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Thai lunar calendar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Thai lunar calendar, or Chantarakati #Vocabulary

The Chantarakati was replaced by the Suriyakati Thai solar calendar in A.D. 1888 2431 B.E. for most purposes, but the Chantarakati still determines most Buddhist feast or holy days which move with respect to the solar calendar. Most Thai calendars today show Chantarakati dates as well as Chinese calendar lunar dates along with solar dates. As these may be used for divination and horoscopes, Thai birth certificates include Chantarakati dates with the appropriate Animal from the Chinese calendar#Twelve Animals. [In practice, Thai#Vocabulary reckon their ages from this sequence of Animals, though the solar calendar determines age at law.] Samurize

Patitin Chantarakati

Literally Against-the-Sun Moon-Ways, but properly the Chantarakati Calendar, this is Thailand's version of the lunisolar Buddhist calendar used in the southeast Asia countries of Cambodia, Laos and Burma. Based on the original, third-century Surya Siddhanta Hindu calendar, these combine lunar and solar calendars in a nominal year of 12 months. They intercalate [add] a 'leap' day or 30-day month at regular intervals; Thai, Lao, and Cambodian versions do not add the leap day to years with the leap month.

Years

Patitin Chantarakati years have three lengths--354, 355 or 384 days.
The designation of the types of months these contain also designate the year:

• Prokatimas Normal Month(s), alternately 29 and 30 days long ; a year of 354 days
• Athikawara Leap Day added to 29-day Month 7 ; a year of 355 days
• Athikamas Leap Month repeats 30-day Month 8 ; a year of 384 days.

Months

Other Buddhist-calendar months have names in Sanskrit or old Burmese, but Thai lunar months simply number from 1 to 12:

Du-an 1 - 12 เดือน ๑ - ๑๒ Month 1-12.

• For Athikamas, Du-an 8 repeats as เดือน ๘/๘ -- variously read as
  • Du-an Bad dap Bad Month 8 slash 8,
  • Du-an Bad Song Khang Month 8 Side Two, or
  • Du-an Bad Song Hon Month 8 Time Two in the Northeast dialect.

Note: the northern kingdom of Lannathai used month numbers that made Lannathai Month n = Month n - 2 in the central Sukhothai kingdom; and in the Shan kingdom of Keng Tung, Month n - 1..

Month divisions

Months divide into two periods, designated by the names of their characteristic "moons":

• 'Khang Kuen ข้างขึ้น Waxing Moon ; the period from new moon to full moon
  • 15 days, always
• Khang Raem ข้างแรม Waning Moon ; the period from full moon to new moon
  • 15 days in even-numbered months
  • 14 days in odd-numbered months except when Athikawara adds the leap day to Month 7.
    • As unitary words not compounded with another:
      • khang ข้าง [at, on, or to the] side

**** kuen ขึ้น  to rise or mount

• • • • raem แรม to tire or retire.

Days

Days number sequentially from 1 to 14 or 15:

• Kuen 1 Kham Du-an 1 ขึ้น ๑ คำ เดือน ๑ Waxing [Moon, Day] 1 Evening, Month 1, on to
• Raem 15 Kham Du-an 12 แรม ๑๕ คำ เดือน ๑๒ Waning [Moon, Day] 15 Evening, Month 12.

[Kham คำ Evening nowadays is generally taken as the evening of the common day that begins and ends at midnight, rather than of a day that begins and ends at dusk. Past practice may have been different. But see Wan Wy Phra Chan, below.]

