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Selim I

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This article is about the Ottoman sultan. For the Crimean khan, see Selim I Giray.

Selim I
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques
16th-century miniature of Selim I by Nakkaş Osman
Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Padishah)
Reign24 April 1512 – 22 September 1520
PredecessorBayezid II
SuccessorSuleiman I
Ottoman caliph (Amir al-Mu'minin)
Reign22 January 1517 – 22 September 1520
PredecessorAl-Mutawakkil III
(Abbasid caliph)
SuccessorSuleiman I
Prince-Governor of Trebizond Sanjak
Reign1487–1510[1]
Born(1470-10-10)10 October 1470
Amasya, Ottoman Empire
Died22 September 1520(1520-09-22) (aged 49)
Çorlu, Ottoman Empire
Burial
Yavuz Selim Mosque, Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey
Consorts
Issue
Among others
Names
سليم شاه بن بايزيد خان
Selīm şāh bin Bāyezīd Ḫān[2]
DynastyOttoman
FatherBayezid II
MotherGülbahar Hatun
ReligionSunni Islam
TughraSelim I's signature
Military career
Battles / wars
This article contains Ottoman Turkish text, written from right to left with some Arabic letters and additional symbols joined. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols.

Selim I (Ottoman Turkish: سليم اول; Turkish: I. Selim; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute[3] (Turkish: Yavuz Sultan Selim), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.[4] Despite lasting only eight years, his reign is notable for the enormous expansion of the Empire, particularly his conquest between 1516 and 1517 of the entire Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, which included all of the Levant, Hejaz, Tihamah and Egypt itself. On the eve of his death in 1520, the Ottoman Empire spanned about 3.4 million km2 (1.3 million sq mi), having grown by seventy percent during Selim's reign.[4]

Selim I with a mace

Selim's conquest of the Middle Eastern heartlands of the Muslim world, and particularly his assumption of the role of guardian of the pilgrimage routes to Mecca and Medina, established the Ottoman Empire as the pre-eminent Muslim state. His conquests dramatically shifted the empire's geographical and cultural center of gravity away from the Balkans and toward the Middle East. By the eighteenth century, Selim's conquest of the Mamluk Sultanate had come to be romanticized as the moment when the Ottomans seized leadership over the rest of the Muslim world, and consequently Selim is popularly remembered as the first legitimate Ottoman Caliph, although stories of an official transfer of the caliphal office from the Mamluk Abbasid dynasty to the Ottomans were a later invention.[5]

Early life

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Selim was born in Amasya on 10 October 1470 as the son of Şehzade Bayezid (later Bayezid II) during the reign of his grandfather Mehmed II. His mother was Ayşe Gülbahar Hatun, a Pontic Greek concubine, formerly confused with Ayşe Hatun, another consort of Bayezid and daughter of Alaüddevle Bozkurt Bey, the eleventh ruler of the Dulkadirids.[6][7][8] In 1479 at the age of nine, he was sent by his grandfather to Istanbul to be circumcised along with his brothers. In 1481, his grandfather Mehmed II died and his father became Sultan Bayezid II. Six years later in 1487, he was sent by his father to Trabzon to serve there as governor.

Campaigns and Battles

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Campaign of Trebizond (1505)

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Shah Ismail's brother Ibrahim marched on Trabzon, which belonged to the Ottomans, with an army of 3,000 in 1505.[9][10] Thereupon, Selim went on an expedition against Ibrahim. With 450 soldiers under the command of Selim, he repelled the army of 3,000 under the command of Ibrahim and chased the Safavids to Erzincan.[11] As a result of this expedition, Shah Ismail complained about Selim to Sultan Bayezid II, but he did not get any results.[12]

Battle of Erzincan (1507)

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In 1507, the Safavids under the command of Shah Ismail organized an expedition against Ala al-Dawla Bozkurt of Dulkadir. During this expedition, Shah Ismail, who had crossed into Ottoman territory without permission, also included Turkmen warriors who were Ottoman subjects in his army.[13] These actions of Shah Ismail were a violation of Ottoman sovereignty. Bayezid II did not respond to these violations, but Selim, the governor of Trabzon at the time, attacked Erzincan and Bayburt, which belonged to the Safavids, and defeated the 10,000 men Safavid army sent by Shah Ismail in Erzincan.[14]

