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Roosiya

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Roosiya
jeetaare leydi, seculararchy, leydi, transcontinental country, federation, successor state
YemrePost-Soviet states, European Union tax haven blacklist, Eastern Europe Taƴto
Golle imaaɗe25 Bowte 1991 Taƴto
Laamu inndeРоссийская Федерация Taƴto
LesdinkeejumРоссия, Российская Федерация Taƴto
Mutiɗa inndeРоссия, Росія Taƴto
IPA transcriptionrɐˈsʲijə Taƴto
Ɗemngal ngal sarwiisiiji leydi fu njoni haaludeRiisinkoore Taƴto
Doondo leydiState Anthem of the Russian Federation Taƴto
Taguculture of Russia Taƴto
Jammoore leydiReveal your own Russia, Datgelwch eich Rwsia eich hun, Revela la teva pròpia Rússia Taƴto
DuungalYuroopu Taƴto
LesdiRoosiya Taƴto
LaamordeMoscow Taƴto
Hiiri-weeti pelleUTC+02:00 Taƴto
AnnditirɗumEurasia Taƴto
Jonde kwa'odineto66°25′0″N 94°15′0″E Taƴto
Kwa'odineto lettugal65°46′52″N 169°3′25″W Taƴto
Soɓɓire81°50′35″N 59°14′22″E Taƴto
Horɗoore41°11′7″N 47°46′55″E Taƴto
Gorgal54°27′30″N 19°38′22″E Taƴto
TowendiMount Elbrus Taƴto
HoɓadeCaspian Sea Taƴto
Laamu sarti celluɗosuper-presidential republic Taƴto
Birrol parti politikkiPresident of Russia Taƴto
Arɗiiɗo lesdiВладимир Владимирович Путин Taƴto
Office held by head of governmentPrime Minister of Russia Taƴto
Hooreejo leydiMikhail Mishustin Taƴto
Laamu battaa enGovernment of Russia Taƴto
Laamu depitee enFederal Assembly of the Russian Federation Taƴto
Highest judicial authorityConstitutional Court of Russia, Supreme Court of Russia Taƴto
Central bankCentral Bank of Russia Taƴto
CedeRussian ruble Taƴto
Driving sideright Taƴto
Electrical plug typeSchuko, Europlug Taƴto
FollowsRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic Taƴto
ReplacesRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Soviet Union Taƴto
Studied byRussian studies Taƴto
Laawol ngol laamu anndanihttp://gov.ru/ Taƴto
Hashtagrussia, Russland, Россия Taƴto
Golle gofernema.ru, .рф, .рус, .su Taƴto
Main regulatory textConstitution of Russia Taƴto
Deesewalflag of Russia Taƴto
Coat of armsCoat of arms of Russia Taƴto
Joogarafiigeography of Russia Taƴto
Has characteristicnot-free country Taƴto
Taarikihistory of Russia Taƴto
List of monumentsRussian cultural heritage register Taƴto
Diina laamu anndaninon-denominational Taƴto
Patron saintAndrew the Apostle Taƴto
Separated fromSoviet Union Taƴto
‎most populous urban areaMoscow Taƴto
Railway traffic sideright Taƴto
Open data portalOpen Data Portal Russia Taƴto
Ndesaeconomy of Russia Taƴto
Annaji Aljeridemographics of Russia Taƴto
Official observer status in organisationCERN, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Taƴto
Gregorian calendar start date14 Colte 1918 Taƴto
Mobile country code250 Taƴto
Country calling code+7 Taƴto
Trunk prefix8 Taƴto
GS1 country code460-469 Taƴto
Licence plate codeRUS Taƴto
Maritime identification digits273 Taƴto
Unicode character🇷🇺 Taƴto
Category for honorary citizens of entityCategory:Honorary citizens from Russia by city Taƴto
Category for maps or plansCategory:Maps of Russia Taƴto
Map
Armkhi ina ɓuuɓna leydi Roosiya

Roosiya (Roosiya) walla Fedde Roosiya, ko leydi gonndi e Fuɗnaange Yuroopu e Asiiya worgo. Ko leydi ɓurndi mawnude e winndere ndee to bannge wertallo, ndi yaaji ko e nokkuuji waktuuji sappo e go’o, ndi renndini keeri leydi e leyɗeele sappo e nay. Ko ndi leydi nayaɓiri ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e winndere ndee, kadi ndi leydi ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e Yuroopu. Roosiya ko leydi ndi heewi gure ina waɗi 16 nokkuuji ɗo yimɓe mum ngoni ɗoo, ina waɗi ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 100 neɗɗo. Laamorde mayre kam e wuro mayre ɓurngo mawnude ko Moscow. Saint Petersburg woni wuro ɗiɗaɓo ɓurngo mawnude e nder leydi Roosiya, kadi ko laamorgo pinal mum.

Slav en fuɗnaange ummii ko e fedde anndiraande e nder Yuroopu hakkunde teeminannde 3th e 8th caggal iisa. Dowla Slavic fuɗnaange gadano, Kievan Rus', ummii ko e teeminannde 9th, e hitaande 988, ngo jaɓi diine Kiristaaku Ortodoks e nder laamu Bizantiin. Rus' haa jooni yani, Duchy mawɗo Moscow mawni haa wonti Tsardom Roosiya. E fuɗɗoode teeminannde 18th, Roosiya yaajnii no feewi e konu, e njiimaandi, e darnde wiɗtooɓe Roosiya, ƴellitii haa wonti laamu Roosiya, ngu heddii ko laamu tataɓuru ɓurngu mawnude e nder daartol. Kono, e Rewolison Roosiya e hitaande 1917, laamu laamɗo Roosiya momtaa, haa jooni lomtii ɗum ko SFSR Roosiya—dowla sosiyaalist gadano e winndere ndee to bannge doosɗe leydi. Caggal wolde hakkunde leyɗeele Roosiya, SFSR Roosiya sosi Dental Sowiyet e republiqueeji Sowiyet tati goɗɗi, e nder mum en ko kañum woni leydi ɓurndi mawnude e ɓurndi teeŋtude. E dow ballal miliyoŋaaji nguurndam, Dental Sowiyet waɗii ƴellitaare jaawnde e nder kitaale 1930, caggal ɗuum waɗii darnde tiiɗnde wonande leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e nder wolde adunaare ɗimmere, nde ardii golle mawɗe to bannge Fuɗnaange. Nde wolde huuɓtodinnde fuɗɗii, nde fotnoo haɓtaade Amerik ngam heɓde njiimaandi miijooji e doole winndereyankooje. Jamanuuji Sowiyet e teeminannde 20th yi’i yoga e golle ɓurɗe maantinde e karallaagal leydi Roosiya, ina jeyaa heen satelit gadano mo neɗɗo waɗi e yahdu neɗɗo gadano to weeyo.