Named Lunar Days

See also Public holidays in Thailand

• Wan Phra วันพระ Day(s) Holy [to Buddhists] ; also
  • Wan Thamma Sawana วันธรรมสวนะ (วันทำมะสะวะนะ) religious holy day(s) ; Buddhist sabbath(s)
    • Kuen 8 ขึ้น ๘ first-quarter moon
    • Kuen 15 ขึ้น ๑๕ full moon ; also
      • Wan Phen วันเพ็ญ day [of] full [moon].
    • Raem 8 แรม ๘ third-quarter moon, and
    • Raem 14 (15) แรม ๑๔ (๑๕) last day of the lunar month ; also
      • Wan Dab วันดับ day [moon is] quenched, [or goes] out.
• Wan Wy Phra Chan วันไหว้พระจันทร์ Day [of] Respect [for] Holy Moon ; the actual day in which the Harvest Moon becomes full, Kuen 14 (15) Kham Du-an 10 ขึ้น ๑๔ (๑๕) คำ เดือน ๑๐ Waxing 14(15) Evening, Month 10,

Vocabulary

Thai orthography spells most native words phonetically, but has no definitive system for [[Royal Thai General System of Transcription] | transcription] into roman letters. Here, Thai vocabulary entries appear largely where first used, in this pattern:

English phonetically Thai (Thai phonetically--if different) [Comment] definition ; variant definitions. Thus:

Thai Tai ไทย (ไท) [Archaic] free, frank ; Thai race, language, alphabet ; citizen of Thailand.

Sanskrit loan words follow different rules [the way English rules vary for Greek and Latin ('ph-' in 'phonetic' being pronounced /f/, for example.)] These are entered below in order of first appearance, in this pattern:

Sanskrit สันสกฤต (สันสะกริด /san-sa-krit/)

Sanskrit alphabet, language, writing

• compound of
  • san สัน (-/son/) bar, ridge, backbone +
  • skrit สกฤต (สะกริต /sa-krit/) carve, cut, chisel ; write.

Chantarakati จันทรคติ (จันทะระคะติ)

Lunar Calendar

• compound of
  • Chantara- จันทร- (จันทะระ /chontara/) : Chon จันทร์ (จัน) moon, lunar +
  • -kati คติ (คะติ) : ways, principles ; moral [of a tale].

Patitin (ปฎิทิน (ปะติทิน)

Calendar

• compound of
  • Pati- ปฏิ- (ปะดิ-) : [anti-, re- +
  • -tin (-ทิน) : [from tinnagorn ทินกร (ทินะกอน) - poetical for] the sun, Sol [possibly in the sense of 'tint' + - gorn -กร -er or -or ; paint-er].

Patitin Chantarakati ปฎิทินจันทรคติ (ปะติทินจันทะระคะติ)

"Resolarized Moon-Ways", Lunisolar Calendar

Suriyakati สุริยคติ (สุริยะคะติ)

Solar Ways, Solar Calendar

• compound of
  • Suriya สุริย or สุริยะ : Athit อาทิตย์, the sun, Sol +
  • -kati คติ (คะติ) : ways, principles ; moral [of a tale].

Prokatimas ปรกติมาส (ปฺรกกะติมาด /pro-ko-ti-maht/)

normal month

• compound of
  • Prokati ปรกติ (ปฺรกกะติ) : pokiti ปกติ (ปะกะติ) ordinary, usual, normal +
  • Mas มาส (มาด /maht/) : du-an (เดือน) month.

Athikamas อธิกมาส (อะทิกะมาด /a-ti-ka-maht/)

month added in leap-month lunar years

Athikawara อธิกวาร (อะทิกะวาน /a-ti-ka-wahn/)

day added in leap-day lunar years

• compound of
  • Athika : [meaning uncertain] +
  • wara วาร (วาน /wahn/) : wan วัน day.
    • [Athikasuratin อธิกสุรทิน (อะทิกะสุระทิน) day added to February in a solar leap year.]

References

• A current Thai calendar
• Sethaputra, So. New Model English - Thai Dictionary, ISBN: 9740832539
• ThaiSoftware Dictionary V 3.0, ThaiSoftware Enterprise Co., Ltd. | Thai lunar calendar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
• J.C. Eade. The calendrical systems of mainland south-east asia. ISBN 9004104372

Major edit to re-arrange material and add terms, links and vocabulary ; however, have NOT read Eade.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" Categories: Specific calendars | Thailand

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