Kokain
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Kokain
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| Ngaran sistimatik (IUPAC) | |
| métil (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3- (bénzoiloksi)-8-métil-8-azabisiklo[3.2.1] oktana-2-karboksilat | |
| Identifiers | |
| Nomer CAS | |
| Sandi ATC | N01 R02, S01, S02 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| ChemSpider | |
| Data kimia | |
| Rumus | C17H21NO4 |
| Mass. mol. | 303.353 g/mol |
| SMILES | & |
| Synonyms | métilbénzoilékgonin, bénzoilmétilékgonin |
| Data fisika | |
| Titik lééh | 195 °C (383 °F) |
| Kelarutan dina Cai | 1800 mg/mL (20 °C) |
| Data farmakokinetik | |
| Bioavailabilitas | Oral: 33%[1] Insufflated: 60[2]–80%[3] Nasal Spray: 25[4]–43%[1] |
| Metabolisme | CYP3A4 hépatik |
| Waktu paruh | 1 jam |
| Eksresi | Rénal (bénzoilékgonin jeung ékgonin métil éster) |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Kat. kehamilan |
? |
| Legal status | |
| Dependence Liability | Luhur |
| Jalur | Topikal, Oral, Insuflasi, IV, PO |
Kokain (bénzoilmétilékgonin) nyaéta alkaloid tropana kristalin nu diala tina daun dua spésiés koka pituin Amérika Kidul: Erythroxylum coca jeung Erythroxylum novogranatense.[5][6][7] Ngaran 'kokain' dicokot tina ngaran tangkalna ditambah ahiran alkaloid -in (-ina, numutkeun aturan baku), jadi kokain. Ieu alkaloid téh stimulan sistem saraf puseur, hususna salaku inhibitor reuptake dopamin, norépinéfrin, jeung serotonin. ku sabab mangaruhan jalur reward mésolimbik, kokain jadi matak nyandu[8].
kokain tré tré bon pouir toi
Watesan
[édit | édit sumber]Produksi, distribusi, jeung jual-beuli produk kokain diwates pisan (lolobana mah kaasup ilégal). Sababaraha nagara, kayaning Péru jeung Bolivia ngawenangkeun tatanén daun koka pikeun konsumsi tradisional ku masarakat pituin. Di Éropah jeung Australia, kokain olahan diwenangkeun pikeun kaperluan kadokteran.
Pamaké
[édit | édit sumber]Numutkeun laporan PBB taun 2007, kokain panglobana dipaké di Spanyol (3,0% ti jalma sawawa)[9]. Nagara séjén anu pamakéanana sahanteuna 1,5% nyaéta AS (2,8%), Inggris (2,4%), Kanada (2,3%), Italia (2,1%), Bolivia (1,9%), Cili (1,8%), jeung Skotlandia (1,5%)[9].
Baca ogé
[édit | édit sumber]Rujukan
[édit | édit sumber]- Cocaine (dicutat 16 Séptémber 2009)
- ↑ a b Fattinger K, Benowitz NL, Jones RT, Verotta D (2000). "Nasal mucosal versus gastrointestinal absorption of nasally administered cocaine". Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 56 (4): 305–10. PMID 10954344. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
- ↑ Barnett G, Hawks R, Resnick R (1981). "Cocaine pharmacokinetics in humans". J Ethnopharmacol. 3 (2–3): 353–66. PMID 7242115. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
- ↑ Jeffcoat AR, Perez-Reyes M, Hill JM, Sadler BM, Cook CE (1989). "Cocaine disposition in humans after intravenous injection, nasal insufflation (snorting), or smoking". Drug Metab. Dispos. 17 (2): 153–9. PMID 2565204. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
- ↑ Wilkinson P, Van Dyke C, Jatlow P, Barash P, Byck R (1980). "Intranasal and oral cocaine kinetics". Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 27 (3): 386–94. PMID 7357795. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
- ↑ Plowman T (June 1982). "The identification of coca (Erythroxylum species): 1860–1910". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 84 (4): 329–353. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb00368.x.
- ↑ Pomara C, Cassano T, D'Errico S, Bello S, Romano AD, Riezzo I, Serviddio G (2012). "Data available on the extent of cocaine use and dependence: biochemistry, pharmacologic effects and global burden of disease of cocaine abusers". Current Medicinal Chemistry. 19 (33): 5647–57. doi:10.2174/092986712803988811. PMID 22856655.
- ↑ Johnson, E. L. (22 Sep 2008). "Alkaloid Content in Two Erythroxylum Taxa During Juvenile Growth and Development". J. Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants. doi:10.1300/J044v10n02_06.
- ↑ Fattore L, Piras G, Corda MG, Giorgi O (2009). "The Roman high- and low-avoidance rat lines differ in the acquisition, maintenance, extinction, and reinstatement of intravenous cocaine self-administration". Neuropsychopharmacology. 34 (5): 1091–101. doi:10.1038/npp.2008.43. PMID 18418365. Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (link)
- ↑ a b World Drug Report 2007 (PDF), New York: United Nations, 2007, k. 243.
Tumbu kaluar
[édit | édit sumber]- Cocaine in Egyptian Mummies
- EMCDDA drugs profile: Cocaine(2007)
- Erowid -> Cocaine Information — Kumpulan data ngeunaan dosis, pangaruh, kimia, status hukum, gambar, jeung sajabana
- Slang Dictionary for Cocaine.
- Cocaine content of plants
- Cocaine - The History and the Risks at h2g2
- Cocaine Frequently Asked Questions
- Cocaine users are destroying the rainforest - at 4 square metres a gram | World news | The Guardian
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