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Mopane

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Mopane (disambiguation) and Mopani (disambiguation).

Mopane
Multi-stemmed shrub and tall woodland in Namibia and Malawi respectively
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Subfamily: Detarioideae
Tribe: Detarieae
Genus: Colophospermum
J.Léonard (1949), nom. cons.
Species:
C. mopane
Binomial name
Colophospermum mopane
(J.Kirk ex Benth.) J.Léonard (1949)
Synonyms[1]
  • Copaiba mopane (J.Kirk ex Benth.) Kuntze (1891)
  • Copaifera mopane J.Kirk ex Benth. (1865).
  • Hardwickia mopane (J.Kirk ex Benth.) Breteler (1997)

Colophospermum mopane, commonly called mopane,[2] mopani,[3] butterfly tree,[2][4] turpentine tree,[2][4] or balsam tree,[2][4] is a tree in the legume family (Fabaceae), that grows in hot, dry, low-lying areas, 200 to 1,200 metres (660 to 3,940 ft) in elevation,[5] in parts of Southern Africa. The tree only occurs in Africa and is the only species in genus Colophospermum. Its distinctive butterfly-shaped (bifoliate) leaf and thin kidney-shaped/nearly semi-circular seed pod[6] make it easy to identify.

Though hard and dense and difficult to work with, it is valued timber in all sorts of construction due to its termite tolerance.[7][8][9] Together with camel thorn and leadwood, one of the three regionally important firewood trees, due to the enduring heat,[10] and these woods are also some of the preferred use culinarily for braai.[11]

Range and habitat

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The two papilionaceous leaflets are mirror images of one another, and are borne on a common petiole.[12]

The mopane is found on low-lying ground from 200 metres (660 ft) (Mozambique) to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) (Zimbabwe). [5][14]

Mopane ecoregions

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Native to Southern Africa, its habitat is divided crudely into two regions: the "Angola region", i.e., Angolan mopane woodlands ecoregion, which includes Southern Angola and northwestern Namibia, and the "Zambezian region", i.e. the Zambezian and mopane woodlands ecoregion extending over the lowlands of the Zambezi River and its tributaries across the countries of Zambia, Southern Malawi, other parts of Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Eswatini/Swaziland and northern South Africa.[9][15][16]

Soil and morphology

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While it prefers slightly acidic deep clay soil that are friable and permeable,[13] it also grows in alkaline (high lime content) soils which are shallow and not well drained.[13] It also grows in alluvial soils (soil deposited by rivers).[13] Where it occurs, it is often the dominant tree species, frequently forming homogeneous stands.[17]

Within the Zambezian region described above, the trees' height varying considerably, and larger, single-stemmed trees of 10 to 15 m (33 to 49 ft) are found in open savannah woodlands on the (sandy) alluvial soil, forming canopy woodlands, and even reaching 18m in height for the so-called "cathedral mopane" of Zambia.[15][18] The same tree is also found stunted as (multi-stemmed[19][15]) shrubbery about 1 to 2 or 3 m (3.3 to 6.6 or 9.8 ft) in clayey soil[18][21] or impermeable alkaline soil.[15] Thus water or drainage seems to be a cause factor for stunting, though other causes have been hypothesized.[19] These stunted growths are sometimes called "mopane scrub" (for shrub).[20][6] The shrubs will not transition into tall woods.[20]

This tree will not grow well outside hot, mostly frost-free areas[a] with low to moderate rainfall (as low as 100mm per year,[6] or averaging 400–500mm per year[18]).[b][22][6]

Uses

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A large multi-stemmed tree with sociable weaver nests, and a shrub browsed on by goats, both in Namibia

Mopane wood is one of southern Africa's heaviest, with an average density range of 0.990 to 1.230 g/cm3 (61.8 to 76.8 lb/cu ft) at 12% moisture.[23][25] and is difficult to work because of its hardness.[24][26] However it is also termite resistant making it one of the most preferred local timbers for construction,[7] and for this reason it has long been used for building houses and fences, as railway sleepers and as pit props.[8][9] The termite-resistance and rich, reddish colouring[24] also make it popular for parquet flooring.[8] Outside Africa, mopane is gaining popularity as a heavy, decorative wood, its uses including aquarium bogwood ornaments,[28] similarly as driftwood decor for terrariums or gardens,[29] or bases for lamps or sculptures.

It is also increasingly being used in the construction of musical instruments, particularly woodwind. Suitable quality African blackwood (Dalbergia melanoxylon), traditionally used for clarinets, is becoming harder to find. Mopane is fairly oily, seasons very well with few splits or shakes, and produces instruments of a warm, rich tone.[30] Clarinets made of mopane are offered by the manufacturers Schwenk & Seggelke, Wurlitzer, F. Arthur Uebel and Buffet Crampon.