E hitaande 1991, SFSR Roosiya yalti e fusde Dental Sowiyet, woni Fedde Roosiya jeytaare. Doosgal kesal ƴettaa, ngal sosi njuɓɓudi semi-president fedde nde. Gila e fuɗɗoode teeminannde ndee, ko Vladimir Putin ɓuri heewde e doosɗe politik leydi Roosiya, tawi e les njiimaandi mum, leydi ndii ina wondi e caɗeele demokaraasi, ina wayloo feewde e laamu nguu. Roosiya ina jeyaa e hareeji keewɗi e nder leyɗeele Sowiyet en ɓooyɗe e leyɗe goɗɗe, ina jeyaa heen hare mum e Georgia e hitaande 2008 e heɓtude Kirime e hitaande 2014 e juuɗe Ukrain koɗdiiɗo mum, caggal ɗuum heɓtude diiwanuuji nay goɗɗi e hitaande 2022 e nder hare nde jokki .

E nder winndere ndee, Roosiya ina jeyaa e leyɗe ɓurɗe lesɗude e peeje demokaraasi, jojjanɗe aadee e ndimaagu jaayɗe ; leydi ndii ina jogii kadi toɓɓe toowɗe ɗe nganndu-ɗaa ko fenaande. Faggudu leydi Roosiya yahrude yeeso ina jeyaa e ɓurɗe mawnude e winndere ndee, tuugii ko e ngalu mum keewngu e nder leydi hee ; ɗiɗmo e winndere ndee to bannge peewnugol petroŋ e peewnugol gaasuuji. Ko kañum ɓuri heewde kaɓirɗe nukliyeer, ko kañum woni tataɓol ɓurngol heewde ngalu konu. Roosiya ko leydi mawndi, ko leydi diiwaan. Leydi ndii ko tergal duumingal e Goomu Kisal Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ; leydi tergal G20, OSC, BRICS, APEC, OSCE, e OMC ; e leydi tergal ɓurndi mawnude e pelle caggal Sowiyet ko wayi no CIS, CSTO, e EAEU/EEU. Leydi Roosiya ina jeyaa e nokkuuji 30 jeyaaɗi e ndonaandi winndereyankoori UNESCO.

Etimoloji

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E wiyde Oxford English Dictionary, innde Engele Russia fuɗɗii feeñde ko e teeminannde 14th, nde ƴettaa ko e ɗemngal Latin Medieval: Russia, huutorteende ko e teeminannde 11th e heewde e iwdiiji Angalteer teeminannde 12th, e mbaydi mum ummorii ko e Russi, ‘the Russians’ e....ia.[1][2]

E nder taariindi hannde, leydi ndii ina heewi noddireede Kievan Rus caggal laamorgo mum.[3] Innde Latin woɗnde nde Rus' woni Ruthenia.[4]

E ɗemngal Roosiya, innde leydi ndii hannde, Россия (Rossiya), ummorii ko e innde Gerek Bizantiin, firti ko Rus’, Ρωσία (Rosía).[5] Sifaa keso innde Rus', Росия (Rosiya), ƴettaa ko e helmere Gerek, seedtinaa ko adii fof ko e hitaande 1387.[6][hoolkiso ngo ŋakki] Innde Rossiia feeñii e iwdiiji Roosiya e darorɗe teeminannde 15th, kono haa timmi e teeminannde 17th leydi ndi ɓuri heewde noddireede ko Rus’,[7] leydi Roosiya (Russkaia zemlia), walla leydi Musku (Moskovskoe gosudarstvo), e nder mbaydiiji goɗɗi.[8][9] E hitaande 1721, Piyeer Mawɗo wayli innde laamu nguu, ummoraade e Laamɗo leydi Roosiya (e ɗemngal Roosiya: Русское царство) walla e ɗemngal Roosiya: Московское царство, e ɗemngal Ruisi: Moskovskoye tsarstvo)[10] Laamu (laamu Ruusi).[11]

Won kelme keewɗe e ɗemngal Russi ɗe firtata ko "Russians" e ɗemngal Engele. Innde e sifaa русский, russkiy ina firta leñol Roosiyanaaɓe. Sifaa российский, rossiiskiy ina hollita ɓiɓɓe leydi Roosiya tawa ko leñol. Ko noon kadi wonande innde ɓurnde ɓooyde ndee россиянин, rossiianyn, "Roosiya" e maanaa ɓiyleydi leydi Roosiya.[12][13]

E wiyde Primary Chronicle, konngol Rus’ ngol ummorii ko e leñol Rus’, ɓe ngonnoo ko leñol Suwed, e ɗo terɗe tati asliije laamu Rurikid ummorii.[7] Konngol Finlande ngol Suwednaaɓe, ruotsi, ina jogii iwdi ngootiri.[12] Wiɗtooji arkewolosi caggal ɗuum ɓuri tabitinde ngool miijo.[14]

Tariya

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Daartol adanngol

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Maccungaagu, ngu mawɓe e jom leydi en yuɓɓini, ko huunde heewnde waɗde e daartol Roosiya e nder teeminanɗe.

Koɗki aadee gadano e leydi Roosiya ummorii ko e jamaanu Oldowan e fuɗɗoode Paleolitik les. Ko ina wona duuɓi miliyoŋaaji ɗiɗi jooni, wakili’en Homo erectus ngummiima to duunde Taman to fuɗnaange leydi Roosiya.[15] Kuutorɗe kaaƴe, ko ina wona duuɓi miliyoŋaaji 1.5 njiytaama to Kaukasus worgo.[16] Eddaaji gonɗi e rajo-karbon ummoriiɗi e caalli Denisova e nder kaaƴe Altai ina ciftora ko Denisovan ɓurɗo ɓooyde wuuri ko ina wona duuɓi 195–122 700 jooni.[17] Fossils Denny, ko jibinannde neɗɗo ɓooynde, feccere mum ko Neanderthal e feccere Denisovan, e wuurde ko ina wona duuɓi 90,000 jooni, tawaama kadi e nder weendu nduu.[18] Roosiya wonnoo ko wuro yoga e Neandertal en cakkitiiɗi wuurde, gila e duuɓi 45,000 jooni, tawaaɗi e nder weendu Mezmaiskaya.[19]

Batte gadane ɗe neɗɗo ɓooyɗo e nder leydi Roosiya ina yahra e duuɓi 45,000, to Siberi hirnaange.[20] Yiytude heddiiɓe e pinal toowngal e nder ɓalli yimɓe hannde, ko famɗi fof duuɓi 40,000 jooni, tawaama to Kostyonki–Borshchyovo, e to Sungir, ko ina wona duuɓi 34 600 jooni—ɗiin fof ko e hirnaange Roosiya.[21] Neɗɗaŋke yettiima leydi Roosiya Arktik ko famɗi fof duuɓi 40,000 jooni, to Mamontovaya Kurya.[22] Yimɓe ɓooyɓe Eurasia fuɗnaange ummoriiɓe Siberia nannduɓe e pinal Mal’ta–Buret’ e Afontova Gora ko ɓe darnde mawnde e nder renndo Ameriknaaɓe ɓooyɓe e dogooɓe-moftooɓe fuɗnaange.[23]

Duuɓi njamndi mboɗeeri njalti e iwdi durooɓe Yamnaya Steppe hakkunde 3300 e 1500 ko adii jibineede Iisaa, ina jeyaa heen pinal Afanasievo to Siberi fuɗnaange

