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Edward C. Stone

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Edward C. Stone
Stone in 1981
7th Director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
In office
January 1, 1991 – April 30, 2001
Preceded byLew Allen
Succeeded byCharles Elachi
Personal details
Born
Edward Carroll Stone Jr.

January 23, 1936 (1936-01-23)
Knoxville, Iowa, U.S.
DiedJune 9, 2024 (2024-06-10) (aged 88)
Pasadena, California, U.S.
Known forJPL director and Voyager scientist
Alma materUniversity of Chicago (MS, PhD)
Scientific career
FieldsSpace physics
Thesis Low energy cosmic-ray protons  (1964)
Doctoral advisorJohn A. Simpson
Doctoral studentsNeil Gehrels[1]

Edward Carroll Stone Jr. (January 23, 1936 – June 9, 2024) was an American space physicist, professor of physics at the California Institute of Technology, and director of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) from 1991 to 2001. He is best known as the project scientist of the Voyager program, which sent two spacecraft to the outer Solar System's giant planets and became the first spacecraft to enter interstellar space.

Stone led the Voyager mission for 50 years, from 1972 until his retirement in 2022, overseeing the spacecraft's encounters with Jupiter (1979), Saturn (1980-1981), Uranus (1986), and Neptune (1989). Under his leadership, the mission discovered active volcanism on Jupiter's moon Io, new moons and ring systems. The Voyagers continued beyond the planets to cross the heliopause and enter the interstellar medium, with Voyager 1 becoming the first spacecraft to leave the Solar System in 2012, followed by Voyager 2 in 2018. The Voyager mission became the longest-running NASA mission, with Stone being its face and advocate.

As JPL director, Stone oversaw the successful launches of Mars Pathfinder with the first Mars rover Sojourner, Mars Global Surveyor, Cassini–Huygens, and other missions during NASA's "faster, better, cheaper" era. Throughout his career, he served as principal investigator on nine NASA spacecraft missions, including SAMPEX, the Advanced Composition Explorer, and scientific instruments on the Galileo and STEREO missions.

Stone's contributions to space science earned him the National Medal of Science (1991), the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal (2013), and the Shaw Prize in Astronomy (2019). He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1984 and served key roles in establishing major astronomical facilities, including overseeing the creation of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) during his tenure as chair of Caltech's Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, and supervising the construction of the W. M. Keck Observatory.

Early life and education

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Edward Carroll Stone Jr. was born in Knoxville, Iowa, on January 23, 1936, to Edward Carroll Stone Sr., a construction superintendent, and Ferne Elizabeth Stone. He was the eldest of two sons.[2] Stone grew up in Burlington. While at school, he worked at a J.C. Penney department store, and was a member of the Burlington Municipal Band playing French horn.[3]

Stone studied at Burlington Junior College in Iowa, and continued his education at the University of Chicago where he earned his M.S. (1959) and Ph.D. (1964) degrees in physics.[2] Initially, he planned to study nuclear physics, but became interested in space physics after the launch of the Soviet Sputnik in 1957.[4] Stone began astrophysics research in 1961, working on a cosmic-ray telescope carried by Discoverer 36 spy satellite. He worked on it under the cosmic rays researcher John A. Simpson's supervision.[5][3] The experiment became his PhD thesis, titled Low energy cosmic-ray protons.[6] While in Chicago, Stone also worked with Eugene Parker; he said later that "Parker taught me how to reduce a problem to its nuts and bolts, to a picture."[7]

Caltech

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Stone moved to Caltech to work on space physics with Rochus Eugen Vogt in 1964,[8] and helped him to establish the Space Radiation Lab.[9] He became a full faculty member in 1967.[10] In 1976, Stone was named professor of physics, later the David Morrisroe Professor of Physics,[11] and was chair of the Division of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy from 1983 to 1988;[10] during his tenure he oversaw the establishment of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO).[12] He had also served as director of the Caltech Space Radiation Laboratory, and as vice president for Astronomical Facilities. He was the vice-chair of the Thirty Meter Telescope Board of Directors.[13] He also served on the board of the California Association for Research in Astronomy (CARA) for nearly 25 years, and oversaw the construction of the W. M. Keck Observatory.[12] He was also a W. M. Keck Foundation director, and chaired the Keck Foundation's Science and Engineering Committee for 24 years.[14]