Mopane twigs been traditionally used as a sort of tooth brush (chewing stick to clean teeth[31][34]), and the leaves for folk remedy in healing the wound after ritual extraction of teeth.[35] Various parts of the tree (seed, leaf, bark, root) are used in the traditional medicine of Southern African for a wide range of symptoms.[36][6]

The bark to make twine or rope[37] and for tanning leather,[37][39] The wood is also used to make charcoal[40] and for braai wood.[11]

Food source

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The tree is a major food source for the mopane worm, the caterpillar of the moth Gonimbrasia belina. The caterpillars are rich in protein and are eaten by people. The mopane worm is rich in crude fats and contains vitamins and minerals, such as iron, calcium and phosphorus.[41][42][9] Another edible caterpillar is that of Gynanisa maja (speckled emperor moth; chipumi in Bemba[c][43]) which also uses mopane as host tree.[42][9]

And when infested with the "mopane fly"[42] or "mopane psyllid" (Retroacizzia mopani syn. Arytaina mopani[44] ) that feeds on the tree, the tree produces edible wax-like gums on its leaves called "mopane manna" which are collected and eaten by humans and monkeys.[9][45][46]

The tree also acts as a foodplant for the wild silk moth, Gonometa rufobrunnea. Cocoons of the moth are harvested as wild silk, to make cloth.[42][23]

The Mopane worm creates employment and serves as a source of income for the majority of rural women. Harvesters sell it in villages, towns or to the trader.[41]

The tree is also considered an important food resource for animal husbandry (goat herding), as goats can be allowed to browse on the tree's leaves (cf. fig. above).[19] They are also browsed by cattle and by game animals such as elephants, giraffes, water buffalos and antelopes in game farms and nature reserves.[37]

Etymology

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The genus name Colophospermum is a compound from Greek kolophon[ios][d] "resin" + Latin spermum "seed". The former derives from Colophon", which was the birthplace of Homer in Ionia, famous for its rosin, and is a reference to the seed's aromatic (turpentine-smelling) component.[47][4]

The species name mopane is from its common name in Bantu languages for the tree throughout most of its range.[4][16] Thus the nomenclature, starting with areas in or around South Africa are: mohlanare, mopane in Northern Sotho/Sepedi (northern Transvaal, current Limpopo province), mophane, mopane in Tsuwana (western Transvaal, northern Cape, Botswana) but nxanatsi in Tsonga (eastern Transvaal). It is known as mopane, tsanya in Chichewa (Malawi), mopani, mupane in Lozi (fmr. Barotseland, western Zambia), mupanyi in Thimbukushu (Namibia), omutati in Herero (Namibia, Botswana), omufiadi in Ovambo (southern Angola, northern Namibia).[48][4]

Also spelt mupani, mopani.[16][49] In Afrikaans it goes by mopanie or mopaniehout "mopanie wood" or terpentynboom "turpentine tree".[4] It is called musharu in Shona (Sabi valley, Zimbabwe), chanate in southern Mozambique,[49] and mutiati in Umbundu (Angola).[16][49]

[edit]
  • Inflorescences produced during mid-summer
    Inflorescences produced during mid-summer
  • The wind-pollinated flower
    The wind-pollinated flower
  • Dry foliage, seed pods and two seeds (bottom right) - MHNT
    Dry foliage, seed pods and two seeds (bottom right) - MHNT
  • The fruit are pods containing one seed each
    The fruit are pods containing one seed each
  • Mopane worms, locally a staple food, consuming the foliage
    Mopane worms, locally a staple food, consuming the foliage
  • The likewise edible chipumi caterpillar of the speckled emperor moth, defoliating a sprig
    The likewise edible chipumi caterpillar of the speckled emperor moth, defoliating a sprig
  • Winter foliage and dry seed pods in Namibia
    Winter foliage and dry seed pods in Namibia

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ Though it can survive light frost.[22]
  2. ^ Rainfall over 800 mm will limit its growth.[22]
  3. ^ kawanatengo in Kibembe.[43]
  4. ^ Quattrocchi lists kolophonios, kolophonion, kolophonia as "of or from Colophon". Jackson notes Colophon producing rosin too, but additionally glosses kolophon literally as "summit, end".