Teskagol Kurgan ngol ina jokki e diiwaan Volga-Dnieper to fuɗnaange Roosiya e Ukrani ko urheimat Proto-Indo-Yuroopunaaɓe.[24] Eggugol Indo-Yuroopunaaɓe adanɓe ummoraade e steppe Pontik-Kaspian to Ukraine e Roosiya saaktinii iwdi Yamnaya e ɗemɗe Inndo-Yuroopunaaɓe e nder nokkuuji mawɗi Eurasi.[25] Durgol yah-ngartaa ƴellitii e nder ladde Pontik-Kaspiyankeewal fuɗɗoraade e jamaanu Kalkolitik.[26][27] Heddiiɓe e ɗeen siwiluuji steppe njiytaama e nokkuuji ko wayi no Ipatovo, Sintashta, Arkaim, e Pazyryk, ɗi njogii batte pucci ɓurɗe anndeede e nder hare.[28] Ko taariindi haalooɓe ɓesngu ɗemngal Ural to worgo Yuroopu, ko eggugol ummoraade Siberi fuɗɗii ko famɗi fof duuɓi 3,500 jooni.[29]

E teeminannde 3 haa 4 CE, laamu Gothic Oium ina woodi e fuɗnaange Roosiya, caggal ɗuum Huns en njippini ɗum. Hakkunde teeminannde 3th e 6th caggal iisa, Laamu Bosporan, wonnoo ko laamu Hellenistik lomtiingu koloniiji Giriik, nguu kadi ina heewi njiimaandi e njilluuji gonɗi e leƴƴi hareeji ko wayi no Huns e Avars Eurasian.[30] Khazar en, ɓe iwdi mum en Turkiya, laamiima steppes hakkunde Kaukasus to fuɗnaange, to fuɗnaange rewrude e maayo Volga, e hirnaange haa Kiev to maayo Dnieper haa e teeminannde 10th.Caggal maɓɓe ari ko Pechenegs en mbaɗi konfederaasiyoŋ mawɗo, caggal ɗuum ko Cuman en e Kipchak en ƴetti ɗum.

Maamiraaɓe Roosiyanaaɓe ina njeyaa e leƴƴi Slavic en ceertuɗi e Proto-Indo-Yuroopunaaɓe, peeñɗi e bannge worgo-fuɗnaange Yuroopu c.Duuɓi 1500 jooni.[31] Slaav en fuɗnaange ina njooɗii seeɗa-seeɗa e hirnaange Roosiya (ko ina wona hakkunde Mosku e Saint-Petersburg hannde) e nder ɓoggi ɗiɗi: gooto ina ummoo Kiev feewde Suzdal e Murom hannde oo, goɗɗo oo ina ummoo Tver feewde Novgorod e Rostov. Ko adii eggugol Slavic en, oon nokku ina hoɗnoo e leƴƴi Finno-Ugrin en.[32][33][34]

Daartol aranol

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E teeminannde 7th-9th, ɗeen leyɗeele ko leƴƴi Slavic fuɗnaange hoɗnoo, e nder feccere hakkundeere Ukrain hannde ndee e feccere hirnaange Roosiya hannde ndee. E yontaaji hakkundeeji, leyɗeele ɗiɗi ɗee fof ngonnoo ko e dowla gooto, laamorgo mum ko Kiev.E teeminannde 12th, dowla Kiyev fuɗɗii feccude e nder laamuuji keewɗi. E teeminannde 12th, Yuri Dolgoruky, ɓiy 6ɓo laamɗo Kiev biyeteeɗo Volodymyr Monomakh, alaa hakke e jappeere laamu, ɗum noon o ummii ngam heɓtude leyɗeele to fuɗnaange-rewo.[35]

Nii woni, e cakkital teeminannde 12th, leƴƴi Slavic en tawi koye mum en e leyɗeele hakkundeeje Roosiya. Ko adii nde ɓe ngartata, leƴƴi ɓadtiiɗi Finlandenaaɓe hannde ɓee ina nguurnoo e Mosku, ko Dolgoruky sosi ɗum wuro. Hare fuɗɗii hakkunde laamu Vladimir-Suzdal (hannde ko Roosiya hakkundeejo) e Kiyev, ɗum addani ɗum seertude e dowla Kiyev[36]

Aleksanndere Nevski, natal ɓurngal ɓooyde e laamɗo oo

Caggal nde konu Batu ari e hitaande 1240, hooreejo dowlaaji worgo ɗii, hono Aleksanndere Nevski, wonti ɓiy Batu jibinaaɗo. Naatgol Aleksanndar e hareeji bannge Batu addani ɓiyiiko gorko biyeteeɗo Daniil, jahroowo e duuɓi 16, wontude laamɗo gadano Mosku, ɗum addani Roosiya hannde oo ƴellitaade. Wuro mawngo ngoɗngo e yontaaji hakkundeeji e nder leydi Roosiya hannde oo, ko Veliky Novgorod, ngo wonnoo ko e haɓde e Moscow, Moscow heɓti ngo tan ko e hitaande 1478.

Leƴƴi Ukrain e Belarus, ɗi ceerti e Roosiyanaaɓe haa jooni caggal teeminannde 14th, naatii e Lithugea (haa e teeminannde 18th, ɗeen leƴƴi ɗiɗi ina njokkondiri no feewi, ɗemɗe Ukrain e Belarus ina mbaɗi haa hannde 84% e keewal ngewte).

E darorɗe teeminannde 15th, Horde kaŋŋe, dowla lomto Batu, feccii e Laamu Kirime, Laamu Astrakhan e Kazan, e Dowla Muscovite (Russie), jogorɗo waɗde hareeji njiyaagu e sehilaaɓe mum ɓooyɓe e hoɗdiiɓe mum, ko adii fof ko e Lithugea. Hareeji ina njokki haa jooni ngam heɓtude wuro Smolensk. Roosiyanaaɓe, hono Ukrainnaaɓe e Belarusnaaɓe, iwdi mum en ko e leƴƴi Slavic en fuɗnaange, mbaɗti leñol ceertungol e nder Laamaandi Moscovite e nder teeminannde 15th-17th[37][38][39][40].

Jamaanu keso

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Laamu Moscou - ɓernde daartol leydi Roosiya

Roosiyanaaɓe hannde ngari e Ukraine ko e teeminannde 17th, e nder hare ngam heɓde ndimaagu Ukrain e hitaande 1648-1654, e haɓaade njiyaagu Poloñ e gardagol Bohdan Khmelnytsky, e hitaande 1654 nanondiral siynaa e Roosiya[41].

Ukraninaaɓe njiyraaka no ɓiɓɓe leydi nii, tee ina keewi neldeede to Roosiya ngam golloraade doole, ɗum noon ina luulndii nanondiral 1654. (10 000 Ukrainnaajo maayi e nder ngonkaaji ɗi laaɓaani e nder mahngo kanndaa Ladoga.) E hitaande 1708, Ivan Mazepa, hooreejo Ukraninaaɓe e oon sahaa, ummini rewolisiyoŋ ngam yiɗde taƴde jokkondiral mum e Roosiya, tawi fuɗɗinooma hare mum e Suwed.

