Yamgrah

Yamgrah
	Yamgrah ke sahii rang, jaise New Horizons spacecraft July 2015,; 35,445 km (22,025 mi) duur se utaaris hae
Discovery
Discovered by	Clyde W. Tombaugh
Discovery site	Lowell Observatory
Discovery date	February 18, 1930
Designations
MPC designation	(134340) Pluto
Named after	Pluto
Minor planet category	Dwarf planet; Trans-Neptunian object; Kuiper belt object; Plutino;
Adjectives	Plutonian /pluːˈtoʊniən/
Symbol	or
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch J2000
Earliest precovery date	August 20, 1909
Aphelion	49.305 AU; (7.37593 billion km); February 2114;
Perihelion	29.658 AU; (4.43682 billion km); (September 5, 1989);
Semi-major axis	39.482 AU; (5.90638 billion km);
Eccentricity	0.2488
Orbital period (sidereal)	247.94 years; 90,560 d;
Orbital period (synodic)	366.73 days
Average orbital speed	4.743 km/s
Mean anomaly	14.53 deg
Inclination	17.16°; (11.88° to Sun's equator);
Longitude of ascending node	110.299°
Argument of perihelion	113.834°
Known satellites	5
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	2,376.6±1.6 km
Mean radius	1,188.3±0.8 km; 0.1868 Earths;
Flattening	<1%
Surface area	1.774443×107 km2; 0.035 Earths;
Volume	(7.057±0.004)×109 km3; 0.00651 Earths;
Mass	(1.3025±0.0006)×1022 kg; 0.00218 Earths; 0.177 Moons;
Mean density	1.853±0.004 g/cm3
Equatorial surface gravity	0.620 m/s2 (0.0632 g0)
Equatorial escape velocity	1.212 km/s
Synodic rotation period	−6.38680 d; −6 d, 9 h, 17 m, 00 s;
Sidereal rotation period	−6.387230 d; −6 d, 9 h, 17 m, 36 s;
Equatorial rotation velocity	13.11 m/s, July 2024
Axial tilt	119.51° (to orbit)
North pole right ascension	132.993°
North pole declination	−6.163°
Geometric albedo	0.52 geometric (locally 0.08–1.0); 0.72 ± 0.07 Bond
Apparent magnitude	13.65 to 16.3 ; (mean is 15.1)
Absolute magnitude (H)	−0.44
Angular diameter	0.06 to 0.11
Atmosphere
Surface pressure	1.0 Pa (2015) (9.9×10−6 atm)
Composition by volume	Nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide

Yamgrah (Pluto) (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) ek bauna grah, Kuiper belt me hae, jon bodies Neptude se duur hae. Ii 9th sab se barraa aur 10th sab se garrhu (Eris ke baad) chij hae jon Suraj ke sidhe parikrama kare hae. Duusra Kuiper belt ke chij ke rakam, ii jaada kar ke ice aur pattharr ke banaa hae, lekin bhittar waala grah se bahut chhotaa hae. Pluto ke wajan Chandarma ke one-sixth hae aur volume one-third hae. Pahile iske ek grah maana jaawat rahaa, lekin ek nawaa definition ke niche iske ek bauna grah classify karaa gais hae.

Yamgrah ke orbit badalte rahe hae aur ii range kare hae Suraj se 30 to 49 astronomical units (4.5 to 7.3 billion kilometres; 2.8 to 4.6 billion miles). Suraj ke rosni ke hian talak pahunche me 5.5 ghantaa lage hae jab iske orbital distance 39.5 AU (5.91 billion km; 3.67 billion mi) rahe hae. Pluto ke ii orbit ke kaaran kabhi-kabhi Yamgrah Neptune se jaada nagiich hoe jaae hae, lekin ek stable orbital resonance ke kaaran duuno collide nai hoe hae.

Yamgrah ke paanch chaand ke baare me jaana jaae hae; (moon)|Charon]], the largest, whose diameter is just over half that of Pluto; Styx; Nix; Kerberos; and Hydra. Yamgrah aur Charon ke kabh-kabhi ek binary system maana jaae hae, kaaheki duuno ke orbit koi ek me bandha nai hae. New Horizons pahila spacecraft rahaa jon Yamgrah aur uske chaand measurements aur observations lis rahaa jab uu 14 July 2015 me hian se flyby bhais rahaa.

Itihaas

1840s me Urbain Le Verrier, Classical mechanics ke kaam me laae ke Neptune ke predict karis rahaa, Uranus ke orbit ke asar ke analyse kare ke baad. 19th century ke aakhri hissa me astronomer log ii speculate kare lagin ki Neptune ke alaawa ek duusra planet bhi Uranus ke orbit ke asar kare hae. ^[5]

1906 me Percival Lowell en 9th grah ke khoj suruu karis jiske uu "Planet X" ke naam diis rahaa aur 1909 me Lowell aur William H. Pickering ii planet ke coordinate suggest kare rahin.

1929 me Clyde Tombaugh Planet X ke khoj fir se suruu karis. Tambaugh raat ke aasmaan ke dui chaapa utaar ke ii dekhe ke kosis karis ki koi chij aapan position ke badlis hae ki nai. 18 February 1930 me uu ii dekhis ke jon chhaapa ke 23 January aur 29 January ke biich me lewea gis rahaa, me ek chij move hoe hae. Jab aur observation iske confirm karis tab ii sab chaapa ke 13 March 1930 me Harvard College Observatory ke lage bheja gais rahaa.