Campaign of Trebizond (1510)

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After Selim's last actions, Shah Ismail sent an army to Trabzon again in 1510. This army, under the command of Shah Ismail's brother, marched to Trabzon. However, Selim, who was in Trabzon, defeated the Safavids.[15]

Georgian Campaign (1508)

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Main article: Georgian campaign (1508)

In 1507 Selim successfully defeated the Safavid army at Erzincan. The following year, in 1508, he organised an attack against Georgia. He invaded and captured western Georgia bringing Imereti and Guria under Ottoman rule. During his campaign he enslaved a large number of women, girls and boys, reportedly more than 10,000 Georgians.

Battle of Tekirdag (1510)

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Main article: Battle of Tekirdag

As a result of the struggle for the throne that Selim started against his father, Sultan Bayezid II, in 1512, a battle was fought between the parties near Tekirdag. Selim lost the battle.

Battle of Yenişehir (1513)

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Main article: Battle of Yenişehir (1513)

By 1512 Şehzade Ahmed was the favorite candidate to succeed his father. Bayezid, who was reluctant to continue his rule over the empire, announced Ahmed as heir apparent to the throne. Angered by this announcement, Selim rebelled, and while he lost the first battle against his father's forces, Selim ultimately dethroned his father. Selim commanded 30,000 men, whereas his father led 40,000. Selim only escaped with 3,000 men. This marked the first time that an Ottoman prince openly rebelled against his father with an army of his own.[16] Selim ordered the exile of Bayezid to a distant "sanjak", Dimetoka (in the north-east of present-day Greece). Bayezid died immediately thereafter.[17] Selim put his brothers (Şehzade Ahmet and Şehzade Korkut) and nephews to death upon his accession. His nephew Şehzade Murad, son of the legal heir to the throne Şehzade Ahmed, fled to the neighboring Safavid Empire after his expected support failed to materialize.[18] This fratricidal policy was motivated by bouts of civil strife that had been sparked by the antagonism between Selim's father and his uncle, Cem Sultan, and between Selim himself and his brother Ahmet.

Alevi unrest

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Main article: Celali rebellions

After many centuries of calm, the Alevi population began an open rebellion while Selim I was the sultan, and they seem to have been backed by the Qizilbash of Safavid Iran. This led to harsh reprisals against the Alevis by the Ottoman Army under Selim I.

Conquest of the Middle East

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Safavid Empire

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Main article: Battle of Chaldiran
Selim I at the Battle of Chaldiran: artwork at the Chehel Sotoun Pavilion in Isfahan

One of Selim's first challenges as sultan involved the growing tension between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavid Empire led by Shah Ismail, who had recently brought the Safavids to power and had switched the Persian state religion from Sunni Islam to adherence to the Twelver branch of Shia Islam. By 1510 Ismail had conquered the whole of Iran and Azerbaijan,[19] southern Dagestan (with its important city of Derbent), Mesopotamia, Armenia, Khorasan, Eastern Anatolia, and had made the Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti his vassals.[20][21] He was a great threat to his Sunni Muslim neighbors to the west. In 1511 Ismail had supported a pro-Shia/Safavid uprising in Anatolia, the Şahkulu Rebellion. His mufti, ibn Kemal, issued a fatwa of takfir against shah Ismail I and his followers, declaring his lands the abode of war.[22][23]

Early in his reign, Selim created a list of all Shiites ages 7 to 70 in a number of central Anatolian cities including Tokat, Sivas and Amasya. As Selim marched through these cities, his forces rounded up and executed all the Shiites they could find. Most of them were beheaded. The massacre was the largest in Ottoman history, until the end of the 19th century.[24]

In 1514 Selim I attacked Ismail's kingdom to stop the spread of Shiism into Ottoman dominions. Selim and Ismā'il had exchanged a series of belligerent letters prior to the attack. On his march to face Ismā'il, Selim had 50,000 Alevis massacred, seeing them as enemies of the Ottoman Empire.[25] Selim I defeated Ismā'il at the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514.[26] Ismā'il's army was more mobile and his soldiers better prepared, but the Ottomans prevailed due in large part to their efficient modern army, possession of artillery, black powder and muskets. Ismā'il was wounded and almost captured in battle, and Selim I entered the Iranian capital of Tabriz in triumph on 5 September,[27] but did not linger. The Battle of Chaldiran was of historical significance: the reluctance of Shah Ismail to accept the advantages of modern firearms and the importance of artillery proved decisive.[28] After the battle, Selim, referring to Ismail, stated that his adversary was: "Always drunk to the point of losing his mind and totally neglectful of the affairs of the state".[29]


Battle of Marj Dabiq

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Main article: Battle of Marj Dabiq
The battle between the Ottoman and Mamluk armies.