E hitaande 1775, Roosiya halki Kosaak en Ukraninaaɓe e caka mum en, hono Sich, ko ɗum addani leñol Ukraninaaɓe maccude ɗum en rewrude e Russifikaasiyoŋ (e ɗemngal Roosiya Русификация) - halkude ɗemngal e pinal Ukraninaaɓe[42].

Yamiroore Valuev e hitaande 1863, nde wiyi : « ɗemngal Ukrain meeɗaa woodde, waawaa woodde, tee kala mo jaɓaani ndeeɗoo haala ko gaño Roosiya

Yeruuji ɓurɗi teeŋtude e ngalɗoo politik ko kuulal Ems (e ɗemngal Roosiya Эмский указ) e kuulal ministeer geɗe nder leydi Roosiya biyeteeɗo Pyotr Valuev (e ɗemngal Roosiya Валуевский циркуляр), haɗi Ukraninaaɓe huutoraade ɗemngal mum en neeniwal[43].

Teeminannde 20th

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E hitaande 1914, laamɗo biyeteeɗo Nikolaas II haɗi mawninde duuɓi 100 jibinannde binndoowo Ukrain lolluɗo biyeteeɗo Taras Shevchenko e nder laamu Roosiya.[44] E fuɗɗoode hitaande 1917, Rewolison Feebariyee mo Alexander Kerensky ardii, fooli laamu nguu, rokki leƴƴi tooñanngeeji ko adii ɗuum fartaŋŋe haɓaade ndimaagu mum en[45].

Caggal nde o heɓi laamu e darorɗe hitaande 1917, Lenin bayyini wolde nder leydi e nder Laamu Roosiya ɓooyngu, teeŋti noon e wolde 1917–1921 hakkunde Republique Populaire Ukraine e Roosiya Sowiyet, ko ɗum addani Ukraine feccude hakkunde Poloñ e Roosiya (e, gila 1922, Dental Sowiyet)[46] [47].

E hitaande 1932-1933, laamu Sowiyetik e gardagol Joseph Stalin fuɗɗii Holodomor (heege artificielle), ko ɗum huunde nde yimɓe heewɓe nganndi ko warngooji baɗnooɗi e yimɓe Ukrain, ko ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 10 neɗɗo maayi heen[48].

Kartal kaɓirɗe Gulag ɗe ɓe mbaɗi e laamu Stalin

E hitaande 1937, NKVD (caggal ɗuum innitiraa ko Ministeer geɗe nder leydi Dental Sowiyet) fiyi ko ɓuri heewde e annduɓe Ukraninaaɓe, e yimɓe pinal, e annduɓe, ɓe mbari ɓalli maɓɓe e nder sirlu e nder ladde Bykivnyan, ɗo siftorde mahiraa caggal nde Dental Sowiyet yani[49]. E hitaande 1941-1945, Naseer en keɓti leydi ndii fof, gooto e siwil en Ukraninaaɓe njoyo maayi heen. E kitaale 1960 e 1980, laamu Sowiyet ina softina luural no feewi, ina nelda luulndiiɓe mum miijooji e nder kasooji e nder opitaaluuji hakkillaaji. Luulndo ɓurngo lollude e leydi Ukraine ko Vasyl Stus.[50] E kitaale 1985-1991, Dental Sowiyet yani, ñalnde 24 ut 1991, Ukrain habri jeytaare mum.[51]

Teeminannde 21th

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Caggal manndaa tataɓo Vladimir Putin, gardinooɗo laamu e hitaande 2012, leydi Roosiya fuɗɗiima haɓaade ndimaagu haala. Yanti heen, caggal nde Putin heɓi laamu , mooftude konu mum sara keerol fuɗnaange Ukrayiina, o waɗti hare humpito mawnde e leydi ndii.

Ngam jokkude laamu, hooreejo leydi Ukrayiina e oon sahaa, hono Viktor Yanukovich, noddii Putin yo neldu konu mum 2013, ɗum jibini seppooji biyeteeɗi Euromaidan.

Aeroport Donetsk, mo konu leydi Roosiya yani e nde ɓe keɓti wuro ngo, hitaande 2014

Ñalnde 20 feebariyee 2014, nde Yanukovich woni to Kiev, Roosiya umminii feere ngam heɓtude Kirime. Ñalnde 12 abriil 2014, Roosiya fuɗɗii wolde to fuɗnaange Ukrain nde konu nguu, e gardagol ofisee fedde ndeenka leydi Roosiya, hono Igor Girkin, heɓti wuro Slovyansk. Ñalnde 13 abriil 2014, Ukrayiina umminii « operation anti-terroriste » (ATO) ngam haɗde Roosiya[52] [53][54][55].

Haa e hitaande 2022, Roosiya, rewrude « Republique populaire de Donetsk », laamɗo mum gadano oo, ko politikyanke biyeteeɗo Alexander Borodai, jeyaaɗo to Mosku, waɗi hare e Ukrayiina, nde ɓeydii hare haa wonti hare timmunde e Ukrayiina. E hitaande 2022, seppooji keewɗi ngam haɓaade wolde mbaɗii e nder leydi Roosiya, ɗi doole kisal ndartini[56] [57] [58].

Siwil en leydi Ukrayiina mbaraama e juuɗe dadiiɓe leydi Riisi to wuro Bucha, 2022

To leydi Ukrayiina, Roosiya waɗii bonanndeeji mawɗi e nder wolde, ko wayi no bommbooji e nokkuuji siwil en, e halkude gure timmuɗe ko wayi no Mariupol, e torlaade siwil en sabu miijooji mum en luulndiiɗi, haa arti noon e torlaade e nder cuuɗi hoɗɓe. Bonannde ɓurnde bonde e siwil en to Ukrayiina ko warngooji baɗnooɗi to wuro Bucha, baɗnooɗi e lewru marse 2022[59].[60].

Ganndo politik Roosiya biyeteeɗo Timofey Sergeytsev, e nder winndannde mum « Hol ko Roosiya foti waɗde e Ukrayiina ? (E ɗemngal Roosiya: Что Россия сделать с Украиной?), noddi warngooji keewɗi. Ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Timothy Snyder innitiri ɗum "Deftere janngirnde warngooji leydi Roosiya" [61] [62][63] [64] [65].

