Sand 364
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| Observation data Epoch J2000 Equinox J2000 | |
|---|---|
| Constellation | Cancer |
| Right ascension | 08h 49m 56.818s[1] |
| Declination | +11° 41′ 32.99″[1] |
| Apparent magnitude (V) | 9.8[2] |
| Characteristics | |
| Evolutionary stage | red giant branch |
| Spectral type | K3III[2] |
| U−B color index | 4.06[citation needed] |
| B−V color index | 1.36[2] |
| Variable type | SR/L[citation needed] |
| Astrometry | |
| Radial velocity (Rv) | 33.32±0.13[1] km/s |
| Proper motion (μ) | RA: -10.756 mas/yr[1] Dec.: -2.811 mas/yr[1] |
| Parallax (π) | 1.1905±0.0177 mas[1] |
| Distance | 2,740 ± 40 ly (840 ± 10 pc) |
| Absolute magnitude (MV) | -0.18[3] |
| Details | |
| Mass | 1.35±0.05[2] M☉ |
| Radius | 18.8[4] R☉ |
| Luminosity | 152.7[1] L☉ |
| Surface gravity (log g) | 2.20±0.06[2] cgs |
| Temperature | 4284±9[2] K |
| Metallicity [Fe/H] | −0.02±0.04[2] dex |
| Rotational velocity (v sin i) | 4.2±0.5[4] km/s |
| Age | 4.15±0.65[2] Gyr |
| Other designations | |
| BD+12 1917, EPIC 211403356, TYC 813-2344-1, NGC 2682 SAND 364[5] | |
| Database references | |
| SIMBAD | data |
| Exoplanet Archive | data |
Sand 364 is a K-type giant star on the red giant branch within the cluster Messier 67 (also called NGC 2682), which is located in the constellation Cancer. With an apparent magnitude of 9.8, it is too faint to be seen with the naked eye, but is visible through binoculars or a small telescope under clear, dark skies. It is located at a distance of about 2,740 light-years (840 parsecs) from the Sun based on parallax, and has an absolute magnitude of -0.18.
Nomenclature
[edit]The designation Sand 364 (also written Sanders 364[4] or NGC 2682 Sand 364[6]) comes from a catalog of stars in M67 compiled by W. L. Sanders in 1977.[7] Other designations include BD+12 1917, from the Bonner Durchmusterung catalog.[5]
Physical characteristics & Evolution
[edit]Sand 364 is an aging red giant star, with about 1.35[3][6] solar masses, and a measured luminosity of around 150[1] times the Sun's. Although some sources say it has a mass of around 9.07 times the Sun's,[clarification needed] this is implausible, since it has a luminosity much lower than an average 9.07 mass star. It has a surface temperature of about 4,284 Kelvin, meaning the spectral type is K3III, making it appear orange with a slight part of yellow in it. It is thought to be around 4.1 billion years old, and most likely evolved from an early F type star, or a late A type star. Its radius is 39.59 times bigger than the Sun's, and its expanded outer layers give it a vast surface area, causing the star to glow with a warm, reddish-orange light that dominates its appearance.
The star’s atmosphere is cooler than that of the Sun, leading to strong molecular absorption bands in its spectrum, characteristic of evolved giant stars. Sand 364’s internal structure has changed dramatically from its main sequence phase. Hydrogen fusion now occurs in a shell surrounding an inert helium core, causing the star to swell and cool in its outer envelope. This stage is relatively brief in stellar terms but crucial for understanding the life cycle of stars with masses similar to our Sun.[citation needed]
After its red giant branch, it will shrink into a red clump, possibly after a helium flash. After that, it will enter its E-AGB, and TP-AGB, and most likely end up as a Carbon/Oxygen white dwarf, unless it collides with another object and gains enough mass to become a oxygen/neon one, or even go Electron Capture supernova, which may be likely since M67 is compact, at just 10 light years in radius.[citation needed]
Search for exoplanets
[edit]Discovery of Sand 364b
[edit]A radial velocity survey of M67 indicated that Sand 364 had a planet, with a mass of about 1-6 Jupiters,[6] and a radius of about 0.9 Jupiters.[3]
False planet
[edit]A newer analysis revealed that the previously reported planet orbiting Sanders 364 was likely a false positive.[4] While the original detection by Brucalassi et al. identified a 121-day periodic signal in the star's radial velocity data — consistent with a giant planet — further independent studies failed to confirm its planetary origin[4]
Instead, more extensive datasets revealed that Sanders 364 exhibits multiple long-period, quasiperiodic radial velocity variations, not just the 121-day signal.[4] These signals, though initially suggestive of orbital motion, lack the coherence and dynamical consistency expected from a true planetary companion. Crucially, none of the six detected signals show the stability or amplitude pattern characteristic of a planetary-induced Doppler shift[4] over the long term.
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g Vallenari, A.; et al. (Gaia collaboration) (2023). "Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 674: A1. arXiv:2208.00211. Bibcode:2023A&A...674A...1G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940. S2CID 244398875. Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Brucalassi, A.; Pasquini, L.; et al. (January 2014). "Three planetary companions around M 67 stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 561: L9. arXiv:1401.4905. Bibcode:2014A&A...561L...9B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322584.
- ^ a b c "NGC 2682 Sand 364". www.exoplanetkyoto.org.
- ^ a b c d e f g Zhou, Qijia; Latham, David W.; Quinn, Samuel N.; Bieryla, Allyson; Vanderburg, Andrew; Berlind, Perry; Calkins, Michael L.; Esquerdo, Gilbert A. (October 2023). "False Planets around Giant Stars: A Case Study of Sanders 364 in M67". The Astronomical Journal. 166 (4): 160. Bibcode:2023AJ....166..160Z. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acf291. ISSN 0004-6256.
- ^ a b "BD+12 1917". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 13 June 2025.
- ^ a b c "NGC 2682 Sand 364 Overview". NASA Exoplanet Archive.
- ^ "Dictionary of Nomenclature of Celestial Objects". SIMBAD.