Selim I launched an attack on the Mamluks in 1516. The Ottoman army and the Mamluk army met near Marj Dabiq. The Mamluk army advanced and on 20 August made camp at the plain of Marj Dabiq, a day's journey north of Aleppo. There, al-Ghawri and his men awaited the enemy's approach on this plain, where the sultanate's fate would soon be decided.[30] According to the History of Egypt composed by Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Iyas, the Mamluks arranged themselves with the Sultan occupying the center column. Sibay, the Governor of Damascus, commanded the right flank, and Khai'r Bey, governor of Aleppo, took the left.

The marshal Sûdûn Adjami was the first to enter combat, followed by Sibay, leading an experienced corps of veteran Mamluk warriors. They rushed into battle and managed to kill several thousand Turkish soldiers in the first hours of fighting. This advantage forced the opposite Ottoman wing to begin a withdrawal, and the Mamluk forces under Sibay succeeded in taking several pieces of artillery and capturing some fusiliers. Selim considered retreat or requesting a truce.[31]

It was at this point that the battle turned against the Mamluks. A rumor began to spread that al-Ghawri had ordered the recruits to hold their position, avoid combat, and leave the fighting to the veteran soldiers who were already engaged in battle. When Marshall Sûdûn Adjami and Sibay, who were leading the attack, were suddenly killed, panic broke out in the Mamluks' advancing right flank. Meanwhile, Khai'r Bey, in command of the left flank, called for a retreat. The fact that his forces were the first to quit the field was considered evidence of the man's betrayal.

Ibn Iyas offered the following account of the Mamluk defeat:

The sultan stood under his standard and called to his soldiers: "Aghas! This is the moment to take heart! Fight, and I will reward you!" But no one listened and the men fled from the battle. "Pray to God to give us victory!" Called al-Ghawri. This is the moment for prayer." But he found neither support nor defenders. He then began to feel an unquenchable fire. This was a particularly hot day, and an unusual fog of dust had risen between the armies. It was the day of God's anger directed against the Egyptian army, which stopped fighting. At the worst moment, and with the situation growing worse, the emir Timur Zardkash feared for the safety of the battle standard, lowered and stowed it, then came to find the sultan. He said to him: "Lord Sultan, the Ottoman army has defeated us. Save yourself and flee to Aleppo." When the sultan realized this, he was gripped by a sort of paralysis that affected the side of his body, and his jaw dropped open. He asked for water, which was brought to him in a golden goblet. He drank some, turned his horse to flee, advanced two paces, and fell from his saddle. After that, little by little, he surrendered his soul.[31]

Battle of Ridaniya

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Main article: Battle of Ridaniya

Sultan Tuman bay II now resolved himself to march out as far as Salahia, and there meet the Turks wearied by the desert march;[32] however, at the last he yielded to his Emirs who entrenched themselves at Ridanieh a little way out of the city.[32] By this time, the Ottomans were crossing the Sinai Peninsula and having reached Arish, were marching unopposed by Salahia and Bilbeis to Khanqah;[32] on January 20 they reached Birkat al Hajj, a few hours from the Capital. Two days later the main body confronted the Egyptian entrenchment, while a party crossing Mocattam Hill took them in the flank. The Battle of Ridanieh was fought January 22, 1517.[32] With a band of devoted followers, Tuman threw himself into the midst of the Ottoman ranks, and even reached Sinan Pasha's tent and personally killed him, thinking he was Selim.[32] But in the end the Egyptians were routed, and fled two miles up the Nile. The Ottomans then entered the City of Cairo unopposed.[32] They took the Citadel and slew the entire Circassian garrison, while all around the streets became the scene of terrible outrage. Selim I himself occupied an island close to Bulac.[32] The following day his Vizier, entering the city, endeavored to stop the wild rapine of the troops; and the Caliph Al-Mutawakkil III, who had followed in Selim's train, led the public service invoking blessing on his name. The Caliph's prayer as given by Ibn Ayas.[citation needed]