The Voyager program

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In 1964, Gary Flandro, a summer student at JPL, found out that the rare planetary alignment of the giant planets allows a mission he called "the Grand Tour". Such alignment occurs every 175 years; Flandro calculated that the best option was to launch spacecraft in 1977. Gravity assist maneuvers were already known, but according to Flandro he was the first to notice the opportunity to visit the giant planets.[a] NASA was reluctant to finance the proposed mission of four spacecraft, but it eventually transformed into the Voyager program.[15]

Stone (front row, second from left) at the Voyager first science meeting, 1972

In 1972, Stone became the project scientist for the Voyager program that sent two space probes to the giant planets in the outer Solar System.[3] He was invited for the position by Harris "Bud" Schurmeier, the mission's first project manager;[15][16] according to Schurmeier, Stone was proposed as the project scientist by Rochus Vogt, who was involved into the Grand Tour mission planning from the start. Stone himself was reluctant at first: as a scientist, he didn't want to sacrifice a lot of time for administrative work.[17][b] Stone was also the principal investigator for the Cosmic Ray Subsystem experiment on both Voyager spacecraft.[19]

Stone supervised the work of 11 teams of about 200 scientists;[20] he organized "the clique-like teams" and work groups for key points of interest, "moons, rings, atmosphere and magnetosphere". Stone had the final word on observation target selection, instrument usage, and the spacecraft trajectories.[4][21] A NASA official who was present at the first Voyager meeting, observed that "Stone knew more about every one of their instruments than the P.I.s themselves knew."[21]

Stone during a press conference in the 1980s

Stone also became a spokesman for Voyager, and became well known to the public in the 1980s, after he held dozens of press conferences announcing Voyagers' discoveries.[c][22] According to the Voyager project manager Norman Haynes, Stone "revolutionized the world of project science".[7][10]

Stone said that planetary encounters and the discovery of volcanism on Io were the most memorable events of the Voyager mission for him. He recounted the team's regular work process:[23][24]

There was a regular routine: In the afternoon we had a science meeting where individuals would say, “This is what we’ve seen” or “This is what we think” or “This is what we don’t understand.” Members from all 11 science teams participated, packing the conference room. These daily science meetings were a form of real time peer review that was also a way to choose which observations to report at the press conference the following morning. After the meeting, I would work with the investigators in outlining graphical illustrations that could be prepared overnight for use at the press conference at 10 a.m. In parallel, the imaging team would choose the images and prepare the captions for those that would be printed overnight for distribution to the reporters gathered at JPL. That afternoon, we would do it all over again with another day of observations and analyses.

Stephen P. Synnott recounted how Stone let him name a moon of Jupiter that he discovered on Voyager photos in 1980, saying "it looks like you've found yourself a moon" after checking the calculations. Synnott chose Thebe from a list of names suggested by the IAU.[25]

Becoming Voyager project scientist was the best decision I made in my life.[3]

[the Project Scientist served] an impedance matching function between the engineering requirements and constraints and the science requirements and constraints to try to find a way to achieve the optimum match between these two different sets of requirements and desirements.[26]

Stone was the main advocate of the Voyagers. After the last planetary encounter he was able to receive funding for an extended mission, the Voyager Interstellar Mission. The Voyagers became the only spacecraft that left Solar System into interstellar space.[27][21]

Jamie Rankin became Stone's last PhD student. Her thesis was on the Voyagers' interstellar space data; she graduated in 2018 and became the Voyagers' deputy project scientist in 2022. Before Rankin, Stone refused to advise graduate students for about 25 years.[28][29]

The Voyager mission visited all four giant planets and is the only spacecraft that visited Uranus and Neptune. It is NASA's longest-running spacecraft mission. In 2022, Stone retired after holding the role of the Voyager project scientist for 50 years.[30]

JPL

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Stone with a Voyager model in 1992

