Merina dialect
| Merina | |
|---|---|
| Native to | |
| Ethnicity | Merina people |
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | mg |
| ISO 639-3 | plt |
| Glottolog | meri1243 |
Merina is a dialect of the Malagasy language spoken by the Merina people in the province of Antananarivo and to a lesser extent in the region of Betsiboka part of the province of Mahajanga. It forms the basis of Standard Malagasy, which is used in media, administration, and education across Madagascar. Merina refers to the local dialect, while Standard Malagasy is the national standard.
Classification
[edit]Merina belongs to the Austronesian language family, within the Malayo-Polynesian branch. It is part of the East Barito subgroup and is especially closely related to the Ma’anyan language of southern Borneo.Within Madagascar, Merina is classified under the Plateaux Malagasy group.
History
[edit]In the 19th century, Merina, in its standardized form, became the official language of the Kingdom of Imerina, which controlled two-thirds of Madagascar. [1]During the colonial period, it was used de facto alongside French in the administration. Colonial publications intended for the indigenous population were issued in the Merina dialect. Even the French were encouraged to learn Merina, with public Malagasy language courses established for European civil servants in Tananarive and some provincial towns.
In 1929, the Merina dialect was adopted as a foreign language option in the Baccalauréat, the diploma marking the end of secondary education in the French system. Since Madagascar’s independence, standardized Merina known as Malagasy ofisialy has remained the main official language, despite the continued strong presence of French.[2]
Geographic distribution
[edit]Merina is spoken in the following regions:
- Analamanga Region (including Antananarivo)
- Vakinankaratra Region
- Itasy Region
- Betsiboka Region
- Bongolava Region
Each of these regions has its own accents and etymological variations. In the Vakinankaratra region, a distinct dialect closely related to Merina is spoken, which shows strong influence from the Betsileo dialect due to its separate history under the Kingdom of Andratsay. There are also sociolinguistic variations within the Merina dialect. In Antananarivo, differences exist between the urban Merina spoken by the middle and upper classes and the varieties used in the inner-city slums. Additionally, the rural areas surrounding the capital have their own distinct accents.
Writing system
[edit]The Merina dialect is written in the Latin script, using a 21-letter alphabet introduced by missionaries in the 19th century. Prior to that, the Sorabe script, an Arabic-derived alphabet, was briefly used during the reign of Radama I. Merina was not the first Malagasy dialect to be written in the Latin script, but it was the first to be fully standardized with a distinct alphabet and grammatical rules. Dictionaries of southern dialects such as Tanosy, Vezo, and Tandroy were mentioned in travel accounts by French and English explorers, but none of these dialects underwent the same level of standardization as Merina.[3][4]
Cultural significance
[edit]Merina holds a prestigious status due to its widespread use in media, government, and education, and it enjoys nationwide recognition. It is understood throughout Madagascar, not merely because of the historical influence of the Kingdom of Imerina. Even tribes in the southern regions historically independent from Imerina rule can generally understand Merina, despite notable lexical and grammatical differences.[5]
References
[edit]- ^ Camilleri, Jean-Luc (2024). La formation des jeunes, levier du développement rural à Madagascar: Cultiver le savoir, récolter l’avenir !. p. 29.
- ^ Lucas, Raoul (2003). Sociétés plurielles dans l'océan Indien: enjeux culturels et scientifiques. p. 76.
- ^ Holder Rich, Cynthia (2008). "Glossary". The Fifohazana: Madagascar’s Indigenous Christian Movement. Cambria Press.
- ^ Cousins, William Edward (1897). Introduction sommaire à l’étude de la langue malgache (in French). Translated by Daurand‑Forgues, E.
- ^ Les pluralismes juridiques. Cahiers d'Anthropologie du Droit (in French). Karthala. 2004. pp. 204–205.