O Lord, uphold the Sultan, Monarch both of land and the two Seas; Conqueror of both Hosts; King of both Iracs [sic]; Minister of both Holy cities; the great Prince Selim Shah! Grant him Thy heavenly aid and glorious victories ! O King of the present and the future, Lord of the Universe![32]

Capture of Cairo (1517)

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Main article: Capture of Cairo (1517)

After the battle of Ridaniya (23 January 1517) Selim encamped on the island of Vustaniye (or Burac) facing Cairo, the capital. But he didn't enter Cairo. Because Tumanbay II the sultan of the Mamluks as well as Kayıtbay another leader of the Mamluks had managed to escape, Selim decided to concentrate on arresting the leaders before entering Cairo. Thus he sent only a vanguard regiment to Cairo on 26 January. Although the regiment was able to enter the capital without much fighting, the same night Tumanbay also secretly came to the capital. With the assistance of some Cairo citizens, he raided the Ottoman forces in the capital and began controlling Cairo. After hearing the news of Tumanbay's presence in Cairo, Selim sent his Janissaries to the city. After several days' fighting the Ottoman forces entered the city on 3 February 1517. Selim entered the city and sent messages of victory (Turkish: zafername) to other rulers about the conquest of Cairo. Nevertheless, the leaders of the Mamluks were still on the loose.[33]

Battle of Cairo (1517)

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The Battle of Cairo was an attempt by Sultan Tuman Bay II's forces to liberate Cairo from Ottoman rule in January 1517.[34] Although the Mamluks were successful in the first raid, they were later defeated when Selim I personally took control of the Ottoman army and lost control of the city again.[35] Realizing that he could no longer resist, Sultan Tuman Bay retreated to the Giza region. After a two-month pursuit, he was captured on March 30 and executed in Cairo on April 13.[36]


Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula

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Main article: Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)
Outline of the Ottoman Empire, from the Theatro d'el Orbe de la Tierra de Abraham Ortelius, Antwerp, 1602, updated from the 1570 edition

Sultan Selim then conquered the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, defeating the Mamluk Egyptians first at the Battle of Marj Dabiq (24 August 1516), and then at the Battle of Ridanieh (22 January 1517). This led to the Ottoman annexation of the entire sultanate, from Syria and Palestine in Sham, to Hejaz and Tihamah in the Arabian Peninsula, and ultimately Egypt itself. This permitted Selim to extend Ottoman power to the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina, hitherto under Egyptian rule. Rather than style himself the Ḥākimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, or The Ruler of The Two Holy Cities, he accepted the more pious title Ḫādimü'l-Ḥaremeyn, or The Servant of The Two Holy Cities.[17][37]

The last Abbasid caliph, al-Mutawakkil III, was residing in Cairo as a Mamluk puppet at the time of the Ottoman conquest. He was subsequently sent into exile in Istanbul. In the eighteenth century, a story emerged claiming that he had officially transferred his title to the Caliphate to Selim at the time of the conquest. In fact, Selim did not make any claim to exercise the sacred authority of the office of caliph, and the notion of an official transfer was a later invention.[5]

After conquering Damascus in 1516, Selim ordered the restoration of the tomb of Ibn Arabi (d. 1240), a famous Sufi master who was highly revered among Ottoman Sufis.[38]

Death

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A modern painting depicting Selim I during the Egypt campaign, located in Army Museum, Istanbul
Selim I on his deathbed
The türbe of Selim I in his mosque

A planned campaign westward was cut short when Selim was overwhelmed by sickness and subsequently died in the ninth year of his reign aged 49. Officially, it is said that Selim succumbed to a mistreated carbuncle. Some historians, however, suggest that he died of cancer or that his physician poisoned him.[39] Other historians have noted that Selim's death coincided with a period of plague in the empire, and have added that several sources imply that Selim himself suffered from the disease.

