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This article is about a flying mammal type monster of Tokyo. For the blocking beast of Shikoku, see Nurikabe § nobusuma.
The nobusuma by Toriyama Sekien, Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki (1779)

A nobusuma (野衾) (lit. "field bedding"[1]) or tobikura (飛倉) is a type of flying or sky-gliding yōkai monster, whose lore is localized in the Edo (now Tokyo), which some say is a transmuted bat, and others a flying squirrel.

It may latch onto a human from and cover his eyes and mouth, perhaps to suck blood. It attacks animals to feed on their blood, according to other sources. It is also said to consume fruits or tree-nuts. As for it allegedly consuming flame (or smoke from a fire), a source explains that it engages in a sort of fire-eating and -breathing behavior after chomping the tip off a lit torch.

According to the transmutation theorists, it starts off as bat, but with age eventually becomes a nobusuma, then later another yōkai named yamachichi [ja] (lit. "mountain father"[2]); this yamachichi is characterized as a vampire due to its habit of sucking the breath out of a sleeper and even cause death.

Etymology

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The name nobusuma (野衾) translates to "field bedding",[1] where fusuma is also glossed as either "kakebuton" (the top cover futon[a] or "night robe".[3] The word is thought to derive from fusu mo (伏す裳, lit. "lying-down/sleeping gown").[4][b]

Mythology

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The nobusuba of this type is said to be part of the folklore of Edo (now Tokyo).[6][7][6][c]

As flying squirrel

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This nobusuma is essentially a giant flying squirrel (musasabi) according to Toriyama Sekien[1][2] in his Konjaku Gazu Zoku Hyakki ( 1779),[8] and he illustrated the creature like a flying squirrel, though his text states it resembles a bat, with fur growing on it, equipped with fleshy wings.[10]. It purportedly ate nuts and flames.[11]

Sekien has a separate entry for another yōkai called momonjī (百々爺, "hundred old man"), which in his opinion is a name composed partly of "momonga" for "Japanese dwarf flying squirrel", which he asserts is also called nobusuma.[13][d]). This creature transforms into an elderly human after dark when certain conditions are met: a foggy and windy night when no one is watching; this momonjī causes the traveler it subsequently encounters to fall ill.[16]

Sekien's caption more or less matches with Kikuoka Senryō [ja]'s commentaries in Honchō seji danki (1734/Kyōho 19).[19] Here it is stated that the nobusuma eats fruits. It also cuts off (the end) a torch a human is carrying at night to extinguish it, and breathes that same fire, and is feared on that account. This work merely states that the fleshy wing when folded resembles the bat's wings, and does not suggest it resembles a bat overall.[19][20]

Bat-type, vampire

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The tobikura .
―Illustrated by Ryōsai Kanjin Masajumi (竜斎閑人正澄)　in Kyōka Hyaku Monogatari (1853).

Yet according to the Ehon Hyaku Monogatari (published 1841) attributed to Tōka Sanijin and illustrated by Takehara Shunsen [ja], an aging bat first turns into nobusuma then later into another monster called the yamachichi (山地乳, lit. "mountain father"), which would suck the breath of sleeping men. This results in death if yamachichi's deed goes unwitnessed, but conversely lengthens the life if spotted.[2][21] Due to its nature of apparently feeding on humans, it is characterized as a "vampire" by an early 20th century English commentator.[2]

A legend in the Baiō zuihitsu (梅翁随筆)[e] collection claims that in the year 1798 (Kansei 10), a weasel-like winged beast was responsible for attacks on cats in Edo. It was caught, and had right and left wings of a sort, but not quite really wings at that. Someone identified the body as that of nobusuma which dwelt in the deep mountains.[22]

The same bat-like monster is called a tobikura (飛倉, lit. "flying warehouse") and was purported to cover over the face of humans, according to the Kyōka Hyaku Monogatari [ja] (1853) illustrated by Ryōsai Kanjin Masajumi (竜斎閑人正澄).[20] The nobusuma is also said to fly onto a person, and cover his eyes and mouth.[23][14][24] It is even said that while the nibusama blindfolds and gags the victim (with its forepaws), it will suck the blood out of the traveler it spots on a mountain path.[24]

Iconography

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―"Miyamoto Musashi slashing the aged nobusuma in Tanba Province.[f] by Utagawa Kuniyoshi.