In 1991, Stone became the director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and was in office for ten years until he retired in 2001. During his tenure, the Mars Pathfinder and the first Martian rover, Sojourner, were successfully launched. Other JPL missions in the period included Mars Global Surveyor, Deep Space 1, TOPEX/Poseidon, SeaWinds, Cassini, Stardust, and 2001 Mars Odyssey.[22] At the time of Stone's tenure, NASA encouraged a so-called "faster, better, cheaper" strategy; Stone later admitted that several missions failed because "JPL pushed that ethos too far".[4]

Though Stone is better known as the Voyager's project scientist, he served as a principal investigator for multiple other missions.[d] He was the PI of the Cosmic Ray Experiment on Orbiting Geophysical Observatory OSO-6 (1969), the PI of the Electrons and Hydrogen and Helium Isotopes experiment on Interplanetary Monitoring Platform 7 (IMP-7) (1972),[9] the PI of the Electrons and Hydrogen and Helium Isotopes experiment on IMP-8 (1973),[31] was involved into the cancelled ASTROMAG (1980s),[7] was the PI of two instruments of the cancelled International Solar Polar Mission (1981),[32] the PI of a heavy-ion counter on the Galileo mission to Jupiter (1989),[33] the PI of SAMPEX (1992),[32] a PI for the Advanced Composition Explorer (1997),[34][7] and co-investigator of STEREO mission's High Energy Telescope (HET) and Low Energy Telescope (LET) (both a part of the In-situ Measurements of Particles and CME Transients (IMPACT) instrument package) (2006).[35][36] Stone also "oversaw the redesign of the cooling system" on the Spitzer Space Telescope (2003),[12] and was an investigator on the Integrated Science Investigation of the Sun instrument on the Parker Solar Probe (2018).[37]

Retirement and death

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Stone retired from Voyager in 2022, after holding the role for 50 years, but remained professor emeritus at Caltech. He died in Pasadena, California, on June 9, 2024, at the age of 88.[10][12]

Personal life

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Stone was a shy man, and worked 100-hour weeks at times. Alan Cummings, the Voyager's project co-investigator, described him as "very calm and ... the smartest guy I ever met. He was a multiplexer supreme."[38] Stone was profiled in 1990 for The New York Times by Michael Norman:[7]

A space scientist has to be a visionary, a poet in a white lab coat who can give voice to our collective craving for adventure, our fascination with a universe we have not been able to touch.

At first sight, Ed Stone is not such a man. As he hurries through the luminous California morning, one hardly notices him, 5 feet 10 inches, 130 pounds, a wisp in gray - gray suit, gray shirt, gray felt shoes -[e] lugging an ancient leather briefcase. He keeps to the shadows and side paths, terra incognita, a physicist so swept up in his daily occasions, so occupied by science, his life appears to turn on little else.

And yet, for the public, Ed Stone has been a kind of Cicero on space. As chief scientist on Project Voyager, he has participated in some 60 public briefings and news conferences over the 13 years of the project.

Stone in 2019

Stone met Alice Wickliffe on a blind date at a comedy club and married her in 1962. She died in December 2023. They had two daughters, Susan and Janet. Stone was described as a "shy man, sometimes diffident, often detached"; his younger daughter compared him to Star Trek's Mr. Spock. He had no close friends but "shared a long professional kinship with several scientists". He was a registered Democrat but not very interested in politics. Norman wrote that "He has no interest in sports, no hobbies ... His main recreation is to read a daily newspaper. His favorite food is raisin pie. He is not a man of faith."[7]

The Voyager mission became the longest NASA mission; Stone described it in 2012:[2]

When I started on Voyager my two daughters were young. By the time they were in college we had passed Saturn and were on our way to Uranus. They got married and the Voyagers just kept going, and we had grandchildren and Voyager just kept going and our grandchildren are now aware of what’s happening to the Voyagers just like our children were.

He appeared in The Farthest, a 2017 documentary on the Voyager program.[39]

Awards and honors

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Memorial plaques on the Edward Stone Voyager Exploration Trail at JPL. See more photos on Commons.