Yamgrah ke ek saal, dunia ke 247.94 saal ke baraabar hae, jiske matlab ii hae ki Yamgrag 2178 me iske discovery ke baad pahila orbit complete kari.

Jab Yamgrah ke paae lewa gais rahaa, tab se astronomer log ii nai biswas kare hae ki ii Lowell ke Planet X hae. Pluto ke mass ke anumaan ke 20th century me kamti karaa gais hae. ^[6]

Pluto ke mass ke estimates
Year	Mass	Estimate by
1915	7 Earths	Lowell (prediction for Planet X)
1931	1 Earth	Nicholson & Mayall^[7]
1948	0.1 (1/10) Earth	Kuiper
1976	0.01 (1/100) Earth	Cruikshank, Pilcher, & Morrison^[8]
1978	0.0015 (1/650) Earth	Christy & Harrington
2006	0.00218 (1/459) Earth	Buie et al.

References

↑ Stern, S.A.; Grundy, W.; McKinnon, W.B.; Weaver, H.A.; Young, L.A. (2017). "The Pluto System After New Horizons". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2018: 357–392. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051935. ISSN 0066-4146.
↑ Nimmo, Francis (2017). "Mean radius and shape of Pluto and Charon from New Horizons images". Icarus 287: 12–29. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.06.027.
↑ Seligman, Courtney. "Rotation Period and Day Length". Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2021.
↑ Amos, Jonathan. "New Horizons: Pluto may have 'nitrogen glaciers'", BBC News, July 23, 2015. “It could tell from the passage of sunlight and radiowaves through the Plutonian "air" that the pressure was only about 10 microbars at the surface”
↑ Croswell, Ken (1997). Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems. New York: The Free Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-684-83252-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=60sPD6yjbVAC. Retrieved April 15, 2022.
↑ Stern, Alan; Tholen, David James (1997). Pluto and Charon. University of Arizona Press. pp. 206–208. ISBN 978-0-8165-1840-1.
↑ Nicholson, Seth B.; Mayall, Nicholas U. (December 1930). "The Probable Value of the Mass of Pluto". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 42 (250): 350. doi:10.1086/124071.
↑ Croswell 1997, p. 57.

[Pluto_System_after_New_Horizons-1] Stern, S.A.; Grundy, W.; McKinnon, W.B.; Weaver, H.A.; Young, L.A. (2017). "The Pluto System After New Horizons". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2018: 357–392. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051935. ISSN 0066-4146.

[Nimmo2017-2] Nimmo, Francis (2017). "Mean radius and shape of Pluto and Charon from New Horizons images". Icarus 287: 12–29. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.06.027.

[planet_years-3] Seligman, Courtney. "Rotation Period and Day Length". Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2021.

[4] Amos, Jonathan. "New Horizons: Pluto may have 'nitrogen glaciers'", BBC News, July 23, 2015. “It could tell from the passage of sunlight and radiowaves through the Plutonian "air" that the pressure was only about 10 microbars at the surface”

[5] Croswell, Ken (1997). Planet Quest: The Epic Discovery of Alien Solar Systems. New York: The Free Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0-684-83252-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=60sPD6yjbVAC. Retrieved April 15, 2022.

[6] Stern, Alan; Tholen, David James (1997). Pluto and Charon. University of Arizona Press. pp. 206–208. ISBN 978-0-8165-1840-1.

[Nicholson_et_al_1930-7] Nicholson, Seth B.; Mayall, Nicholas U. (December 1930). "The Probable Value of the Mass of Pluto". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 42 (250): 350. doi:10.1086/124071.

[FOOTNOTECroswell199757-8] Croswell 1997, p. 57.

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v • d • e Saur mandal (Solar System)

Suraj • Heliosphere	Grah (Planets) ☾ = Chaand ∅ = rings		Budhgrah (Mercury)	Sukhgrah (Venus)	Dunia (Earth) ☾	Mangalgrah (Mars) ☾

			Brahaspati (Jupiter) ☾ ∅	Sanigrah (Saturn) ☾ ∅	Arungrah (Uranus) ☾ ∅	Varungrah (Neptune) ☾ ∅

	Bauna grah (Dwarf planet)		Ceres	Pluto ☾	Haumea ☾	Makemake

			Eris ☾

	Small Solar System bodies	Chhota tara (Asteroid) (minor planets)	Groups and families: Vulcanoids · Near-Earth asteroids · Asteroid belt Jupiter Trojans · Centaurs · Neptune Trojans · Asteroid moons · Meteoroids · Pallas · Juno · Vesta · Hygiea ·
		Chhota tara (Asteroid) (minor planets)	See also the list of asteroids.

		Trans- Neptunians	Kuiper belt – Plutinos: Orcus · Ixion – Cubewanos: Varuna · Quaoar · Huya
		Trans- Neptunians	Scattered disc: Sedna

		Jhaarru	Lists of periodic and non-periodic comets Damocloids · Hills cloud · Oort cloud
See also the list of solar system objects