Ɗuɗuugo yimɓe

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Denndaangal yimɓe e nder gure leydi Roosiya fawaade e binnditagol hitaande 2021
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Roosiya ina joginoo 146,0 miliyoŋ neɗɗo e hitaande 2025 (143,6 miliyoŋ tawa Kirime e Sebastopol ina heen),[66] ko famɗi fof 147,2 miliyoŋ neɗɗo e binnditagol 2021.[66] Ko leydi ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e nder Orop, ndi woni leydi nayaɓiri ɓurndi heewde yimɓe e winndere nde. E nder keewal yimɓe 8.5 km2 (22 hoɗɓe/miiluuji kaaree),[67] Roosiya ina jeyaa e leyɗe ɓurɗe famɗude yimɓe e winndere nde,[68] tawi ko ɓuri heewde e yimɓe mum ina tawee e nder feccere mum hirnaange.[69] Leydi ndii ina heewi gure, tataɓe ɗiɗi e yimɓe leydi ndii ina nguuri e gure. Haa e hitaande 2024, keewal jibinannde e nder leydi Roosiya ina hiisa ko 1,41 suka jibinaaɗo e debbo gooto,[70] ko les tolno lomto 2,1 e nder ɓurɓe famɗude e winndere nde.[6] Caggal ɗuum, ina jeyaa e yimɓe ɓurɓe ɓooyde e winndere ndee, tawi duuɓi mum ina tolnoo e 41,9 hitaande.[71]

