Parachartergus
| Parachartergus | |
|---|---|
| |
| Parachartergus sp. tending treehopper nymphs | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Vespidae |
| Subfamily: | Polistinae |
| Tribe: | Epiponini |
| Genus: | Parachartergus R. von Ihering, 1904 |
Parachartergus is a genus of epiponine social wasps belonging to the subfamily Polistinae.
Species
[edit]There are 17 described species of Parachartergus:
- Parachartergus amazonensis Ducke, 1905[1]
- Parachartergus apicalis (Fabricius, 1804) - known to form mutualistic relationships with treehoppers. The male genitalia are noted for their movements of "startling complexity".[2]
- Parachartergus apicaloides Willink, 1959
- Parachartergus aztecus Willink, 1959[3]
- Parachartergus colobopterus (Lichtenstein, 1796) - unusually nests contain several queens. The species is docile, preferring to leave the nest than mount an attack.
- Parachartergus flavofasciatus (Cameron, 1906)[3]
- Parachartergus fraternus (Gribodo, 1892) - closely related to P. apicalis and also forms mutualistic relationships with treehoppers[4]
- Parachartergus fulgidipennis (de Saussure, 1854)[1]
- Parachartergus griseus (Fox, 1898)[3][5]
- Parachartergus lenkoi Richards, 1978[3]
- Parachartergus pacificus Cooper, 2000
- Parachartergus pseudoapicalis Willink, 1951[6]
- Parachartergus richardsi Willink, 1951[5]
- Parachartergus smithii (de Saussure, 1854)[7]
- Parachartergus tomentus Willink, 1959[3]
- Parachartergus weyrauchi du Buysson, 1904[3]
- Parachartergus wagneri Willink, 1959[3]
Gallery
[edit]-
Parachartergus amazonensis -
Parachartergus apicalis -
Parachartergus apicaloides -
Parachartergus colobopterus -
Parachartergus fraternus -
Parachartergus fraternus nest -
Parachartergus pseudapicalis -
Parachartergus smithii
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References
[edit]- ^ a b Hunt, James H.; Carpenter, James M. (October 2004). "Intra-specific Nest Form Variation in Some Neotropical Swarm-founding Wasps of the Genus Parachartergus (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Epiponini)". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society. 77 (4): 448–456. doi:10.2317/E-26.1.
- ^ West-Eberhard, Mary Jane (1984). "13. Sexual selection, competitive communication and species-specific signals in insects". In Lewis, T. (ed.). Insect Communication. New York: Academic Press. p. 296. ISBN 0-12-447175-7. Retrieved 2025-05-08.
- ^ a b c d e f g Richards, Owain Westmacott (1978). The Social Wasps of the Americas Excluding the Vespinae. British Museum (Natural History). pp. 203–213. ISBN 978-0-565-00785-0.
- ^ Wetterer, James K.; Wetterer, Andrea L.; Rumbaitis-del Rio, Christina; Chang, Catherine; Vega, Genevieve; Manne, Lisa L.; Aukema, Juliann; Karubian, Jordan; Sloan, Alex; Desai, Manish (2000). "Diel Shifts in Treehopper-Tending by Ants and Wasps in Costa Rica (Hymenoptera)". Sociobiology. 36 (1): 123–131. Retrieved 2025-05-08.
- ^ a b Somavilla, Alexandre; De Oliveira, Marcio Luiz (30 May 2017). "Social wasps (Vespidae: Polistinae) from Ducke Reserve, Amazonas, Brazil". Sociobiology. 64 (1): 125. doi:10.13102/sociobiology.v64i1.1215.
- ^ Brito, E. L. S.; Aragão, M.; Santos, G. M. M. (16 May 2018). "Colony defensive behavior by the swarm-founding wasp Parachartergus pseudoapicalis: increase on investment predicts the intensity of nest defense". Insectes Sociaux. 65 (3): 411–417. doi:10.1007/s00040-018-0627-6.
- ^ Mateus, Sidnei; Noll, Fernando Barbosa; Zucchi, Ronaldo (1997). "Morphological Caste Differences in the Neotropical Swarm-Founding Polistine Wasps: Parachartergus smithii (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 105 (3/4): 129–139. JSTOR 25010237.
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