On 22 September 1520 Selim I's eight-year reign came to an end. Selim died and was brought to Istanbul, so he could be buried in Yavuz Selim Mosque, which his son and successor, Sultan Suleiman I, commissioned in loving memory of his father. Selim I had conquered and unified the Islamic holy lands. Protecting the lands in Europe, he gave priority to the East, as he believed the real danger came from there.[40][41]

Personality

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Yavuz Selim Mosque was commissioned by the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I in memory of his father Selim I, who died in 1520. The architect was Alaüddin (Acem Alisi).[42]
Selim I
Selim I by an unknown European painter
16th-century miniature of Selim I
Selim I and Piri Mehmed Pasha
Selim I by Aşık Çelebi

By most accounts, Selim had a fiery temper and had very high expectations of those below him. Several of his viziers were executed for various reasons. A famous anecdote relates how another vizier playfully asked the Sultan for some preliminary notice of his doom so that he might have time to put his affairs in order. The Sultan laughed and replied that indeed he had been thinking of having the vizier killed but had no one fit to take his place, otherwise he would gladly oblige. A popular Ottoman curse was "May you be a vizier of Selim's!" in reference to the number of viziers he had executed.[43]

Selim was one of the empire's most successful and respected rulers, being energetic and hardworking. During his short eight years of ruling, he accomplished momentous success. Despite the length of his reign, many historians agree that Selim prepared the Ottoman Empire to reach its zenith under the reign of his son and successor, Suleiman the Magnificent.[44]

Selim was bilingual in Turkish and Persian, with the Ottoman literary critic Latifî (died 1582) noting that he was "very fond of speaking Persian".[45][46] He was also a distinguished poet who wrote both Turkish and Persian verse[47] under the nickname Mahlas Selimi; collections of his Persian poetry are extant today.[44]

In a letter to his rival, while equating himself with Alexander, Selim calls his rival Ismail the "Darius of our days".[48] Paolo Giovio, in a work written for Charles V, says that Selim holds Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar in the highest esteem above all the generals of old.[49]

Foreign relations

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Relations with Shah Ismail

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While marching into Persia in 1514, Selim's troops suffered from the scorched-earth tactics of Shah Ismail. The sultan hoped to lure Ismail into an open battle before his troops starved to death, and began writing insulting letters to the Shah, accusing him of cowardice:

They, who by perjuries seize scepters ought not to skulk from danger, but their breast ought, like the shield, to be held out to encounter peril; they ought, like the helm, to affront the foeman's blow.

Ismail responded to Selim's third message, quoted above, by having an envoy deliver a letter accompanied by a box of opium. The Shah's letter insultingly implied that Selim's prose was the work of an unqualified writer on drugs. Selim was enraged by the Shah's denigration of his literary talent and ordered the Persian envoy to be torn to pieces.[50]

Outside of their military conflicts, Selim I and Shah Ismail clashed on the economic front as well. Opposed to Shah Ismail's adherence to the Shia sect of Islam (contrasting his Sunni beliefs), Selim I and his father before him "did not really accept his basic political and religious legitimacy,"[51] beginning the portrayal of the Safavids in Ottoman chronicles as kuffar.[52] After the Battle of Chaldiran, Selim I's minimal tolerance for Shah Ismail disintegrated, and he began a short era of closed borders with the Safavid Empire.

Selim I wanted to use the Ottoman Empire's central location to completely cut the ties between Shah Ismail's Safavid Empire and the rest of the world.[53] Even though the raw materials for important Ottoman silk production at that time came from Persia rather than developed within the Ottoman Empire itself,[54] he imposed a strict embargo on Iranian silk in an attempt to collapse their economy.[53] For a short amount of time, the silk resources were imported via the Mamluk territory of Aleppo, but by 1517, Selim I had conquered the Mamluk state and the trade fully came to a standstill.[55] So strict was this embargo that, "merchants who had been incautious enough not to immediately leave Ottoman territory when war was declared had their goods taken away and were imprisoned,"[55] and to emphasize frontier security, sancaks along the border between the two empires were given exclusively to Sunnis and those who did not have any relationship with the Safavid-sympathizing Kızılbaş.[56] Iranian merchants were barred from entering the borders of the Ottoman Empire under Selim I. Shah Ismail received revenue via customs duties, therefore after the war to demonstrate his commitment to their thorny rivalry, Selim I halted trade with the Safavids[55]—even at the expense of his empire's own silk industry and citizens.