In 2002, JPL established the Edward Stone Award for Outstanding Research Publication, which is awarded annually to JPL employees in both science and engineering.[40]

In 2013, Stone was awarded the NASA Distinguished Public Service Medal, the highest NASA award for non-governmental employees. NASA arranged the award ceremony to be performed during The Colbert Report night show, with the award presented by Stephen Colbert dressed in a retrofuturistic spacesuit. Stone was unaware of the award when he came to the show. It was given "for a lifetime of extraordinary scientific achievement and outstanding leadership of space science missions, and for his exemplary sharing of the exciting results with the public."[41]

In 2019, Stone won the Shaw Prize in Astronomy, "for his leadership in the Voyager project".[42] The award included $1.2 million; Stone endowed a summer student program with this money "in return for the wonderful mission [Flandro] discovered".[43]

In 2023, a middle school was named in Stone's honor in Burlington, his hometown.[44]

In 2023, the W. M. Keck Foundation endowed the Edward C. Stone Professorship at Caltech. Christopher Martin, director of Caltech Optical Observatories, became the first Stone Professor.[14]

In 2024, the Edward Stone Voyager Exploration Trail was unveiled at the JPL campus to commemorate Stone and his "penchant for walking". The trail starts at JPL Mall and consists of two paths, made similar to Voyager 1 and 2 trajectories. The trail features 24 memorial plaques, designed to "evoke the Golden Record" commemorating the mission's and Ed Stone's personal milestones.[45][46]

Ed Stone and Voyager mission team members gave a framed copy of an iconic Voyager 1 solar system image that includes Earth as a "Pale Blue Dot" to President George H.W. Bush on June 7, 1990.
List of awards

