Chaetosphaeridium globosum

Chaetosphaeridium globosum
Scientific classification
Clade:	Viridiplantae
Division:	Charophyta
Class:	Coleochaetophyceae
Order:	Chaetosphaeridiales
Family:	Chaetosphaeridiaceae
Genus:	Chaetosphaeridium
Species:	C. globosum
Binomial name
	Chaetosphaeridium globosum; (Nordst.) Kleb.
Synonyms
	Aphanochaete globosa (Nordst.) Wolle ; Herposteiron globosum Nordst. ;

Chaetosphaeridium globosum is a species of green algae in the class Coleochaetophyceae. It is widely distributed and probably has a cosmopolitan distribution.^[3] Chaetosphaeridium globosum is a streptophyte, the lineage from which land plants evolved. Because of this, its genome is of considerable interest for the study of the evolution of plants.^[4]

Chaetosphaeridium globosum consists of solitary cells, or groups of cells connected to each other by their cell walls or by a common layer of mucilage. The cells are typically 11–18 μm in diameter, spherical to flask-shaped, and has a long bristle which is surrounded by a prominent tube or sheath at the base. Each cell contains one or two parietal, plate-like chloroplast.^[3]

Asexual reproduction occurs by biflagellate zoospores.^[3] Ultrastructurally, the flagella is covered in three-pronged scales, likened to a maple leaf.^[5] Sexual reproduction is oogamous, with small biflagellate male gametes and oogonia which are larger than vegetative cells.^[3]

One variety, var. depressum, is known from the British Isles; it differs from the typical variety in having somewhat depressed cells (8.5–9.5 μm high).^[3]

Genomics

Researchers have found that the mitochondrial DNA of Chaetosphaeridium is markedly different from that of land plants, suggesting that the mitochondria of land plants evolved significantly after the common ancestor between them and living green algae.^[4] A very slight similarity exists between liverwort mtDNA and Chaetosphaeridium. The chloroplast DNA is markedly similar, however, indicating that a close relationship had existed between the Viridiplantae and the clade that includes Chaetosphaeridium. This seems to argue that chloroplasts in green plants originated in prehistoric green algae; the family which includes Chaetosphaeridium globosum.

Chloroplasts are known to be captured (symbiotic) cyanobacteria with their own genome. Part of this genome has been transferred to the nucleus and part has been retained in the chloroplast for the continuation of metabolic processes. This symbiosis, now proven by modern genomics, has shown us how Chaetosphaeridium globosum links ancient cyanobacteria with modern green plants.

References

^ "Chaetosphaeridium globosum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
^ "Chaetosphaeridium globosum". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e John, David M.; Whitton, Brian A.; Brook, Alan J. (2021). The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 896. doi:10.1017/CHOL9781108784122. ISBN 978-1-108-78412-2.
^ ^a ^b Turmel, Monique; Otis, Christian; Lemieux, Claude (August 20, 2002), "The Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of the Charophyte Chaetosphaeridium globosum: Insights into the Timing of the Events That Restructured Organelle DNAs Within the Green Algal Lineage That Led to Land Plants", PNAS, 99 (17): 11275–11280, Bibcode:2002PNAS...9911275T, doi:10.1073/pnas.162203299, PMC 123247, PMID 12161560
^ Marin, Birger; Melkonian, Michael (1999). "Mesostigmatophyceae, a New Class of Streptophyte Green Algae Revealed by SSU rRNA Sequence Comparisons". Protist. 150 (4): 399–417. doi:10.1016/S1434-4610(99)70041-6. PMID 10714774.

Hausmann, Klaus. Hülsmann, Norbert. Radek, Renate. Protistology. E.Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Third edition. 2003
Turmel, M. Otis, C. Lemieux, C. The Complete Chloroplast DNA Sequences of the Charophycean Green Algae Staurastrum and Zygnema Reveal that the Chloroplast Genome Underwent Extensive Changes During the Evolution of the Zygnemateles. BMC Biol 2005 Oct 20; 3:22.
Raven, John. Allen, John. Genomics and Chloroplast Evolution: What did Cyanobacteria Do For Plants? Genome Biol. 2003; 4(3): 209

[1] "Chaetosphaeridium globosum". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 12 February 2022.

[2] "Chaetosphaeridium globosum". Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved 18 February 2022.

[John2021-3] John, David M.; Whitton, Brian A.; Brook, Alan J. (2021). The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 896. doi:10.1017/CHOL9781108784122. ISBN 978-1-108-78412-2.

[Turmel-4] Turmel, Monique; Otis, Christian; Lemieux, Claude (August 20, 2002), "The Chloroplast and Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of the Charophyte Chaetosphaeridium globosum: Insights into the Timing of the Events That Restructured Organelle DNAs Within the Green Algal Lineage That Led to Land Plants", PNAS, 99 (17): 11275–11280, Bibcode:2002PNAS...9911275T, doi:10.1073/pnas.162203299, PMC 123247, PMID 12161560

[5] Marin, Birger; Melkonian, Michael (1999). "Mesostigmatophyceae, a New Class of Streptophyte Green Algae Revealed by SSU rRNA Sequence Comparisons". Protist. 150 (4): 399–417. doi:10.1016/S1434-4610(99)70041-6. PMID 10714774.

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