Tuugnorgal

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  1. ↑ "Russia (n.), Etymology". Oxford English Dictionary. September 2023. doi:10.1093/OED/2223074989. Archived from the original on 22 January 2024. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  2. ↑ Kuchkin, V. A. (2014). Русская земля [Russian land]. In Melnikova, E. A.; Petrukhina, V. Ya. (eds.). Древняя Русь в средневековом мире [Old Rus' in the medieval world] (in Riis). Moscow: Institute of General History of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Ladomir. pp. 700–701.
  3. ↑ Merridale, Catherine (2003). "Redesigning History in Contemporary Russia". Journal of Contemporary History. 38 (1): 13–28. doi:10.1177/0022009403038001961. ISSN 0022-0094. JSTOR 3180694. S2CID 143597960.
  4. ↑ Hellberg-Hirn, Elena (1998). Soil and Soul: The Symbolic World of Russianness. Aldershot [Hants, England]: Ashgate. p. 54. ISBN 1855218712.
  5. ↑ Milner-Gulland, R. R. (1997). The Russians: The People of Europe. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 1–4. ISBN 978-0-631-21849-4.
  6. ↑ Obolensky, Dimitri (1971). "Commentary on the ninth chapter of Constantine Porphyrogenitus' De Administrando lmperio". Byzantium and the Slavs: Collected Studies (in Engeleere). Variorum Reprints. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-902089-14-3. Later, the term Ρωσία was borrowed by the Russians, in the form Rosiya, from the terminology used by the Byzantine Patriarchate.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Bushkovitch, Paul (5 December 2011). A Concise History of Russia (in Engeleere). Cambridge University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-1-139-50444-7. Precisely at this time in written usage the modern term Rossia (a literary expression borrowed from Greek) began to edge out the traditional and vernacular Rus.
  8. ↑ Langer, Lawrence N. (2021). Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia (2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 182. ISBN 978-1538119426.
  9. ↑ Hellberg-Hirn, Elena (1998). Soil and Soul: The Symbolic World of Russianness. Aldershot [Hants, England]: Ashgate. p. 54. ISBN 1855218712.
  10. ↑ Langer, Lawrence N. (2021). Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia (2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 182. ISBN 978-1538119426.
  11. ↑ Service, Robert (30 October 2009). A History of Modern Russia: From Tsarism to the Twenty-First Century, Third Edition (in Engeleere). Harvard University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-674-03493-8.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kappeler, Andreas (12 July 2010). ""Great Russians" and '"Little Russians"". In Barker, Adele Marie; Grant, Bruce (eds.). The Russia Reader: History, Culture, Politics (in Engeleere). Duke University Press. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-8223-4648-7.
  13. ↑ Langer, Lawrence N. (2021). Historical Dictionary of Medieval Russia (2nd ed.). Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 182. ISBN 978-1538119426.
  14. ↑ Bushkovitch, Paul (1 January 2010). "Rus'". The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (in Engeleere). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866262-4.
  15. ↑ Shchelinsky, V.E.; Gurova, M.; Tesakov, A.S.; Titov, V.V.; Frolov, P.D.; Simakova, A.N. (30 January 2016). "The Early Pleistocene site of Kermek in western Ciscaucasia (southern Russia): Stratigraphy, biotic record and lithic industry (preliminary results)". Quaternary International. 393: 51–69. Bibcode:2016QuInt.393...51S. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.10.032.
  16. ↑ Douka, K. (2019). "Age estimates for hominin fossils and the onset of the Upper Palaeolithic at Denisova Cave". Nature. 565 (7741): 640–644. Bibcode:2019Natur.565..640D. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0870-z. PMID 30700871. S2CID 59525455. Archived from the original on 6 May 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  17. ↑ Chepalyga, A.L.; Amirkhanov, Kh.A.; Trubikhin, V.M.; Sadchikova, T.A.; Pirogov, A.N.; Taimazov, A.I. (2011). "Geoarchaeology of the earliest paleolithic sites (Oldowan) in the North Caucasus and the East Europe". Archived from the original on 20 May 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  18. ↑ Warren, Matthew (22 August 2018). "Mum's a Neanderthal, Dad's a Denisovan: First discovery of an ancient-human hybrid". Nature. 560 (7719): 417–418. Bibcode:2018Natur.560..417W. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-06004-0. PMID 30135540.
  19. ↑ Igor V. Ovchinnikov; Anders Götherström; Galina P. Romanova; Vitaliy M. Kharitonov; Kerstin Lidén; William Goodwin (30 March 2000). "Molecular analysis of Neanderthal DNA from the northern Caucasus". Nature. 404 (6777): 490–493. Bibcode:2000Natur.404..490O. doi:10.1038/35006625. PMID 10761915. S2CID 3101375.
  20. ↑ Fu Q, Li H, Moorjani P, Jay F, Slepchenko SM, Bondarev AA, Johnson PL, Aximu-Petri A, Prüfer K, de Filippo C, Meyer M, Zwyns N, Salazar-García DC, Kuzmin YV, Keates SG, Kosintsev PA, Razhev DI, Richards MP, Peristov NV, Lachmann M, Douka K, Higham TF, Slatkin M, Hublin JJ, Reich D, Kelso J, Viola TB, Pääbo S (23 October 2014). "Genome sequence of a 45,000-year-old modern human from western Siberia". Nature. 514 (7523): 445–449. Bibcode:2014Natur.514..445F. doi:10.1038/nature13810. hdl:10550/42071. PMC 4753769. PMID 25341783.
  21. ↑ Dinnis, Rob; Bessudnov, Alexander; Reynolds, Natasha; Devièse, Thibaut; Pate, Abi; Sablin, Mikhail; Sinitsyn, Andrei; Higham, Thomas (2019). "New data for the Early Upper Paleolithic of Kostenki (Russia)" (PDF). Journal of Human Evolution. 127: 21–40. Bibcode:2019JHumE.127...21D. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.11.012. PMID 30777356. S2CID 73486830. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 April 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2022.
  22. ↑ Sikora, Martin, et al. (2017). "Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers". Science. 358 (6363): 659–662. Bibcode:2017Sci...358..659S. doi:10.1126/science.aao1807. PMID 28982795.
  23. ↑ Pavlov, Pavel; John Inge Svendsen; Svein Indrelid (6 September 2001). "Human presence in the European Arctic nearly 40,000 years ago". Nature. 413 (6851): 64–67. Bibcode:2001Natur.413...64P. doi:10.1038/35092552. PMID 11544525. S2CID 1986562.
  24. ↑ Balter, M. (25 October 2013). "Ancient DNA Links Native Americans With Europe". Science. 342 (6157): 409–410. Bibcode:2013Sci...342..409B. doi:10.1126/science.342.6157.409. PMID 24159019.
  25. ↑ Anthony, David W.; Ringe, Don (1 January 2015). "The Indo-European Homeland from Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives". Annual Review of Linguistics. 1 (1): 199–219. doi:10.1146/annurev-linguist-030514-124812. ISSN 2333-9683.
  26. ↑ Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (11 June 2015). "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe". Nature. 522 (7555): 207–211. arXiv:1502.02783. Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H. doi:10.1038/nature14317. ISSN 0028-0836. PMC 5048219. PMID 25731166.
  27. ↑ Gibbons, Ann (10 June 2015). "Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians". Science. AAAS. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  28. ↑ Belinskij, Andrej; Härke, Heinrich (1999). "The 'Princess' of Ipatovo". Archeology. 52 (2). Archived from the original on 10 June 2008. Retrieved 26 December 2007.
  29. ↑ Lamnidis, Thiseas C.; Majander, Kerttu; Jeong, Choongwon; Salmela, Elina; Wessman, Anna; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Khartanovich, Valery; Balanovsky, Oleg; Ongyerth, Matthias; Weihmann, Antje; Sajantila, Antti; Kelso, Janet; Pääbo, Svante; Onkamo, Päivi; Haak, Wolfgang (27 November 2018). "Ancient Fennoscandian genomes reveal origin and spread of Siberian ancestry in Europe". Nature Communications (in Engeleere). 9 (1): 5018. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9.5018L. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07483-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 6258758. PMID 30479341. S2CID 53792952.
  30. ↑ Tsetskhladze, G. R. (1998). The Greek Colonisation of the Black Sea Area: Historical Interpretation of Archaeology. F. Steiner. p. 48. ISBN 978-3-515-07302-8.
  31. ↑ Zhernakova, Daria V.; et al. (2020). "Genome-wide sequence analyses of ethnic populations across Russia". Genomics. Elsevier. 112 (1): 442–458. doi:10.1016/j.ygeno.2019.03.007. PMID 30902755.
  32. ↑ Christian, D. (1998). A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-631-20814-3.
  33. ↑ Curtis 1998, Chapter 1–2. Historical Setting.
  34. ↑ Ed. Timothy Reuter, The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 3, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 494-497. ISBN 0-521-36447-7.
  35. ↑ Borrero, Mauricio (2004). Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. European Nations. New York: Facts on File. p. 3. ISBN 0-8160-4454-6.
  36. ↑ Прибалтийско-финские народы России / Отв. ред. Е.И. Клементьев, Н.В. Шлыгина. — М.,: Наука, 2003. — С. 361. — 671 с.
  37. ↑ Тарас А. Е. Войны Московской Руси с Великим княжеством Литовским и Речью Посполитой в XIV—XVII вв. — М.; Минск : АСТ; Харвест, 2006. — 800
  38. ↑ Русско-литовские и русско-польские войны // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907
  39. ↑ Кром М. М. Стародубская война (1534—1537). Из истории русско-литовских отношений. — М.: Рубежи XXI, 2008.
  40. ↑ Записки о Московіи XVI вѣка сэра Джерома Горсея. Переводъ съ англійскаго Н. А. Бѣлозерской. Съ предисловіемъ и примечаніями Н. И. Костомарова.— С.-Петербургъ: Изданіе А. С. Суворина, 1909. — 159 с.
  41. ↑ Об отмене стеснений малорусского печатного слова
  42. ↑ XIVЯК МОСКВА ЗНИЩИЛА ВОЛЮ ДРУКУ КИЄВО-ПЕЧЕРСЬКОЇ ЛАВРИ
  43. ↑ ВАЛУЄВСЬКИЙ ЦИРКУЛЯР
  44. ↑ Obolensky, Dimitri (1971). Byzantium & the Slavs. St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. pp. 75–108. ISBN 978-0-88141-008-2.
  45. ↑ Ювілей Т.Г. Шевченка і студентські заворушення в Києві 100 років тому
  46. ↑ Корніеєнко Агніешка Розстріляне відродження / Rozstrzeelane odrodzenie, Краків-Перемишль 2010 (пол.), 272 с.
  47. ↑ Від українізації до русифікації. Інформаційний бюлетень ЗП УГВР. — Ч. 2. — Нью-Йорк, 1970.
  48. ↑ Репресовані кінематографісти. Актуальна пам'ять: Статті й документи /Кінематографічні студії. Випуск п'ятий. — К.: «Кіно-Театр»; «АРТ КНИГА», 2017. — 176 с.
  49. ↑ Історія української літератури XX століття: у 2 кн.: 1910—1930-ті роки: Навч. посібник/ за ред. В. Г. Дончика. — Кн. 1. — К.: Либідь, 1993. — С. 21.
  50. ↑ Русначенко А. М. Національно-визвольний рух в Україні середина 1950-х — початок 1990-х років. — К., 1998.
  51. ↑ Каганов Ю. О. Опозиційний виклик: Україна і Центрально-Східна Європа 1980-х — 1991 рр. — Запоріжжя, 2009.Касьянов Г. В. Незгодні: українська інтелігенція в русі опору 1960- 80-х років. — К., 1995
  52. ↑ Террористы привязали мужчину с украинским флагом к столбу в Зугрэсе
  53. ↑ Попавший в плен боец АТО рассказал об издевательствах толпы у "столба позора"
  54. ↑ НЕZЛАМНІ: Ірина Довгань - історія донеччанки, катованої окупантами за допомогу українським бійцям 
  55. ↑ Патріотка Ірина Довгань, яку катували терористи, розповіла, чому не вважає себе героїнею
  56. ↑ Garaev D. The Methodology of the ‘Russian World’and ‘Russian Islam:’New Ideologies of the Post-Socialist Context (англ.) // The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review. — 2021. — Iss. 48, no. 3. — P. 367—390.
  57. ↑ Лариса Дмитрівна Якубова. Рашизм: звір з безодні. — Akademperiodyka, 2023. — 315 с. 
  58. ↑ Tsygankov, Daniel Beruf, Verbannung, Schicksal: Iwan Iljin und Deutschland // Archiv fuer Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie. — Bielefeld, 2001. — Vol. 87. — 1. Quartal. — Heft 1. — S. 44—60.
  59. ↑ Москалёв Алексей Владимирович
  60. ↑ Пошкоджена будівля медзакладу, є загиблі: РФ завдала повторного удару по Києву
  61. ↑ Russia's genocide handbook
  62. ↑ Это настоящий концлагерь: 21 фильтрационный лагерь создали оккупанты на Донетчине
  63. ↑ 'You can't imagine the conditions' - Accounts emerge of Russian detention camps
  64. ↑ Mariupol Women Report Russians Taking Ukrainians To 'Filtration Camps'
  65. ↑ Ukrainians who fled to Georgia reveal details of Russia’s ‘filtration camps’
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Template:Ru-pop-ref
  67. ↑ 146,028,325 inhabitants / 17,098,246 km² = 8.5 inhabitants per km²
  68. ↑ "Russia – The World Factbook". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
  69. ↑ "Рейтинг рождаемости в регионах: кто в лидерах, а кто в аутсайдерах | Москва". ФедералПресс (in Riis). 25 February 2025. Retrieved 26 February 2025.
  70. ↑ "Russia's Putin seeks to stimulate birth rate". BBC. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 5 January 2022.
  71. ↑ "Russia – The World Factbook". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 4 March 2022.