References

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  1. ^ Colophospermum mopane (J.Kirk ex Benth.) J.Léonard. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d "Colophospermum mopane". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
  3. ^ "Mopane | The Wood Database – Lumber Identification (Hardwood)". Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Quattrocchi, Umberto (1999). "Colophospermum mopane Kirk ex J. Léonard". CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology. Vol. 1. CRC Press. p. 587. ISBN 9780849326752.
  5. ^ a b Timberlake (1995), p. 7.
  6. ^ a b c d e CABI (2013). "Colophospermum mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) J. Leonard / Mopane". The CABI Encyclopedia of Forest Trees. CABI. pp. 127–128. ISBN 9781780642369.
  7. ^ a b Seely [et al.](1992), p. 33[27] apud Hangula (1998), p. 13
  8. ^ a b c d e Flower, Charlotte; Wardell-Johnson, G.; Jamieson, Andrew (2004). "Introduction". In Flower, Charlotte; Wardell-Johnson, G.; Jamieson, Andrew (eds.). Management of Mopane in Southern Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Ogongo Agricultural College, Northern Namibia, 26th to 29th November, 1996. Namibia. Directorate of Forestry. p. xviii. ISBN 9780869765098.
  9. ^ a b c d e f Lemmens, R.H.M.J.; Louppe, D.; Oteng-Amoako, A.A. (2012). "Colophospermum mopane (Benth.) J. Léonard". Timbers 2. Wageningen, Netherlands: PROTA. p. 211. ISBN 9789290814955.
  10. ^ Mendelsohn, John M.; El Obeid, Selma (2005). Forests and Woodlands of Namibia. Namibia. Directorate of Forestry. p. 63. ISBN 9789991678030.
  11. ^ a b Biller, Hilary (2012). "Cook's notes". Fuss-free Braais. Penguin Random House South Africa. p. PT7. ISBN 9781432301187.
  12. ^ van Wyk, Piet (2008) [1984url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SBFAQAAIAAJ&mirror]. Field Guide to the Trees of the Kruger National Park (5 ed.). Cape Town: Struik. pp. 83–84. ISBN 9781770077591.
  13. ^ a b c d Lemmens, Louppe & Oteng-Amoako (2012), p. 214.
  14. ^ Another quote gives upper limit of 1000m (–1300m).[13]
  15. ^ a b c d e Shorrocks, Bryan; Bates, William (2015). "Savannahs". The Biology of African Savannahslocation=. Oxford University Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780198702702.
  16. ^ a b c d Huntley, Brian John (2023). "15.1 Angolan Mopane Woodlands (Ecoregion 12)". Ecology of Angola: Terrestrial Biomes and Ecoregions. Springer Nature. pp. 340–341 and Fig. 15.1. ISBN 9783031189234.
  17. ^ Shorrocks & Bates (2015): "The [southern African] 'tree and shrub' savannahs are characterised by the dominance of the mopane tree."; "Here [in the Zambezian region] the mopane tree is frequently the sole canopy species.."[15]
  18. ^ a b c Scholtz, Clarke; Scholtz, Jenny; de Klerk, Hennie (2021). "7. Savanna Biome". Pollinators, Predators & Parasites. Penguin Random House South Africa. Mopane Woodland. ISBN 9781775846321.
  19. ^ a b c Teshirogi, Koki (March 2010). "Influence of Geomorphology on the Physiognomy of Colophospermum mopane and its Effect on Browsing in Central Namibia" (PDF). African Study Monographs (Suppl.40): 103.
  20. ^ a b c Thomas, David S. G.; Shaw, Paul A. (1991). "4. Climate, soils and vegetation of the Kalahari". The Kalahari Environment. Cambridge University Press. p. 105. ISBN 9780521370806.
  21. ^ Thomas & Shaw (1991),[20] citing Wellington (1955).
  22. ^ a b c Makhado, Rudzani A.; et al. (Mapaure, Isaac; Potgieter, Martin J.; Luus-Powell, Wilmien J.; Saidi, Amani T.) (2014), "Factors influencing the adaptation and distribution of Colophospermum mopane in southern Africa's mopane savannas - A review", Bothalia (Online), 44 (1): 1–9, doi:10.4102/ABC.V44I1.152
  23. ^ a b Lemmens, Louppe & Oteng-Amoako (2012), p. 212.
  24. ^ a b c Kromhout, C. P. (1967). "Twintig Transvaalse Houtsoorte" [Twenty Kinds of Transvaal Timbers]. Fauna and flora (in Afrikaans and English) (18): 15–17.
  25. ^ Various sources quote variuos figures. Meier's Wood Database gives "average dried weight" as 1075 kg/m3 or 67.11 lb/cu.ft., close to the lower end of the range. A different source gives 1,200 kg/m3, citing Goldsmith & Carter (1981).[8] which is about 75 lb./cu. ft., which (after rounding down) matches the "76 (73–84) lb./cu. ft" air dry quoted elsewhere,[24] and these are close to the high end of the range.
  26. ^ Meier, Eric (2016) The Wood DatabaseArchived 15 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine Mopane. Retrieved 24 June 2013.
