Draft:Republic of Pakistan
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Republic of Pakistan | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1962-1970 | |||||||||
| Anthem: قومی ترانہ (Urdu) Qaumi Taranah "The National Anthem" | |||||||||
.svg?lang=en) Land controlled by the Republic of Pakistan in dark green; land not controlled but claimed shown in light green | |||||||||
| Capital | Rawalpindi (1962-1969) Islamabad (1969-1970) Dacca (2nd capital, 1962-1970) | ||||||||
| Official languages | English | ||||||||
| Recognised national languages | Urdu, Bengali | ||||||||
| Demonym(s) | Pakistani | ||||||||
| Government | Federal presidential constituional republic | ||||||||
| President | |||||||||
• 1962-1969 | Ayub Khan | ||||||||
• 1969-1970 | Yahya Khan | ||||||||
| Legislature | National Assembly | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| 8 June 1962 | |||||||||
| 25 March 1969 | |||||||||
| 30 March 1970 | |||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 1,030,373 km2 (397,829 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Currency | Pakistani rupee | ||||||||
| ISO 3166 code | PK | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||
.svg?lang=en)
The Republic of Pakistan was an independent secular republic existing between 8 June 1962 and 30 March 1970.[1] During this period, Pakistan was governed under the 1962 Constitution which declared the country to be a federal presidential republic. In contrast to the earlier 1956 Constitution, Pakistan was governed as a secular republic rather than an Islamic republic. Moreover, Field Marshal Ayub Khan governed the republic throughout its entire existence as the president of Pakistan.
History
[edit]Background
[edit]In 1947, Pakistan achieved its independence from British rule in India as the Dominion of Pakistan, an independent federal dominion of the British Commonwealth of Nations.[2] During this period, Pakistan administered itself under the Government of India Act 1935 as an interim constitution. After the death of Pakistan's founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in 1948 and the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan in 1951, Pakistan suffered from unstable and constantly changing leadership under several prominent members of the Muslim League.[3] In 1955, Iskander Mirza succeeded Malik Ghulam Muhammad as Governor-General of Pakistan, and later became the first president after the 1956 constitution. In just three years, Mirza dismissed four elected governments and was under increasing pressure to call new elections by 1958.[4]
In response to political opposition to Mirza by political leaders such as Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy and Feroz Khan Noon, Mirza declared martial law on 7 October 1958 and abrogated the constitution. Mirza subsequently appointed Ayub Khan, then the defence minister, as Chief Martial Law Administrator.[5] Twenty days later, on 27 October, Khan launched a coup d'etat against Mirza and declared himself president. Khan's new regime immediately banned all political parties, maintained martial law, and centralized power under the elite bureaucracy of the upper class.[6]
Formation
[edit]In 1960, a referendum, that functioned as the Electoral College, was held that asked the general public: "Do you have confidence in Muhammad Ayub Khan?" The voter turnout was recorded at 95.6% and such confirmation was used as impetus to formalise the new system – a presidential system. Ayub was elected president for the next five years.[7]
The Supreme Court established a new constitutional commission led by Chief Justice Muhammad Shahabuddin to draft a new constitution. Ayub altered the constitution to fit his desired vision, disregarding the 1961 commission report by Shahabuddin. The new constitution restored political freedom by lifting the martial law enforced since 1958, and declared Pakistan to be a federal presidential secular republic. The constitution was also more liberal compared to its 1956 predecessor, declaring Islam as a respected religion but not the state religion. Under this constitution, the president would have to be elected by 80,000 (later 120,000) Basic Democrats through an electoral college, who were theoretically able to choose any candidate; however, Ayub heavily controlled these Basic Democrats.[8]
1965 war
[edit]Democratic movement and uprising
[edit]Interregnum under Yahya Khan
[edit]Demographics
[edit]Government
[edit]Politics
[edit]Economy
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Bennett Jones, Owen (2010). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-10147-8.
- ^ Winegard, Timothy C. (2012). Indigenous peoples of the British dominions and the first world war. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-01493-0.
- ^ Chak, Farhan Mujahid (2014). Islam and Pakistans Political Culture. Durham Modern Middle East and Islamic World Series. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-65794-1.
- ^ admin (2003-06-01). "Iskander Mirza Becomes President". Story Of Pakistan. Retrieved 2025-05-13.
- ^ "Story of Pakistan | Ouster of President Iskander Mirza". web.archive.org. 2014-12-05. Retrieved 2025-05-13.
- ^ "Field Marshal Ayub Dead; Ex‐President of Pakistan - The New York Times". web.archive.org. 2024-07-08. Retrieved 2025-05-13.
- ^ admin (2003-06-01). "Martial Law Under Field Marshal Ayub Khan | Provincial Assemblies were dissolved and all political activities were banned". Story Of Pakistan. Retrieved 2025-05-13.
- ^ Jackson, Roy (2011). Mawlana Mawdudi and political Islam: authority and the Islamic state. Abingdon, Oxon New York: Routledge. p. 75. ISBN 978-1-136-95036-0.
- Modern history of Pakistan
- Former republics in Asia
- Government of Pakistan
- Political history of Pakistan
- Political history of Bangladesh
- Secularism in Pakistan
- 1960s in Pakistan
- 1970s in Pakistan
- 1962 establishments in Pakistan
- 1970 disestablishments in Pakistan
- States and territories established in 1962
- States and territories disestablished in 1970
- Authoritarianism