Yimɓe leydi Roosiya ina tolnoo e miliyoŋaaji 148 neɗɗo e hitaande 1993, caggal ɗuum ɓe ustii sabu maayɓe maɓɓe ɓurɓe heewde jibinannde, ko ɗum won e annduɓe mbiyata ko kiris demokaraasi.[7] E hitaande 2009, nde winnditii ɓeydagol yimɓe hitaande kala ko adii fof e nder duuɓi sappo e joy, caggal ɗuum nde heɓi ɓeydagol yimɓe hitaande kala sabu ustaare maayɓe, ɓeydagol jibinannde, e ɓeydagol immigration.[8] Kono ɗeen dañal yimɓe mbayliima gila 2020, sibu maayɓe ɓurtuɓe e rafi COVID-19 addani ɗum ustaare ɓurnde mawnude e sahaa jam e nder daartol mum.[9] Caggal nde Roosiya yani e Ukraine e hitaande 2022, caɗeele demokaraasi ɓeydiima,[10] sabu maayɓe heewɓe e konu[11] e eggugol kesol.[12] Wiɗtooji baɗanooɗi ko ɓooyaani kollitii wonde hakkunde 15-45% e eggooɓe Roosiya ngartii Roosiya, hay so tawii noon ɗeen limooje ngonaa laaɓtuɗe.[13]

Wikimedia Commons: Roosiya – des documents multimédia.


 
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Neesuji

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Mawɗun hollirɗum neesuji Roosiya

Boishoi wuro fijirde tokkirgo go haa Moscow neesuji Rasha ndi keɓoyi harande e ta laawol distinorde ummatore inare ɗe – ɗe woni ɗen bo e jajirka majun neesuji dinna e joɗaagu e hollurgo hirnawol duniyaaru. Winɗaɓe e anɗuɓe lasgol Roosiya ɓe yabi gamol bongol faaro maruki yumuki Turanko’en. Ha e jonii Roosiyanko’en ɓe gaɗi inɗe sombe e bauɗi e hiɓɓe ɗenno. Balle, fiijjoje, ɗuɗugo e gure ɗere-ɗere filmi. Ha e ko jonni ummatore ɗe hokki balle artuɗe e kononini tayaka e gollirka e jiituki ko yaari dau kode.

Roosiya e go wodi wuro e go ɗun inaje distinorde go UNESCO 3019 gada nɗer maɓɓe neesuji ɗi e bo ɗen goɗɗe gutule 27 ɗon ɓali eɗer goɗɗeje ɗe ɗun siryi. Mawɗe leddi Roosiya ɗe duniyaaru hanje ma ɗe yaɓi gamol faaro sakugo neesuji Roosiya e fuu dunjaru – halama leydi ɗi Roosiya shila ga ko e ɗiɗi ɗun heɓi fuɗɗaɗe tun zaman Tsardom, ɗenbo e ɗi ɗer Toggore makamiji e shaidaki. E ɗun wada kaute e Bear Roosiya e inna Roosiya. E ɗau Areji ɗi kononi leydi ɗin. E ɗun Hosha goyaɗi matryeshka e ɗau nan dirɗun neesuji Roosiya.

Joografi

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Kartal topografi leydi Roosiya
Roosiya

Leydi Roosiya mawndi ina yaaji e dow fuɗnaange Yuroopu e bannge worgo Aasi.[227] Nde fawii ko e daande maayo ɓurngo worgo Yuroopu ; ina jogii daande maayo nayaɓere ɓurnde juutde e winndere ndee, ko ina ɓura 37 653 km (23 396 mi).[f][229] Roosiya ina woni hakkunde latitude 41° e 82° N, e njuuteendi 19° E e 169° W, ina yaaji fotde 9 000 km ( 600 mi) fuɗnaange haa hirnaange, e 2 500 haa 4 000 km (1 600 haa 2 500 mi) fuɗnaange haa fuɗnaange.[230] Roosiya, to bannge leydi, ɓuri duuɗe tati mawnude,[g] ina jogii wertallo leydi no Pluton nii.[231]

Roosiya ina jogii koɗli mawɗi jeenay, ina tawee e diiwanuuji ɓurɗi fuɗnaange, ɗi ndenndi feccere mawnde e koɗli Kaukasus (ina waɗi koɗli Elbrus, ɗi 5 642 m (18 510 ft) woni ko ɓuri toowde e Roosiya e Yuroopu);[9]. ] koɗli Altay e Sayan to Siberi; e nder Fuɗnaange Siberi e nder duunde Kamchatka to Fuɗnaange ɓadiiɗo Roosiya (ina waɗi Klyuchevskaya Sopka, mo 4 750 m (15 584 ft) woni ɓuuɓol ɓurngol toowde e nder Yuroopu).[232][233] Koye Ural, dogduɗe fuɗnaange haa fuɗnaange rewrude e hirnaange leydi ndii, ina keewi ngalu, ina mbaɗa keeri gaadanteeji hakkunde Yuroopu e Asii.[234] Toɓɓere ɓurnde lesɗude e nder leydi Roosiya e Yuroopu, woni ko e hoore maayo Kaspi, ɗo ɓuuɓol Kaspi yettotoo ko ina wona meeteruuji 29 (95,1 ft) les ɓuuɓol maayo.[235]

Roosiya, ko gooto e leyɗeele tati tan e nder winndere ndee, keerorɗe geec tati,[227] ina jokkondiri e geecuuji keewɗi.[h][236] Duuɗe mum mawɗe e arsipelaaji ina njeyaa heen Novaya Zemlya, leydi Franz Josef, Severnaya Zemlya, leydi kesiri Duunde Siberi, duunde Wrangel, duunde Kuril (nay heen ina luurdi e Japon), e Sakalin.[237][238] Duundeeji Diomede, ɗi Roosiya e Amerik njiimi, ina ceerti tan ko 3,8 km (2,4 miil);[239] e duunde Kunashir e nder duuɗe Kuril ina woɗɗi tan 20 km (12,4 mi) e Hokkaido, Japon.[2]