This embargo and closed borders policy was reversed quickly by his son Suleyman I after Selim I's death in 1520.[55]

Relations with Babur

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Babur's early relations with the Ottomans were poor because Selim I provided Babur's Uzbek rival Ubaydullah Khan with powerful matchlocks and cannons.[57] In 1507, when ordered to accept Selim I as his rightful suzerain, Babur refused and gathered Qizilbash servicemen in order to counter the forces of Ubaydullah Khan during the Battle of Ghazdewan in 1512. In 1513, Selim I reconciled with Babur (fearing that he would join the Safavids), dispatched Ustad Ali Quli and Mustafa Rumi, and many other Ottoman Turks, in order to assist Babur in his conquests; this particular assistance proved to be the basis of future Mughal-Ottoman relations.[57] From them, he also adopted the tactic of using matchlocks and cannons in field (rather than only in sieges), which would give him an important advantage in India.[58]

Family

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Consorts

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Selim I had many concubines,[59] the only known consort being the mother of his successor and only surviving son, Suleiman the Magnificent:

Allegedly, Selim had another consort:

Sons

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Selim I had at least six sons:

  • Şehzade Salih (died 1499, buried in Gülbahar Hatun Mausoleum, Trabzon)[62][63][64][65]
  • Şehzade Orhan (1500? – 1510?)[66]
  • Şehzade Musa (? – before 1520)[66]
  • Şehzade Korkud (? – before 1520)[66]
  • Suleiman I (1494–1566) – with Hafsa Hatun. Also known as Suleiman the Magnificent, became sultan after his father's death.[63][64][65]
  • Üveys Pasha (1512–1547). Illegitimate son, governor of Yemen

Daughters

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Selim I had at least nine daughters:[66]

  • Hanım Sultan or Hatice Sultan (?- 7.1538) - daughter of Selim I she was married around 1508. Her first husband was Bostancıbaşı İskender Pasha, beyberli of Egriboz and later admiral, who was made a vezir and later executed on the orders of her father. In 1517, she was re-married to İskenderzade (Boşnak) Mustafa Pasha who died in 1525/26. Earlier tradition used to believe that she was married to Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha but Ebru Turan's essay on "The Marriage of Ibrahim Pasha" has debunked this tradition. She had multiple children. Hanim died in the early months of 945 AH, i.e. around June/July 1538.[67]
  • Gevherhan Sultan (1494-)- she was married in the year 1509 to her cousin Sultanzade Isfendiyaroglu Mehmed Bey (son of Sofu Fatma Sultan, daughter of Bayezid II), governor of Balıkesir. They had no known children and she was widowed in 1514 when Mehmed died at the Battle of Chaldiran. According to unsourced traditions, she remarried Saadet I, Crimean Khan of the Giray dynasty. If true, she was the mother of Saadet's son, Ahmed Pasha. Her birth year is speculated as 1494 but in presence of multiple other older daughters, it seems very unlikely that a far younger daughter would have been married.[66]
  • Hafize Hafsa Sultan (? - 1522?) - She was married to Dukaginzade Ahmed Pasha in 1511, who became Grand Vizier and was subsequently executed on the orders of her father, Selim I. She re-married to Çoban Mustafa Pasha. She likely died young, as there are no certain records of her existence after the death of her first husband, especially because her second husband -if she was even married to him- was married to another of Selim's daughters, Şehzâde Sultan in 1523, at the same time when Şah Sultan was married to Lütfi Pasha. Her date of death has been confused with that of Hanım Sultan.[68][69][70]
  • Fatma Sultan (? - 1556?) - Married three times in 1516, 1522/23 and 1555/56. Maybe she had two daughters.[71][72]
  • Beyhan Sultan (ante 1494 - 1559) - daughter of Hafsa Sultan. She was also called Peykhan Sultan. Married to Ferhad Pasha by her brother, Suleiman I. She had at least one daughter, Esmehan Hanımsultan.[69][70]
  • Şah Sultan (1500–1572),[73] called also Devlet Şahihuban Sultan. married in 1523 to Lütfi Pasha (div.).[69][70][74]
  • Şehzâde Sultan (died after 1556), known also as Sultanzade Sultan, she married Çoban Mustafa Pasha in 1523. She had at least one daughter, possibly called Ayşe Hanımsultan before her husband died in April 1529. She and her daughter, who is unnamed appeared in the first extant Old Palace Harem register of Suleiman's reign dating 1555-56.[66][75]
  • Kamerşah Sultan (died on 27 September 1503 in Trabzon, buried in Gülbahar Hatun Mausoleum, Trabzon), called also Kamer Sultan;[63][64][65]
  • Yenişah Sultan (? - ?). She married Güzelce Mahmud Pasha.[66]