Selected publications

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  • Stone, E. C.; Lane, A. L. (June 1, 1979). "Voyager 1 Encounter with the Jovian System". Science. 204 (4396): 945–948. Bibcode:1979Sci...204..945S. doi:10.1126/science.204.4396.945. PMID 17800428.
  • Stone, E. C.; Miner, E. D. (October 30, 1991). "The Voyager Encounter with Neptune". Journal of Geophysical Research Supplement. 96: 18, 903–18, 906.
  • Cummings, A. C.; Stone, E. C.; Webber, W. R. (September 1, 1993). "Estimate of the Distance to the Solar Wind Termination Shock from Gradients of Anomalous Cosmic Ray Oxygen". Journal of Geophysical Research. 98 (A9): 15, 165–15, 168. Bibcode:1993JGR....9815165C. doi:10.1029/93JA01173.
  • Mewaldt, R. A.; Cummings, J. R.; Cummings, A. C.; Leske, R. A.; Stone, E. C.; Von Rosenvinge, T. T. (June 30, 1995). Sampex Studies of Anomalous Cosmic Rays Using the Geomagnetic Field. International Solar Wind 8 Conference.
  • Wiedenbeck, M. E.; Christian, E. R.; Cook, W. R.; Cummings, A. C.; Dougherty, B. L.; Leske, R. A.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Stone, E. C.; Rosenvinge, T. T. (1996). "Two-Dimensional Position-Sensitive Silicon Detectors for the Ace Solar Ope Spectrometer". Proceedings of SPIE - the International Society for Optical Engineering. 2806: 176–187.
  • Stone, E. C.; Cohen, C. M. S.; Cook, W. R.; Cummings, A. C.; Gauld, B.; Kecman, B.; Leske, R. A.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Thayer, M. R.; Dougherty, B. L. (1998). "The Cosmic-Ray Isotope Spectrometer for the Advanced Composition Explorer". Space Sciences Reviews. 86 (1–4): 285–356. Bibcode:1998SSRv...86..285S. doi:10.1023/A:1005075813033.
  • Stone, E. C.; Cohen, C. M. S.; Cook, W. R.; Cummings, A. C.; Gauld, B.; Kecman, B.; Leske, R. A.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Thayer, M. R.; Dougherty, B. L. (1998). "The Solar Isotope Spectrometer for the Advanced Composition Explorer". Space Sciences Reviews. 86 (1–4): 357–408. Bibcode:1998SSRv...86..357S. doi:10.1023/A:1005027929871.
  • Stone, E. C. (1999). "Communications Technologies for Space Exploration". Proceedings of the IEEE. 87 (6): 1044–1046. doi:10.1109/5.763318.
  • Wiedenbeck, M. E.; Binns, W. R.; Christian, E. R.; Cummings, A. C.; Dougherty, B. L.; Hink, P. L.; Klarmann, J.; Leske, R. A.; Lijowski, M.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Stone, E. C.; Thayer, M. R.; Von Rosenvinge, T. T.; Yanasak, N. E. (1999). "Constraints on the Time Delay between Nucleosynthesis and Cosmic-Ray Acceleration from Observations of 59Ni and 59Co". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 523 (1): L61 – L64. Bibcode:1999ApJ...523L..61W. doi:10.1086/312242.
  • Cohen, C. M. S.; Cummings, A. C.; Leske, R. A.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Stone, E. C.; Dougherty, B. L.; Wiedenbeck, M. E.; Christian, E. R.; Von Rosenvinge, T. T. (1999). "Inferred Charge States of High Energy Solar Particles from the Solar Isotope Spectrometer on Ace". Geophysical Research Letters. 26 (2): 149–152. Bibcode:1999GeoRL..26..149C. doi:10.1029/1998GL900218.
  • Leske, R. A.; Cohen, C. M. S.; Cummings, A. C.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Stone, E. C.; Dougherty, B. L.; Wiedenbeck, M. E.; Christian, E. R.; Von Rosenvinge, T. T. (1999). "Unusual Isotopic Composition of Solar Energetic Particles Observed in the November 6, 1997 Event". Geophysical Research Letters. 26 (2): 153–156. Bibcode:1999GeoRL..26..153L. doi:10.1029/1998GL900173.
  • Leske, R. A.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Cohen, C. M. S.; Cummings, A. C.; Stone, E. C.; Wiedenbeck, M. E.; Christian, E. R.; Von Rosenvinge, T. T. (1999). "Event-to-Event Variations in the Isotopic Composition of Neon in Solar Energetic Particle Events". Geophysical Research Letters. 26 (17): 2693–2696. Bibcode:1999GeoRL..26.2693L. doi:10.1029/1999GL900561.
  • Cohen, C. M. S.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Leske, R. A.; Cummings, A. C.; Stone, E. C.; Wiedenbeck, M. E.; Christian, E. R.; Von Rosenvinge, T. T. (1999). "New Observations of Heavy-Ion-Rich Solar Particle Events from Ace". Geophysical Research Letters. 26 (17): 2697–2700. Bibcode:1999GeoRL..26.2697C. doi:10.1029/1999GL900560.
  • Cohen, C. M. S.; Garrard, T. L.; Stone, E. C.; Cooper, J. F.; Murphy, N.; Gehrels, N. (April 1, 2000). "Io Encounters Past and Present - a Heavy Ion Comparison". Journal of Geophysical Research. 105 (A4): 7775–7782. Bibcode:2000JGR...105.7775C. doi:10.1029/1999JA000021.
  • Stone, E. C. (2000). "Mars and the Search for Life Elsewhere - Innovations in the Third Era of Space Exploration". AIAA Student Journal. 38 (1): 4–7.

