Match cut
 | This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2020) |
In film, a match cut is a cut from one shot to another in which the composition of the two shots are matched by the action or subject and subject matter. For example, in a duel a shot can go from a long shot on both contestants via a cut to a medium closeup shot of one of the duellists. The cut matches the two shots and is consistent with the logic of the action. This is a standard practice in film-making, to produce a seamless reality-effect.[1]
Wider context
[edit]Match cuts form the basis for continuity editing, such as the ubiquitous use of match on action. Continuity editing smooths over the inherent discontinuity of shot changes to establish a logical coherence between shots. Even within continuity editing, though, the match cut is a contrast both with cross-cutting between actions in two different locations that are occurring simultaneously, and with parallel editing, which draws parallels or contrasts between two different time-space locations.
A graphic match (as opposed to a graphic contrast or collision) occurs when the shapes, colors and/or overall movement of two shots match in composition, either within a scene or, especially, across a transition between two scenes. Indeed, rather than the seamless cuts of continuity editing within a scene, the term "graphic match" usually denotes a more conspicuous transition between (or comparison of) two shots via pictorial elements.[2] A match cut often involves a graphic match, a smooth transition between scenes to create an element of metaphorical (or at least meaningful) comparison between elements in both shots.[3]
A match cut contrasts with the conspicuous and abrupt discontinuity of a jump cut.
Notable examples
[edit]Stanley Kubrick's 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey contains a famous example of a match cut.[4][5] After a hominid discovers the use of bones as a tool and a weapon, he throws one triumphantly into the air. As the bone spins in the air, there is a match cut to a much more advanced tool: an orbiting satellite.[6] The match cut helps draw a connection between the two objects as exemplars of primitive and advanced tools respectively, and serves as a summary of humanity's technological advancement up to that point.[7] The satellite is unidentified in the film, but the novel makes it clear that it is an orbital weapon platform, thus linking with the use of the bone as a weapon.
Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's A Canterbury Tale (1944) is a predecessor for the 2001: A Space Odyssey match cut in which a fourteenth-century falcon cuts to a World War II aeroplane.[8] The sense of time passing but nothing changing is emphasised by having the same actor, in different costumes, looking at both the falcon and the aeroplane.
Another early example is Orson Welles's Citizen Kane (1941), which opens with a series of match dissolves that keeps the titular character's lit window in the same part of the frame while the cuts take viewers around his dilapidated Xanadu estate, before a final match dissolve takes viewers from the outside to the inside where Kane is dying.[9]
A match cut occurs at the end of Alfred Hitchcock's North by Northwest. As Cary Grant pulls Eva Marie Saint up from Mount Rushmore, the cut then goes to him pulling her up to his bunk on the train. The match cut here skips over the courting, the marriage proposal, and the actual marriage of the two characters who had for much of the film been adversaries.[10] Another Hitchcock film to employ the use of a match cut is Psycho. Just after Marion Crane is murdered in the "shower scene", the camera shows blood flowing down the drain of the tub, then cuts (dissolves) to a shot of Marion's eye.[11]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Hayward, Susan (2013). Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts. Routletge. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-203-12994-4.
- ^ Prunes, Mariano; Michael Raine; Mary Litch (27 August 2002). "Part 4: Editing". Film Analysis Guide. New Haven, CT: Film Studies Program, Yale University. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ Felluga, Dino (31 January 2011). "Terms Used by Narratology and Film Theory". Introductory Guide to Critical Theory. Purdue University. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ "The Film Buff's Dictionary". All Movie Talk. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ Roberte, Dariusz (20 June 2012). "2001: A Space Odyssey: A Critical Analysis of the Film Score". The Kubrick Site. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ Agel, Jérôme, ed. (1970). The Making of Kubrick's 2001. Signet Film Series Volume 4205. New York: Signet. p. 196 and caption in photographs section. ISBN 9780451071392. OCLC 109475.
- ^ Duckworth, A. R. (27 October 2008). "Basic Film Techniques: Match-Cut". The Journal of Film, Art and Aesthetics. ISSN 2049-4254. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ "A Canterbury Tale". Irish Film Institute. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011.
- ^ Emerson, Jim. "Citizen Kane (1941)". CinePad. Archived from the original on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ Dirks, Tim. "match cut". Film Terms Glossary Illustrated. AMC Filmsite. p. L2-M1. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- ^ Toles, George (2004). "Chapter 7: Psycho and the Gaze". In Kolker, Robert (ed.). Alfred Hitchcock's Psycho: A Casebook. Casebooks in Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 127. ISBN 9780195169195. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
Further reading
[edit]- Bordwell, David; Kristin Thompson (2013). "Chapter 6: Editing". Film Art: An Introduction (10th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780073535104. OCLC 793213236.
- Hayward, Susan (2013). Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts. Routledge Key Guides (4th ed.). Abington, UK: Routledge. ISBN 9780415538138. OCLC 828473026. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- Hayward, Susan (2013). "Cut". Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts. Routledge. pp. 96–98. ISBN 9780415538138. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- Hayward, Susan (2013). "Editing/Soviet Montage". Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts. Routledge. pp. 119–123. ISBN 9780415538138. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
- Hayward, Susan (2013). "Jump Cut". Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts. Routledge. p. 222. ISBN 9780415538138. Retrieved 28 July 2014.