As already alluded, the nobusuma has been illustrated by Sekien (1779).[9][1] and by Shunsen [ja] in Ehon Hyaku Monogatari (1841/Tenpō 12).[25][26]

And the tobikura was depicted covering up the face of a person in Kyōka Hyaku Monogatari (1853/Kaei 6), painted by Ryōsai Kanjin (cf. fig. above).[22]

Ukiyo-e artist Utagawa Kuniyoshi has depicted swordsman Miyamoto Musashi eradicating a bat-like nobusuma in the mountains (Musashi series, c. 1826-27/Bunsei 9-10).[f] There is no historical basis for this, except that his training did take him all over the country.[22][14]

Derivation

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Sekien's illustration explains in caption that the nobusuma Is essentially a flying squirrel, as already noted.[27][1] A musasabi (Japanese giant flying squirrel) burrows inside hollowed trees by day, and comes out at night to glide through the air. Such spooky conduct may have inspired the recognition of the actual mammal itself as a type of yōkai.[20] Since musasabi or the momonga (Japanese dwarf flying squirrel) both have acute night vision, it could be blinded by bright torch or lantern light in the dark, causing it to latch on to humans. Such could be mistaken for a yōkai attack experience, and spread by word of mouth.[20]

The encyclopedia Wakan Sansai Zue (1712) has an entry for the beast, read as both musasabi and nobusuma [g]. It explains: "the name nobusuma is colloquial, while it is called momoka (毛毛加) [sic] in the Kantō region, and itaojiki (板折敷) in the western provinces". It is described as practically resembling a rat in fur color and shape, with fleshy wings. Then the encyclopedia defers the detailed description to the entry for "bats"[h] under the "land bird category" volume.[28][29]

The actual relevant entry is not "bats", but the next one for "flying squirrel", more specifically: "musasabi/nobusuma/momi/momoka" (鸓鼠, Chinese] (pinyin) leishu; (romaji): rui chui).[i][30] As is often is the case, the Wakan Sansai Zue entry here is derivative of the corresponding entry for the leishu flying squirrel[j] in the Chinese compendium Bencao Gangmu (1596). Here Su Song is quoted as saying "When the people in the South see them, they consider them to be abnormal",[31] though construed as "in the south many regard it as yōkai" in the Japanese translation.[k][32] Also, Guo Pu's annotation to the Erya dictionary is quoted, which states that the "giant flying squirrels are shaped like small foxes,.. Their legs are short but their claws are long.. They consume smoke rising from fire",[31] also paraphrased in Wakan Sansai Zue,[29][33] and comparable to some of the descriptions and attributes of the yōkai given above.

Relationship to mami

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The Ehon Hyaku Monogatari also equates nobusuma to another yōkai named nodeppō [ja; fr], which is said to be a beast named mami (猯) turned old, and transmogrified into a yōkai.[25] Yōkai researcher Katsumi Tada [ja] explains that this mami normally refers to a tanuki, but older sources including the Wakan Sansai Zue distinguish mami from tanuki, and　mami could refer to other beasts including the musasabi flying squirrel. Thus perhaps it was this confusion that resulted in the legend as we know it.[34] Hiroshi Aramata writes that mami referred to the momonga flying squirrel during the Heian Period, and legend has it that Taira no Kiyomori exterminated a yōkai named momi (毛朱) whose grave had stood until the modern age.[14]

See also

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Explanatory notes

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  1. ^ i.e. a "quilt" cover bedding, akin to comforter.
  2. ^ Note that fusu (伏す) could mean "lie down, recline", "lie flat, take cover". The 伏 also recurs in 伏翼 (pinyin: fuyi, lit. "reposed/foldable wing") as an alternate Chinese name for "bat" in a broad sense, evidently including flying squirrels.[5]
  3. ^ A different type of nobusuma is the one known in the Shikoku area, which should be distinguished according to Hiroshi Aramata. That type erects a fusuma panel to block or blind passerby, and considered a subtype of nurikabe.[7] The two may be confused or conflated.[6]
  4. ^ Aramata states that Momongā (モモンガ―) was used as an invective to frighten children well into the post-war (post-1940s).[14]
  5. ^ Kansei era, 1789–1801).
  6. ^ a b Japanese: "美家本武蔵 丹波の国の山中にて年ふる野衾を斬図". The name is actually changed from the correct surname "宮本", though still pronounced "Miyamoto".
  7. ^ The kanji 鼯鼠 read as 「むささひ」 「のふすま」
  8. ^ The Chinese name for bat 伏翼 is used.
  9. ^ Japanese: "鸓鼠 (むささひ もみ のふすま ももか)、ルイ チュイ".
  10. ^ Obviously the mammal the Chinese book talks about is not the Japanese giant flying squirrel, but its cousin, the Complex-toothed flying squirrel.[31]
  11. ^ Japanese: "南方ではこれを多く妖怪視している", Chinese: "【頌曰】..南人見之, 多以為怪".