Further reading

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Notes

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  1. ^ According to Flandro, many experts were sceptical and didn't believe that such mission was possible: "After we had discovered this mission design, I consulted experts at JPL to find out whether they thought we had a workable notion. They showed no interest in the outer planets and proceeded to explain the many impossibilities confronting such missions. The guidance guys said, "No, you can't guide accurately enough." The spacecraft design people said, "No, you can't build a spacecraft that would survive long enough to do this." The data people proclaimed that "You can't transmit any useful data over interplanetary distances (and think of the time delay between transmission and receipt of the signal)." Every expert I consulted had a negative response. You know, they said, "You can't get through the asteroid belt. A spacecraft cannot survive passing through the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter without colliding with something." Another problem voiced was that "spacecraft electronics cannot survive passage through Jupiter's magnetic field," On-and-on the negative responses built up. They declared, "You just cannot do that. Come on, kid don't bother us anymore." That inspired me to work a little bit harder on selling this whole thing."[15]
  2. ^ According to Louis Friedman, a friend of both Stone and Schurmeier, who was involved into the Grand Tour program planning before it was transformed into Voyager: "Bud Schurmeier was a phenomenal person. He is the one who made the mission happen – he and his teams: spacecraft and mission. Ed without Bud wouldn't have done anything, and Bud without Ed wouldn't have [laugh] achieved the great results. But either of them without the support of the rest of the teams would also have not been able to do it alone. Voyager has many heroes. None, more than Bud Schurmeier."[18]
  3. ^ See more on press conferences in Butrica 2001, search for "The press conference was a keystone activity of the Project Scientist..."
  4. ^ Multiple sources, including NASA, often say that Stone was the PI of nine NASA spacecraft missions and co-investigator on five more,[3] but don't list these missions. Stone himself said that "[Before Voyager] My first space mission was in 1961 and I had flown instruments on missions in 1965, '67, '69, '72, and '73 - so I had lots of instruments in space, but they had all been on Earth-orbiters."[16]
  5. ^ Kurt Streeter observed the same devotion to gray color in 2011, writing "He is wearing his standard work attire: gray sport jacket, gray pants, gray shoes, gray socks — and a white shirt."[20]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Neil Gehrels (1952-2017) - NASA Science".
  2. ^ a b c "Ed Stone, scientist who led the Voyager space missions through the solar system and beyond – obituary". The Telegraph. June 23, 2024 – via telegraph.co.uk.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Ed Stone, Former Director of JPL and Voyager Project Scientist, Dies". JPL Life. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. June 11, 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Witze, Alexandra (2013). "Voyager: Outward bound". Nature. 497 (7450): 424–427. Bibcode:2013Natur.497..424W. doi:10.1038/497424a. PMID 23698425.
  5. ^ Cummings, Alan C. (July 10, 2024). "Edward C. Stone obituary: physicist who guided Voyager probes to interstellar space". Nature. 631 (8021): 501. Bibcode:2024Natur.631..501C. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-02285-w – via www.nature.com.
  6. ^ Stone, Edward (1964). Low energy cosmic-ray protons (Thesis). University of Chicago. OCLC 49431918.
  7. ^ a b c d e f Norman, Michael (May 20, 1990). "His Head In The Stars". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 19, 2025 – via NYTimes.com.
  8. ^ "Edward C Stone". The Shaw Prize.
  9. ^ a b "Dr. Edward C. Stone's Contributions to Aerospace". airandspace.si.edu. July 19, 2024.
  10. ^ a b c d Roberts, Sam (June 14, 2024). "Edward Stone, 88, Physicist Who Oversaw Voyager Missions, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved June 14, 2024.
  11. ^ "Edward Stone Profile". NASA. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2015.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g "Edward C. Stone, 1936–2024". Caltech. June 11, 2024.
  13. ^ "TMT Board of Directors". Archived from the original on December 18, 2013. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  14. ^ a b "Keck Foundation Honors Edward Stone with Endowed Professorship at Caltech". Advancement and Alumni Relations. July 10, 2023.
  15. ^ a b c "Gary Flandro (PHD '67), Aerospace Engineer". September 7, 2022.
  16. ^ a b "The Stories Behind the Voyager Mission: Ed Stone". The Planetary Society.
  17. ^ "The Stories Behind the Voyager Mission: Bud Schurmeier". The Planetary Society.
  18. ^ "Louis Friedman". Heritage Project.
