, by arrangement with John Murray (publishers) Ltd., 1954. First published 1952. Pages 224-228
  12. ^ Genealogy
  13. ^ In the South Seas, Part V, Ch. 2
  14. ^ In the South Seas, Part IV
  15. ^ "Declaration between the Governments of Great Britain and the German Empire relating to the Demarcation of the British and German Spheres of Influence in the Western Pacific, signed at Berlin, April 6, 1886". 1886. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  16. ^ a b Teo, Noatia P. (1983). "Chapter 17, Colonial Rule". In Larcy, Hugh (ed.). Tuvalu: A History. University of the South Pacific/Government of Tuvalu. pp. 127–139.
  17. ^ A Pattern of Islands. Arthur Grimble. The Reprint Society, by arrangement with John Murray (publishers) Ltd., 1954. First published 1952. Pages 224-228
  18. ^ Maude 1970, p. 223.
  19. ^ Arkus, Mike (29 January 2014). "5 Storied Isles of the South Pacific: Going Literary on the Looney Front". HuffPost. Retrieved 18 July 2024.
  20. ^ Roberts 1953, p. 274.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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