References

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Citations

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Toriyama, Sekien (2017), "Nobusuma", Japandemonium Illustrated: The Yokai Encyclopedias of Toriyama Sekien, translated by Hiroko Yoda; Matt Alt, Courier Dover Publications, p. 137, ISBN 9780486818757
  2. ^ a b c d Joly, Henri L. (1910). "Bakemono". Transactions and Proceedings of Japan Society, London (in Japanese). 9. Japan Society of London: 27–28.
  3. ^ Uno, Tetsuto [in Japanese], ed. (1983). "Fusuma" 衾. Shinshū Kokugo kanwa jiten 新修国語漢和辞典 (in Japanese). Shueisha. p. 17. ISBN 9784084003614. 衾>掛け布団や夜着。意味 1 かぶせもの。かけぶとん。2 ねまき。寝衣。
  4. ^ Yamaori, Tetsuo [in Japanese] (1990), Ueyama, Shunpei (ed.), Miyabi no shinsō: Nihon bunmei no sōzō みやびの深層: 日本文明の創造, Nihon bunmeishi 4, Kadokawa Shoten, p. 92, ISBN 9784045217043
  5. ^ Cf. Unschuld tr. (2021), p. 247
  6. ^ a b c Chiba, Mikio [in Japanese], ed. (1995). "Nobusuma" 野衾. Zenkoku yōkai jiten 全国妖怪事典 (in Japanese). Shogakukan. p. 72. ISBN 978-4-09-460074-2.
  7. ^ a b Aramata & Ōya (2021). "Nurikabe ぬり壁", p. 118
  8. ^ Toriyama (2017), p. 131.
  9. ^ a b c Toriyama, Sekien (2021) [1779], "Nobusuma" 野套（のぶすま）, Edo yōkaiga taizen 江戸妖怪画大全（鳥山石燕 全妖怪画集・解説付き特別編集版） (in Japanese), Edo rekishi Library (hdl:2324/422771@Kyushu University Library Collections lacks the relevant volume)
  10. ^ Japanese: "野套（のぶすま）は鼯（むささび）の異なり。形蝙蝠に似て、毛生（お）ひて翅（つばさ）も即[（すなわち）]肉なり。(cont.)",[9] whereas English translated "webbed wings" is a construed, not faithfully according to text.[1]
  11. ^ (Cont.) Japanese: "四の足あれども短く爪長くして、木の実をも喰らひ、又は火焔をもくへり。"[9]
  12. ^ a b Toriyama (2017) Translated by Yoda; Alt. "Momonjii", p. 147
  13. ^ Sekien's thinks momonjī is composite of momonga and Gagoji (元興寺), a sort of bogeyman name invoked to silence crying children, in the Kyoto area.[12]
  14. ^ a b c d Aramata, Hiroshi; Ōya, Yasunori (2021). "Nobusuma" 野套（のぶすま）. Aramata Hiroshi no Nihon zenkoku yōkai mappu アラマタヒロシの日本全国妖怪マップ (in Japanese). 秀和システム. p. 43. ISBN 9784798065076.
  15. ^ Toriyama (2021) "Momonjī 百々爺（ももんじい）" (in Japanese)
  16. ^ Japanese: "百々爺（ももんじい）未詳。愚按ずるに、..[15][12]
  17. ^ Kikuoka, Senryō [in Japanese] (1734). "Miscellany. Momongwa & Gakōji" 雑事門 摸々具和（モモングワ） &元興寺（がごうじ）. Honchō seji danki /Kindai sejidan 本朝世事談綺/近代世㕝談 (in Japanese). Vol. 5. Yorozuya Seibei. 17r–18r. (or 017r–018r digitized@Waseda University)
  18. ^ Mozume (1922), p. 500.
  19. ^ a b Kikuoka Senryō (1841) Honchō seji danki (『本朝世事談綺』) also called Kindai seji jidan (『近代世事談』), Book 5, fol. 17　§ Miscellany 雑事門 "Momongwa 摸々具和（ももんぐわ）" and "Gagōji 元興寺".[17][18]
