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{{Short description|President of Liberia from 1920 to 1930}}
{{Short description|President of Liberia from 1920 to 1930}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Charles D. B. King
| name=Charles D. B. King
| image = 1927 Charles Dunbar Burgess King.jpg
| image = CBD King of Liberia.jpg
| caption = 1927 [[Autochrome]] by [[Auguste Léon]]
| caption = King in 1919
| office = 17th [[President of Liberia]]
| order = [[President of Liberia#List of Presidents of Liberia|17th]]
| office = President of Liberia
| term_start = 5 January 1920
| term_start = 5 January 1920
| term_end = 3 December 1930
| term_end = 3 December 1930
| vicepresident = [[Samuel Alfred Ross]] <small>(1920–1924)</small><br />[[Henry Too Wesley]] <small>(1924–1928)</small><br />[[Allen Yancy]] <small>(1928–1930)</small>
| vicepresident = [[Samuel Alfred Ross]] <small>(1920–1924)</small><br />[[Henry Too Wesley]] <small>(1924–1928)</small><br />[[Allen Yancy]] <small>(1928–1930)</small>
| predecessor = [[Daniel E. Howard]]
| successor = [[Edwin Barclay]]
| predecessor = [[Daniel E. Howard]]
| successor = [[Edwin Barclay]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1875|03|12|df=yes}}
| birth_date = {{birth date|1875|03|12|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Monrovia]], Liberia
| birth_place = [[Monrovia]], [[Liberia]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1961|09|04|1875|03|12|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1961|09|04|1875|03|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = Monrovia, Liberia
| party = [[True Whig]]
| death_place = [[Monrovia]], [[Liberia]]
| party = [[True Whig]]
| relations = [[Olubanke King Akerele]] (granddaughter)
}}
}}
'''Charles Dunbar Burgess King''' (12 March 1875 – 4 September 1961) was a Liberian politician who served as the 17th [[president of Liberia]] from 1920 to 1930. He was of [[Americo-Liberian]] and [[Sierra Leone Creole]] descent. He was a member of the [[True Whig Party]], which ruled the country from 1878 until 1980.
'''Charles Dunbar Burgess King''' (12 March 1875 – 4 September 1961) was a Liberian politician who served as the [[President of Liberia#List of Presidents of Liberia|17th president of Liberia]] from 1920 to 1930. He was of [[Americo-Liberian]] and [[Sierra Leone Creole people|Krio]] descent. He was a member of the [[True Whig Party]], which ruled the country from 1878 until 1980.


King was [[Attorney General]] from 1904 until 1912, and [[Secretary of State of Liberia]] from 1912 until he was elected president in 1919. In this capacity, he attended the 1919 [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] and the accompanying [[Pan-African Congress#1st Pan-African Congress (1919)|First Pan-African Congress]]. Though a moderate supporter of reform, he continued to support the patronage machine and [[Political corruption|corrupt]] dominance of the True Whig Party.
King was [[Attorney General]] from 1904 until 1912, and [[Secretary of State]] of Liberia from 1912 until he was elected president in 1919. In this capacity, he attended the 1919 [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] and the accompanying [[Pan-African Congress#1st Pan-African Congress|First Pan-African Congress]]. Though a moderate supporter of reform, he continued to support the patronage machine and [[Political corruption|corrupt]] dominance of the True Whig Party.


President King’s administration was marked with scandal. Charles D. B. King, was the first president of Liberia and one of the few presidents in the world to freely give out power of an elected office, to which the United States expressed concern. His economic agenda and development plan included bringing Firestone Rubber Company to Liberia. He was concerned about the educational status of Libertarians and imported architectural engineers to built Booker Washington Institute (BWI), which is still educating Liberians until today. He also opened C.D. B. King Elementary School, which still operates today.
President King's administration was marked by scandal. His economic agenda and development plan consistently fell short of expectations; and while literacy rates increased with broader access to [[public education]], his presidency is best known for a string of political scandals and economic setbacks.


In 1927, he won the [[1927 Liberian general election|presidential election]] with over 15 times more votes than there were electors, causing concern for a rigged and corrupt election, but a [[forced labor]] and [[slavery]] scandal forced his resignation in 1930. Charles King resigned in disgrace and retired from seeking higher office thereafter until his death. His presidency was marked by extreme corruption, [[nepotism]] for the hiring of officials rather than by skill, and a lack of transparency regarding the decisions his administration was making regarding the welfare of the people and use of slave labor.
In 1927, he won the [[1927 Liberian general election|presidential election]] with over 15 times more votes than there were electors, making it the second most fraudulent election ever recorded and causing concern for a rigged and corrupt election, but a [[forced labor]] and [[slavery]] scandal forced his resignation in 1930. Charles King was later appointed as the first Ambassador to the United States. He remained as Ambassador until his death.


