Leccinum scabrum
| Leccinum scabrum | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Boletales |
| Family: | Boletaceae |
| Genus: | Leccinum |
| Species: | L. scabrum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Leccinum scabrum | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Leccinum scabrum | |
|---|---|
 | Pores on hymenium |
 | Cap is convex |
 | Hymenium is adnate |
 | Stipe is bare |
 | Spore print is olive |
 | Ecology is mycorrhizal |
 | Edibility is edible but not recommended |
Leccinum scabrum, commonly known as the birch bolete,[1] rough-stemmed bolete, or scaber stalk, is a species of fungus in the family Boletaceae. It was formerly classified as Boletus scaber.
The birch bolete is widespread in Europe, in the Himalayas in Asia, and elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, occurring only in mycorrhizal association with birch trees. This mushroom is also becoming increasingly common in Australia and New Zealand where it is likely introduced. It is an edible mushroom if only firm specimens are used and cooked thoroughly.
Description
[edit]
The cap is 4–10 cm (1+1⁄2–4 in) wide and convex before flattening.[1] The skin of the cap is tan or brownish, usually with a lighter edge;[2] it is smooth, bald, and dry to viscid.[2]
The pores are whitish[2] at a young age, later gray. In older specimens, the pores on the pileus can bulge out, while around the stipe they dent in strongly. The pore covering is easy to remove from the skin of the pileus.[citation needed] The spore print is brown.[3]
The stipe is 5–15 cm (2–6 in) long and 1–3.5 cm (3⁄8–1+3⁄8 in) wide and slim, with white and dark to black flakes; it tapers upward.[2] The basic mycelium is white.
The flesh is whitish, sometimes darkening following exposure.[2] In young specimens, the meat is relatively firm, but it very soon becomes spongy and holds water, especially in rainy weather. When cooked, the meat turns black.
Similar species
[edit]Several different species of Leccinum mushrooms are found in mycorrhiza with birches, and can be confused by amateurs and mycologists alike. L. variicolor has a bluish stipe. L. oxydabile has firmer, pinkish flesh and a different pileus skin structure. L. melaneum is darker in color and has yellowish hues under the skin of the pileus and stipe. L. holopus is paler and whitish in all parts.
Habitat and distribution
[edit]Leccinum scabrum is a European species that has been introduced to various areas of the world, mostly appearing in urban areas.[2] In New Zealand, it associates solely with Betula pendula.[4] In North America, it can be found from June to September, except on the West Coast, where it appears from September to November.[3]
It grows in association with birch.[3] It has been found in association with ornamental birch trees planted outside of its native range, such as in California.[5]
Edibility
[edit]The species is edible when firm,[1] but some guides consider it unworthwhile.[6] It can be cooked in various mushroom dishes[7] or be pickled in brine or vinegar. It is commonly harvested for food in Finland and Russia.[8]
A few reports in North America (from New England and the Rocky Mountains) suggest that Leccinums should only be consumed with much caution.[9][10] In Nordic countries they are considered likely poisonous unless cooked for at least 15–20 minutes.[11][12]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c Arora, David (1986) [1979]. Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi (2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: Ten Speed Press. pp. 541–42. ISBN 978-0-89815-170-1.
- ^ a b c d e f Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. pp. 227–228. ISBN 978-0-88192-935-5.
- ^ a b c Audubon (2023). Mushrooms of North America. Knopf. p. 347. ISBN 978-0-593-31998-7.
- ^ McNabb RFR. (1968). "The Boletaceae of New Zealand". New Zealand Journal of Botany. 6 (2): 137–76 (see p. 169). doi:10.1080/0028825X.1968.10429056.
- ^ "Leccinum scabrum". California Fungi. Retrieved 2009-10-18.
- ^ Phillips, Roger (2010). Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books. p. 276. ISBN 978-1-55407-651-2.
- ^ Francis-Baker, Tiffany (2021). Concise Foraging Guide. The Wildlife Trusts. London: Bloomsbury. p. 178. ISBN 978-1-4729-8474-6.
- ^ Ohenoja, Esteri; Koistinen, Riitta (1984). "Fruit body production of larger fungi in Finland. 2: Edible fungi in northern Finland 1976–1978". Annales Botanici Fennici. 21 (4): 357–66. JSTOR 23726151.
- ^ Bakaitis, Bill. "Diagnosis at a Distance". FungiKingdom.net. Retrieved 2011-11-28.
- ^ Bakaitis, Bill (2009-07-18). "Wild Mushroom Warning: The Scaber Stalks (Leccinum species) May No Longer Be Considered Safe". Leslie Land: In Kitchen and Garden. Retrieved 2025-06-18.
- ^ "Poisonous mushrooms in Norway". Poisons Information Centre. 10 April 2019.
- ^ "Tegelsopp. Leccinum versipelle". Svampguiden.
Further reading
[edit]- Kallenbach: Die Röhrlinge (Boletaceae), Leipzig, Klinkhardt, (1940–42)
- Gerhardt, Ewald: Pilze. Band 2: Röhrlinge, Porlinge, Bauchpilze, Schlauchpilze und andere, (Spektrum der Natur BLV Intensiv), (1985)
External links
[edit]
- Pilzgalerie: Leccinum scabrum (Birkenpilz) (in German).