  20. ^ a b c d Tada, Katsumi [in Japanese] (2008). "Yōkai　sōran" 妖怪総覧. In Kyogoku, Natsuhiko; Tada, Katsumi [in Japanese] (eds.). Yōkai gahon Kyōka hyaku monogatari 妖怪画本 狂歌百物語 (in Japanese). Kokusho Kankokai. p. 286. ISBN 978-4-3360-5055-7.
  21. ^ Tada, Kasumi [in Japanese], ed. (1997) [1841]. Takehara Shunsen Ehon hyaku monogatari Tōsanjin yawa 竹原春泉 絵本百物語 桃山人夜話 (in Japanese). Kokusho Kankokai. pp. 39, 90. ISBN 978-4-336-03948-4.
  22. ^ a b c Isao (1999), p. 93.
  23. ^ Iwai, Hiromi [in Japanese], ed. (2000). Nihon no yōkai hyakka 日本の妖怪百科 (in Japanese). Vol. 3. Kawade Shobō Shinsha. p. 47. ISBN 978-4-309-61383-3.
  24. ^ a b Miyamoto, Yukie (2013). "Fūri" 風狸. Nihon no yōkai FILE 日本の妖怪FILE (in Japanese). Gakken. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-4-054056-63-3.
  25. ^ a b Tada (1997), p. 90.
  26. ^ Tanaka, Reigi (2003). Izumi Kyōka 'Kōya hijiri' sakuhinronshū 泉鏡花「高野聖」作品論集 (in Japanese). Kress Shuppan. p. 300. ISBN 9784877331412.
  27. ^ Murakami, Kenji [in Japanese], ed. (2000). "nobusuma". Yōkai jiten 妖怪事典 (in Japanese). Asahi Shinbunsha. p. 266. ISBN 978-4-620-31428-0.
  28. ^ Terajima Ryōan [in Japanese] (n.d.) [1712]. "39-kan. So-rui. Musasabi/Nobusuma" 三十九巻 鼠類 鼯鼠 （むささひ のふすま） [Book 39. Rodent category. (Flying squirrel)]. Wakan Sansai zue 和漢三才図会 (in Japanese). Vol. 27 of 81. fol. 18b. (Musasabi/Nobusuma in edition of Chūkindō, 1885. 39: 90)
  29. ^ a b Terajima Ryōan [in Japanese] (1985) [1712]. "Kan dai-39-kan. So-rui. Musasabi" 卷第三十九 鼠類 鼯鼠 （むささび） [Book 39. Rodent category. Squirrel-weasel.]. Wakan Sansai zue 和漢三才図会. Vol. 6. Translation and notes by Shimada, Isao; Takeshima, Atsuo; Higuchi, Motomi. Heibonsha. p. 137. ISBN 9784582804478.
  30. ^ Terajima Ryōan [in Japanese] (n.d.) [1712]. "42-kan. Genkin-rui Musasabi/Momi/Nobusuma/Momoka" 四十二巻 原禽類 鸓鼠（むささひ もみ のふすま ももか） [Book 42. Land bird category. (Flying squirrel)]. Wakan Sansai zue 和漢三才図会 (in Japanese). Vol. 29 of 81. fol. 17a–17b. (Musasabi/Nobusuma in edition of Chūkindō, 1885. 42: 176)
  31. ^ a b c Li Shizhen (2021). "Land Fowl. Chapter 48-22. Lei shu" 鸓鼠　. Ben Cao Gang Mu, Volume IX: Fowls, Domestic and Wild Animals, Human Substances (in Japanese). Translated by Paul U. Unschuld. Univ of California Press. pp. 256–258. ISBN 9780520976993.
  32. ^ Li Shizhen (1931). "Tori-bu dai-48-kan musasabi/nobusuma" 禽部第四十八卷 鸓鼠. Tōchū kokuyaku honzō kōmoku 頭註国訳本草綱目 (in Japanese). Vol. 11. Translated by Suzuki, Shikai. Shunyōdō. pp. 310–313.
  33. ^ Terajima (1985), p. 256.
  34. ^ Tada (1997), p. 156.

Bibliography

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