Najm al-Saltaneh
Najm al-Saltaneh | |
|---|---|
 Najm al-Saltaneh with her brother Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma | |
| Born | 1853 |
| Died | November 4, 1932 |
| Other names | Malek Taj Firouz |
| Spouses |
|
| Children | |
| Family | Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma (brother) |
Badr al-Molouk Qajar or Malek Taj Firouz, (1853, Tabriz – November 4, 1932, Najaf) nicknamed Najm al-Saltaneh (Persian: نَجمالسلطنه) was an Iranian princess of the Qajar dynasty and the founder of the first modern hospital in Tehran, Najmieh Hospital.[1]
Life
[edit]Early life
[edit]Najm was the daughter of Nosrat-od-Dowleh Firouz Mirza and Homa Khanum.[2] Najm´s mother was her fathers second wife.
sister of Prince Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma (1852–1939), a prominent politician of modern Iran. Najm´s half-sister Sorour ol-Saltaneh married Muzaffer al-Din Shah as his eleventh wife.
According to the customs of the time when it came to women who belonged to royalty and the nobility, Najm, her mother and sisters would have lived secluded in the harem and andaruni[3] (private inner quarters). Women of Najm's station received an education with a focus on administering a household and child-rearing,[3] though she was taught to write in Persian most likely by a private tutor.[3] Najm´s mother was deeply devout [4] and would have seen that her daughter was educated in religion.
Short and with pale skin,[5] Najm was considered a beauty. Najm´s great-grandfather was Fath-Ali Shah[5] and through her family connections and marriages she was closely connected and related to the highest echelons of society, wich also made her a very eligible match.
First marriage
[edit]She was married to her first husband Murtaza Quli Khan Vakil al-Mulk Isfandiyari, son of the governor of Kerman, when she was fourteen or sixteen-years old.
From this marriage, she had two daughters, Zarrin Taj Hajieh Showkat al-Dowleh and Eshrat al-Dowleh.
After the death of her father-in-law, her husband assumed the governorship over Kerman between 1869-1879 .However due to riots in the province during his governorship and his own serious financial difficulties, he was recalled to Teheran in 1880[4] where died later that same year.
Second marriage
[edit]Najm married a second time, Mirza Heydatullha Vazir-Daftar, with whom she had Mohammad Mosaddegh and Amina Daftar al-Moluk[5] After the death of her second husband from cholera in 1893[5]
Third marriage
[edit]Najm remarried a third time to, Muzaffer al-Din´s private secretary,[5] Vakil al-Molk Diba with whom she had a son Abolhassan Diba.[2] After her third husband´s death in 1906 she dedicated herself to furthering the affairs of her family.
She was also a great friend, cousin and sister-in-law of Princess Fatima Khanum Izzat al-Dawlah, one of the most educated daughters of Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar (1907-1853).[6]
Najm al-Saltaneh loved to write. Much of the correspondence between herself and her brother, Farman Farma, is preserved in Tehran. She was also active in social affairs as her mother built schools and mosques.[7][4]
Najm, had hoped to marry her niece, Fakr-od-Doleh to her eldest son.[8][5] The engagement was finalized in 1896, but then her brother Farmanfarman was accused of attempting to depose the shah and sentenced to exile.[5] This led to her sister Sorour breaking of off the engagement. Najm's husband was also removed from the position of the shah´s private secretary.[5] The fall of her brother, disgrace of her husband and betrayal from her sister caused Najm some mental distress and she decided to commit suicide by taking opium.[5][8] She was however saved by the intervention of a physician attached to the British embassy. Najm´s niece was instead married to Amin-od-Doleh[8] in 1898.[5]
Najm did in the end manage to find a wife for her son in Zahra-Khanom,[9] the daughter of Sayyed Zain al- Abidin;[1] Teherans friday prayer imam.[10] Najm then is said to have told her sister that even if her sister hadn´t given her son the Shah's daughter, he would have the daughter of the Shah of religion.[5]
In the 1910s, Najm lived with her eldest son and his family in Neuchâtel, while he was pursuing a law degree at the University of Neuchâtel.
Activism
[edit]Najm founded Najmieh Hospital in 1926, with the building opening in 1927.[11][2]
Death
[edit]She died in 1932[4] and was buried in Najaf.[4]
Issue
[edit]- Showkat al-Dowleh, married Sahm-al-Molk. Her son Ezatollah Bayat would later marry his cousin Zia Ashraf the daughter of his maternal uncle Mohammed Mossadegh.
- Esrat al-Dowleh, married Mirzā ʿAli Movaṯṯaq-al-Salṭana[4]
- Mohammed Mossadegh, married Zahra Khanom
- Amena, married her cousin Noṣrat-al-Dowla (killed by Reza Shah) married secondly Azod-al-Salṭana[4] son of Muzaffar al-Din Shah. With issue.
- Abolhassan Diba
References
[edit]- ^ a b Katouzian, Homa (1990). Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-290-6.
- ^ a b c "A Woman who Made History: The lives and Times of Najm al-Saltaneh". The Iranian. 2020-08-19. Retrieved 2023-09-08.
- ^ a b c Paidar, Parvin (1997-07-24). Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59572-8.
- ^ a b c d e f g Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2025-03-29.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bellaigue, Christopher de (2012-05-15). Patriot of Persia: Muhammad Mossadegh and a Tragic Anglo-American Coup. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-219662-0.
- ^ مصدق،محمد،خاطرات و تالمات مصدق،نشر علمی، چاپ 15،تهران، 1397، ص. 53.
- ^ "خدمت مادر مصدق به نظام درمان ایران". اکوایران (in Persian). 2023-09-08. Retrieved 2023-09-08.
- ^ a b c Mohajer, Nasser. "Fakhr-od-doleh The woman and the legend" (PDF). www.noghteh.org.
- ^ Katouzian, Homa (1999-12-31). Musaddiq and the Struggle for Power in Iran. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85771-812-9.
- ^ Abrahamian, Ervand (2013-11-05). The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the Roots of Modern U.S.-Iranian Relations. The New Press. ISBN 978-1-59558-862-3.
- ^ Ebrahimnejad, Hormoz (2014). "Medicine in Iran". SpringerLink. doi:10.1057/9781137052889.