  27. ^ Cunningham, T.; Hubbard, D.; Kinahan, John; Kreike, E.; Seely, M.; Stuart-Williams, V.; Marsh, A. (1992). Oshanas: sustaining people, environment and development in Central Owambo, Namibia. Windhoek, Namibia: s.n. p. 33. ISBN 9991670904.
  28. ^ Verhoef-Verhallen, Esther J. J. (2001). "Bogwood". The Complete Encyclopedia of Tropical Fish. Hackberry Press. p. 16. ISBN 9781931040068.
  29. ^ Newell, Ben (2024). "Mopane wood". Hello Tiny World: An Enchanting Journey into the World of Creating Terrariums. Penguin. p. 16. ISBN 9780593847671.
  30. ^ "Woods for woodwinds". Prosono International. 22 November 2009. Archived from the original on 22 November 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  31. ^ a b van Wyk, Ben-Erik; Gericke, Nigel (2000). "Colophospermum mopane (Fabaceae) -- MOPANE". People's Plants: A Guide to Useful Plants of Southern Africa. Pretoria, South Africa: Briza Publications. p. 206. ISBN 9781875093199.
  32. ^ Mojeremane, W.; Lumbile, A. U. (2005). "The characteristics and economic values of Colophospermum mopane (Kirk ex Benth.) J. Léonard in Botswana". Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences. 8 (5).
  33. ^ a b c d Cheikhyoussef, Ahmad; Mumbengegwi, David; Maroyi, Alfred (2023). "Chapter 9. Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology of Mopane (Colophospermum mopane) in Southern African Countries". In Martinez, José L.; Maroyi, Alfred; Wagner, Marcelo L. (eds.). Ethnobotany: From the Traditional to Ethnopharmacology. CRC Press. ISBN 9781000839586.
  34. ^ Mojeremane and Lumbile (2005)[32] apud Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).[33]
  35. ^ Malan & Owen-Smith (1974) apud van_Wyck&Gericke (2000)[31] Also re-cited by Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).[33]
  36. ^ Cheikhyoussef, Mumbengegwi & Maroyi (2023): Table 2. Traditional uses of Colophospermum mopane in Southern Africa
  37. ^ a b c Palmer and Pitman (1972)[38] apud Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).[33]
  38. ^ Palmer, Eve; Pitman, Norah (1972). Trees of Southern Africa, Covering All Known Indigenous Species in the Republic of South Africa, South-West Africa, Botswana, Lesotho and Swaziland. Vol. 1. Cape Town: A. A. Balkema.
  39. ^ Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962).[8]
  40. ^ Chidumayo (2000) apud Cheikhyoussef et al. (2023).[33]
  41. ^ a b Potgieter, Martin J. (2015). Edible insects in Africa An introduction to finding, using and eating insects. Wageningen, Netherlands: Agromisa Foundation and CTA. p. 34. ISBN 978-90-8573-146-7.
  42. ^ a b c d e Allotey, Joseph; Teferra, G.; Mpuchane, S.; Ditlholgo, M.; Gashe, B. A.; Slame, B. A. (2004). "Chapter 10: Mopane (Colophospermum mopane) as host for the development of the mopane worm, Imbrasia Belina Westwood, in Botswana". In Flower, Charlotte; Wardell-Johnson, G.; Jamieson, Andrew (eds.). Management of Mopane in Southern Africa: Proceedings of a Workshop Held at Ogongo Agricultural College, Northern Namibia, 26th to 29th November, 1996. Namibia. Directorate of Forestry. p. 41. ISBN 9780869765098.
  43. ^ a b Mitsuhashi, Jun (2016). "Gynanisa maja". Edible Insects of the World. CRC Press. pp. 2012–2013. ISBN 9781315350882.
  44. ^ Spelt "Arytaina mopane".[42]
  45. ^ Oppong, C.K.; et al. (Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, Martin J.; Wessels, D.C.J.) (2009), "Distribution of the eggs of the mopane psyllid Retroacizzia mopani (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on the mopane tree", African Invertebrates, 50 (1): 185–190
  46. ^ Oppong, C.K.; et al. (Addo-Bediako, A.; Potgieter, Martin J.; Wessels, D.C.J.) (2010), "Nymphal behaviour and lerp construction in the mopane psyllid Retroacizzia mopani (Hemiptera: Psyllidae)", African Invertebrates, 51 (1): 201–205, archived from the original on 24 June 2010
  47. ^ Jackson, William Peter Uprichard (1990). "Colophospermum". Origins and Meanings of Names of South African Plant Genera. University of Cape Town. p. 73. ISBN 9780799212846.
  48. ^ Cheikhyoussef, Mumbengegwi & Maroyi (2023): Table 1. Vernacular names of Colophospermum mopame
  49. ^ a b c Mapaure, I. (1994). "The distribution of Colophospermum mopane (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae) in Africa". Kirkia (in Afrikaans and English). 15 (1): 1.

Bibliography

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