  19. ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved May 30, 2017.
  20. ^ a b Streeter, Kurt (April 14, 2011). "A new frontier in quest to understand the cosmos". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on April 17, 2011. Retrieved April 14, 2011.
  21. ^ a b c Gertner, Jon (December 20, 2024). "How Edward Stone Resolved NASA's Scientific Turf Wars". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  22. ^ a b c "Dr. Edward C. Stone (1935–2004)". Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  23. ^ Stone, Ed (December 22, 2017). "The Voyagers". Nature Astronomy. 1 (12): 896. Bibcode:2017NatAs...1..896S. doi:10.1038/s41550-017-0339-2 – via www.nature.com.
  24. ^ "Ed Stone - NASA Science".
  25. ^ Kluger, Jeffrey (June 12, 2024). "Godspeed, Ed Stone—the Man Who Showed Us the Solar System". TIME.
  26. ^ a b Butrica, Andrew J. (2001). "Voyager: The Grand Tour of Big Science". In Pamela E. Mack (ed.). From Engineering Science to Big Science: The NACA and NASA Collier Trophy Research Project Winners. NASA.
  27. ^ a b "Edward C. Stone | The Franklin Institute". fi.edu. November 23, 2021.
  28. ^ "NASA's Voyager: The next generation". www.princeton.edu.
  29. ^ "Jamie Rankin - NASA Science".
  30. ^ "Edward Stone Retires After 50 Years as NASA Voyager's Project Scientist". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
  31. ^ "NASA - NSSDCA - Experiment - Details".
  32. ^ a b Baker, D. N.; Mason, G. M. (May 23, 2025). "A Small Pathbreaking Spacecraft: Giants of Space Research (Bernard Blake, Dieter Hovestadt, and Edward Stone)". Perspectives of Earth and Space Scientists. 6 (1): e2024CN000270. doi:10.1029/2024CN000270.
  33. ^ "Galileo Scientific Result Release". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). 1989.
  34. ^ "ACE Personnel". izw1.caltech.edu.
  35. ^ "STEREO/IMPACT - IMPACT Team". sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu.
  36. ^ von Rosenvinge, T. T.; Cummings, A. C.; Leske, R. A.; Mewaldt, R. A.; Reames, D. V.; Stone, E. C.; Wiedenbeck, M. E. (2008). "The High Energy Telescopes for the STEREO Mission". International Cosmic Ray Conference. 1: 103. Bibcode:2008ICRC....1..103V.
  37. ^ "PSP (Parker Solar Probe)". eoPortal.
  38. ^ "Alan Cummings, Astrophysicist, Cosmic Ray Researcher, and Voyager Mission Scientist". Heritage Project. July 3, 2023.
  39. ^ "The Farthest". August 11, 2017 – via IMDb.
  40. ^ "Office of Research and Development (ORD) | The Edward Stone Award for Outstanding Research Publication". www.jpl.nasa.gov.
  41. ^ a b "Voyager Project Scientist Honored by NASA--Via Stephen Colbert". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
  42. ^ a b "The 2019 Prize in Astronomy: Edward C Stone". The Shaw Prize. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  43. ^ Devlin, Hannah (January 11, 2020). "Voyager scientist Ed Stone on the search for extraterrestrial life: 'We need to get back to Enceladus'". The Guardian.
  44. ^ Nickell, Julie (June 13, 2024). "Ed Stone, BHS graduate and top Voyager scientist, dies at 88". Daily Gate City.
  45. ^ Cowing, Keith (December 9, 2024). "NASA JPL Unveils The Dr. Edward Stone Exploration Trail". Astrobiology.
  46. ^ "Edward Stone Voyager Exploration Trail". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  47. ^ "AIAA Space Science Award".
  48. ^ "Edward C. Stone". National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  49. ^ "NASA Highest Honors Awarded to Voyager Teams". NASA/JPL. September 19, 1986.
  50. ^ "President Bush Presents Dr. Stone the 1991 National Medal of Science". NASA/JPL. September 16, 1991.
  51. ^ "Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) » Space Science Award".
  52. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on December 15, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2020.
  53. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  54. ^ "Space Flight Award | American Astronautical Society".
  55. ^ Agency Honor Awards (PDF) (Report). NASA. 2006.
  56. ^ "NASA Scientists Honored | APPEL Knowledge Services". February 28, 2010.
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  58. ^ Federation, International Astronautical. "IAF : Edward C. STONE". www.iafastro.org.
  59. ^ "Voyager Project Scientist Ed Stone Honored". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL).
  60. ^ "Former director of NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory to receive Alumni Medal from UChicago | University of Chicago News". news.uchicago.edu. March 10, 2015.
  61. ^ "(5841) Stone". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names. Springer. 2003. pp. 492–493. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_5481. ISBN 978-3-540-29925-7. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved March 6, 2020.
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Preceded by 7th Director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1991 – 2001 		Succeeded by
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