Hydrophiinae
| Hydrophiinae | |
|---|---|
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| Vermicella annulata, bandy-bandy | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Family: | Elapidae |
| Subfamily: | Hydrophiinae Fitzinger, 1843[1] |
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| Distribution range for Hydrophiinae | |
Hydrophiinae is a subfamily of venomous snakes in the family Elapidae. It contains most sea snakes and many genera of venomous land snakes found in Australasia, such as the taipans (Oxyuranus), tiger snakes (Notechis), brown snakes (Pseudonaja) and death adders (Acanthophis).[2][3]
Taxonomy
[edit]Phylogeny and classification
[edit]Historically, subfamily Hydrophiinae included all "sea snakes" and was commonly used to refer to both the true sea snakes (tribe Hydrophiini) and the sea kraits (Laticauda). However, large-scale molecular phylogenetic analyses[4] and studies integrating phenotypic data (including morphological, ecological, and cytogenetic characteristics) with molecular data[5] support the hypothesis that Laticauda is the sister group to all other hydrophiines. This clade containing all hydrophiines except Laticauda is sometimes referred to as Oxyuraninae.[6] Given its basal position, Laticauda is sometimes placed in a separate subfamily, Laticaudinae, sister to Hydrophiinae sensu stricto.[5][7]
Molecular evidence further suggests that true sea snakes (Hydrophiini) are more closely related to terrestrial oxyuranine elapids than to Laticauda, implying that marine adaptations evolved convergently in the two groups. Sanders et al. (2008) identified the closest extant relatives of Hydrophiini as Australasian terrestrial elapids.[4] Maximum likelihood analysis suggested that Hemiaspis, a semi-aquatic genus known as "swamp snakes," is sister to sea snakes. In contrast, maximum parsimony analysis in the same study recovered Hydrophiini as sister to a broader Notechis group, including genera such as Hoplocephalus, Paroplocephalus, Tropidechis, Notechis, Austrelaps, Drysdalia, and Echiopsis. Although subsequent phylogenetic efforts have focused on relationships within Hydrophiini, broader genomic sampling across Hydrophiinae may further clarify these interrelationships. Despite uncertainty surrounding the broader relationships within Hydrophiinae, Sanders et al. (2008) presented strong molecular support for the monophyly of Hydrophiini, the "true sea snakes." This group is characterized by two morphological synapomorphies: dorsally oriented nostrils located posteriorly, and nostrils sealable by fleshy valvular flaps.[5]
Genera
[edit]According to the Reptile Database, Hydrophiinae contains the following 38 genera:[3] (Sea snakes are marked with asterisks.)
- Acanthophis
- Aipysurus*
- Antaioserpens
- Aspidomorphus
- Austrelaps
- Brachyurophis
- Cacophis
- Cryptophis
- Demansia
- Denisonia
- Drysdalia
- Echiopsis
- Elapognathus
- Emydocephalus*
- Ephalophis*
- Furina
- Hemiaspis
- Hoplocephalus
- Hydrelaps*
- Hydrophis*
- Loveridgelaps
- Microcephalophis
- Micropechis
- Neelaps
- Notechis
- Ogmodon
- Oxyuranus
- Parahydrophis*
- Parapistocalamus
- Paroplocephalus
- Pseudechis
- Pseudonaja
- Rhinoplocephalus
- Salomonelaps
- Simoselaps
- Suta
- Toxicocalamus
- Tropidechis
- Vermicella
References
[edit]- ^ Uetz, P. (ed.) (2022). The Reptile Database. Hydrophiinae Fitzinger, 1843. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=413301 on 2022-05-09
- ^ Scanlon, J.D.; Lee, M.S. (2004). "Phylogeny of Australasian venomous snakes (Colubroidea, Elapidae, Hydrophiinae) based on phenotypic and molecular evidence". Zoologica Scripta. 33 (4): 335–366. doi:10.1111/j.0300-3256.2004.00151.x. S2CID 85297294.
- ^ a b Uetz, P.; Freed, P.; Aguilar, R.; Hošek, J., eds. (2022). "Hydrophiinae". The Reptile Database. Retrieved 2022-05-09.
- ^ a b Sanders, K. L.; Lee, M. S. Y.; Leys, R.; Foster, R.; Scott Keogh, J. (31 March 2008). "Molecular phylogeny and divergence dates for Australasian elapids and sea snakes (hydrophiinae): evidence from seven genes for rapid evolutionary radiations". Journal of Evolutionary Biology. 21 (3): 682–695.
- ^ a b c Scanlon, J. D.; Lee, M. S. Y. (23 June 2004). "Phylogeny of Australasian venomous snakes (Colubroidea, Elapidae, Hydrophiinae) based on phenotypic and molecular evidence". Zoologica Scripta. 33 (4): 335–366.
- ^ Sanders, K. L.; Lee, M. S. Y. (March 2008). "Molecular evidence for a rapid late-Miocene radiation of Australasian venomous snakes (Elapidae, Colubroidea)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 46 (3): 1165–1173.
- ^ Rasmussen, A. R.; Elmberg, J.; Gravlund, P.; Ineich, I. (2011). "Sea snakes (Serpentes: subfamilies Hydrophiinae and Laticaudinae) in Vietnam: a comprehensive checklist and an updated identification key". Zootaxa. 2894 (1): 1–20.