Roosiya, leydi ndi ko ina tolnoo e 100 000 maayo,[227] ina jeyaa e leyɗeele ɓurɗe mawnude e winndere ndee, tawi noon maayooji mum ina njogii ko ina tolnoo e feccere e ndiyam laaɓɗam e nder winndere ndee.[233] Lake Baikal, ɓurnde mawnude e ɓurnde maantinde e nder ndiyam laaɓɗam e nder leydi Roosiya, ko maayo ɓurngo luggiɗde, laaɓtungo, ɓurngo ɓooyde e ɓurngo yaajde e winndere ndee, ina waɗi ko ina ɓura joyaɓal ndiyam laaɓɗam e nder winndere ndee.[240] Ladoga e Onega to fuɗnaange-rewo leydi Roosiya ko maayooji ɗiɗi ɓurɗi mawnude e nder Yuroopu.[227] Roosiya woni ɗiɗaɓo caggal Beresiil e keewal ndiyam kesam-hesaagu.[241] Volga to bannge hirnaange Roosiya, mo heewɓe cikkata ko maayo ngenndiijo Roosiya, ko maayo ɓurngo juutde e Yuroopu ; e waɗde Delta Volga, woni delta maayo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder duunde he.[242] Maayooji Siberi ɗi Ob, Yenisey, Lena, e Amur ina njeyaa e maayooji ɓurɗi juutde e winndere nde.[243]

Wakati

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Köppen renndinde weeyo leydi Roosiya

Mawnugol leydi Roosiya e woɗɗude nokkuuji mum keewɗi e geec ina addana ɗum ɓurde heewde nguleeki weeyo e nder ko ɓuri heewde e leydi ndii, so wonaa e nder tundra e fuɗnaange-rewo ɓurɗo toowde. Koɗli to fuɗnaange e fuɗnaange ina kaɗa dogdu henndu ngulndu ummoraade e geec Inndo e Pasifik, tawi noon, ŋorol Yuroopu ngol ina rewi bannge hirnaange e worgo mum ina uddita ɗum ngam heɓde semmbe ummoraade e geec Atlantik e Arktik.[244] Ko ɓuri heewde e fuɗnaange-rewo Roosiya e Siberi ina njogii weeyo ɓuuɓngo, tawi ndunngu ina tiiɗi no feewi e nder diiwanuuji nder worgo-fuɗnaange Siberi (ko ɓuri heewde ko Sakha, ɗo Pole Fuɗnaange-rewo woni e nguleeki ɓurtuki −71,2 °C walla −96,2 °F) ,[237] e ndunngu ɓurngu ɓuuɓde e nokkuuji goɗɗi. Koɗorɗe Roosiya mawɗe e nder geec Arktik e duuɗe Arktik Roosiya ina njogii weeyo polar.[244]

Feccere daande maayo Krasnodar Krai e dow maayo ɓaleejo, ko ɓuri teeŋtude e Sochi, e won e nokkuuji daande maayo e nder Kaukasus worgo ina njogii nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nder weeyo ɓuuɓngo e ɓuuɓngo.[244] E nder diiwanuuji keewɗi Fuɗnaange Siberi e Fuɗnaange Roosiya, ndunngu ina yoori so yerondiraama e ndunngu ; nde wonnoo nokkuuji goɗɗi e nder leydi ndii ina keɓa toɓooli ɓurɗi heewde e nder yontaaji. Toɓooli ndunngu e nder ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji leydi ndii ina keewi ɓuuɓde no nees nii. Nokkuuji ɓurɗi hirnaange e nder diiwaan Kaliningrad e won e nokkuuji to fuɗnaange Krasnodar Krai e Kaukasus worgo ina njogii weeyo geec.[244] Diiwaan gonɗo e daande maayo Volga les e maayo Kaspi, kam e won e nokkuuji ɓurɗi hoɗde e Siberi, ina njogii weeyo ngo semi-arid.[245]

E nder ko ɓuri heewde e leydi ndii, ko yontaaji ɗiɗi tan ceertuɗi, ndunngu e ndunngu ; no ndunngu e ndunngu keewi juutde nii.[244] Lewru ɓurndu toowde ko lewru Yarkoma (Febariyee to daande maayo); ko ɓuri welde ko lewru sulyee. Ko mbaydiiji nguleeki mawɗi ngoni tippudi. E nder ndunngu, nguleeki ina ɓeydoo ɓuuɓde gila fuɗnaange haa worgo, gila hirnaange haa fuɗnaange. Sommer ina waawi wonde no feewi, hay to Siberi.[246] Waylo-waylo weeyo e nder leydi Roosiya ina addana yiite laddeeji heewde,[247] e ɓuuɓnude nokkuuji mawɗi ɗi leydi ndii jogii ɗii.[248]

Keewceeral nguurndam

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Park ngenndiijo Yugyd Va nder leydi Komi woni parc ngenndiijo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Yuroopu.

Roosiya, sabu mawnugol mum mawngol, ina jogii ekosistemaaji keewɗi, ina jeyaa heen jeereende polaar, tundra, tundra ladde, taiga, ladde jillondirnde e leɗɗe jaajɗe, steppe ladde, steppe, semi-jeere, e subtropik.[249] Fotde feccere e leydi Roosiya ko laddeeji,[9] ina jogii laddeeji ɓurɗi mawnude e winndere ndee,[250] ɗi njiylotoo ko yoga e gaas karbonik ɓurɗo heewde e winndere ndee.[250][251]

Keewceeral nguurndam leydi Roosiya ina waɗi 12 500 sifaa leɗɗe ɓuuɓɗe, 2 200 sifaa briyofit, fotde 3 000 sifaa lichen, 7 000–9 000 sifaa algae, e 20 000–25 000 sifaa funeeɓe. Fauna Roosiya ina waɗi 320 sifaa daabaaji, ko ina ɓura 732 sifaa colli, 75 sifaa kullon ladde, fotde 30 sifaa amfibiiji, 343 sifaa liɗɗi ndiyam laaɓɗam (endemism toowɗo), ko ina tolnoo e 1 500 sifaa liɗɗi ndiyam lamɗam, sifaa cylostoc e 9 ko ina tolnoo e 100–150 000 kullon ladde (endemisme toowɗo).[249][252] Ko ina tolnoo e 1 100 leɗɗe e daabaaji ɗi keewaani, ɗi ngalaa ɗo kaaɗi, ina tawee e deftere boɗeere leydi Roosiya.[249]

Ekosistemaaji leydi Roosiya fof ina ndesndaa e nder fotde 15 000 nokkuuji tawaaɗi e nder nokkuuji ceertuɗi, ina njogii ko ɓuri 10% e nokkuuji leydi ndii fof.[249] Ina heen 45 nokkuuji biosfeer,[253] 64 nokkuuji parkeeji ngenndiiji, e 101 nokkuuji tago.[254] Hay so tawii e nder ustaare, leydi ndii ina jogii haa hannde ekosistemaaji keewɗi ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ko ladde nde alaa ɗo haaɗi ; ko ɓuri heewde ko e nokkuuji taigaaji to bannge worgo, e tundra subaltik Siberi.[255] Roosiya ina joginoo limre 9,02 e hitaande 2019, woni 10ɓo e nder 172 leydi ; e leñol mawngol gadanol e nder winndere nde.[256]

Maandeeji ngenndiiji

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Tuugnorgal

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