Legacy

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ Hanefi Bostan, XV–XVI. Asırlarda Trabzon Sancağında Sosyal ve İktisadi Hayat, p. 67
  2. ^ Ölçer, Cüneyt (1989). "Ottoman coinage during the reign of Yavuz Sultan Selim I, son of Bayezıd II".
  3. ^ Mansel, Philip (2011). Constantinople: City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924. John Murray Press. p. PT42. ISBN 978-1848546479.
  4. ^ a b Ágoston, Gábor (2009). "Selim I". In Ágoston, Gábor; Bruce Masters (eds.). Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts On File. pp. 511–513. ISBN 978-0816062591.
  5. ^ a b Finkel, Caroline (2005). Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300–1923. New York: Basic Books. pp. 110–111. ISBN 978-0-465-02396-7.
  6. ^ Necdet Sakaoğlu [in Turkish] (2008). Bu mülkün kadın sultanları: Vâlide sultanlar, hâtunlar, hasekiler, kadınefendiler, sultanefendiler. Oğlak publications. p. 136. ISBN 978-975-329-623-6.
  7. ^ Alderson, Anthony Dolphin (1956). The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty. Clarendon Press.
  8. ^ Leslie P. Peirce (1993). The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire. Oxford University Press. pp. 106–107. ISBN 978-0-19-508677-5.
  9. ^ God's Shadow: The Ottoman Sultan Who Shaped the Modern World Template:Webarşiv. By Alan Mikhail.
  10. ^ Ottoman-Safavid Relations under Bayezid II (1501-1512) Template:Webarşiv, 2020. F. Papadimitriou.
  11. ^ Mikhail, Alan (18 August 2020). God's Shadow: The Ottoman Sultan Who Shaped the Modern World. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-33192-5.
  12. ^ Mikhail, Alan (18 August 2020). God's Shadow: The Ottoman Sultan Who Shaped the Modern World. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-33192-5.
  13. ^ "ŞAH İSMÂİL - TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi". islamansiklopedisi.org.tr. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  14. ^ "SELİM I". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish). Retrieved 28 May 2025.
  15. ^ Mikhail, Alan (18 August 2020). God's Shadow: The Ottoman Sultan Who Shaped the Modern World. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-33192-5.
  16. ^ Mikhail (2020). sfnp error: multiple targets (4×): CITEREFMikhail2020 (help)
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Bibliography

[edit]
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Selim". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 606–607.
  • Holt, P. M. (1967). "Sultan Selim I and the Sudan". Journal of African History. 8 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1017/S0021853700006794. S2CID 161275064.
  • Karagoz, Huseyn Mirza (2017). "Alevism in Turkey: Tensions and patterns of migration". In Issa, Tözün (ed.). Alevis in Europe: Voices of Migration, Culture and Identity. Routledge.
  • Mikhail, Alan (2020). God's Shadow: Sultan Selim, His Ottoman Empire, and the Making of the Modern World. Liveright. ISBN 978-1-631-49239-6.
  • Savory, Roger (2007). Iran Under the Safavids. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521042512.
  • Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005). The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-253-9.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Holt, P. M. (1967). "Sultan Selim I and the Sudan". Journal of African History. 8 (1): 19–23. doi:10.1017/S0021853700006794. S2CID 161275064.
  • Winter, Michael. "The Conquest of Syria and Egypt by Sultan Selim I, According to Evliyâ Çelebi." in The Mamluk-Ottoman Transition: Continuity and Change in Egypt and Bilād Al-Shām in the Sixteenth Century' (2016): 127–146.
[edit]
  • Media related to Selim I at Wikimedia Commons
Selim I
Born: 1470/1 Died: 22 September 1520
Regnal titles
Preceded by Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
25 April 1512 – 22 September 1520 		Succeeded by
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded byas Caliph of Cairo 1st Caliph of the Ottoman dynasty
1517–1520 		Succeeded by
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