==Presidency (1920–1930)==
==Presidency (1920–1930)==
King became Liberia's President in 1920 and served for ten years. As president, he helped establish the [[Booker Washington Institute|Booker Washington Agricultural and Industrial Institute]] in [[Kakata]] in 1929,<ref name="nyt 2003">{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Tim|title=Kakata Journal; An Army of Educators Saves a Liberian College|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/01/world/kakata-journal-an-army-of-educators-saves-a-liberian-college.html|accessdate=21 February 2014|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 1, 2003}}</ref> and although King was considered a moderate reformer within the True Whig Party, his administration was mired in corruption and controversy, serving the party's patronage machine and making appointments based on nepotism and political favors.
King became Liberia's President in 1920 and served for 10 years. Though a moderate supporter of reform, he continued to support the patronage machine and dominance of the True Whig Party. As president, he helped establish the [[Booker Washington Institute|Booker Washington Agricultural and Industrial Institute]] in [[Kakata]] in 1929.<ref name="nyt 2003">{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Tim|title=Kakata Journal; An Army of Educators Saves a Liberian College|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/01/world/kakata-journal-an-army-of-educators-saves-a-liberian-college.html|accessdate=21 February 2014|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=September 1, 2003}}</ref>


===Negotiation of a loan from the United States===
===Negotiation of a loan from the United States===


By the early 1920s, Liberia's financial crisis had worsened to the point where President King headed up a commission that traveled to the United States to seek reorganization of the country's staggering debt burden.<ref>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/98278582/ Liberia President Coming]". ''The New York Times''. February 19, 1921. p. 2.</ref> They arrived in March 6, 1921, shortly after [[Warren Harding|President Warren G. Harding]] had taken office. <ref>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/145933043/ Liberian Chief Arrives]". ''The Washington Post''. March 7, 1921. p. 1.</ref> The [[U.S. Congress]] had suspended all foreign credit and extension of foreign loans, even though the [[U.S. State Department]] favored approving the request from the Liberian delegation.<ref>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/530438610/18AA51EBE04548A5PQ/ Department of State Favors Liberia Loan]". ''Afro-American''. July 8, 1921. p. 1.</ref> In July, [[U.S. Secretary of State]] [[Charles Evans Hughes]] said that it was the moral duty to extend the requested loan to Liberia because of a 1918 agreement between the two countries.<ref name= entitled>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/98309728/ Declares Liberia Entitled to Loan]". ''The New York Times''. August 2, 1921. p. 8.</ref> The following month, President Harding told Congress that he agreed with Secretary Hughes.<ref name= entitled/> Negotiations dragged on until October before the State Department finally granted Liberia a loan for $5{{nbsp}}million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|5|1921|r=0}}{{nbsp}}million in {{Inflation/year|US}})
By the early 1920s, Liberia's financial crisis had worsened to the point where President King headed up a commission which traveled to the United States to seek reorganization of its staggering debt burden. They arrived in March 1921, shortly after [[Warren Harding|President Harding]] had taken office. The United States Congress had suspended all foreign credit and extension of foreign loans, even though the State Department was sympathetic to the request from the Liberian delegation. Negotiations dragged on until October before the State Department finally granted Liberia a loan for $5 million.


The United States government under President Harding proposed anew (after an attempt made during World War I from Liberian President Howard to get a loan from the previous [[Woodrow Wilson]] Administration) to Congress a $5{{nbsp}}million loan to Liberia. The House of Representatives approval the loan in a vote of 148–139, but the Senate voted 42–32 against giving the loan.<ref>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/146028459/ Pass Liberian Loan After Bitter Fight]". ''The Washington Post''. May 11, 1922. p. 1</ref><ref>Le Count Chestnut, J. (December 2, 1922). "[https://www.proquest.com/docview/491959504/ Senate Kills Liberian Loan]". ''The Chicago Defender''. p. 1.</ref> This created great disappointment and a sense of desperation among Liberian officials, who worried that British and French designs on their country might now prove unstoppable. Liberia had become a charter member of the [[League of Nations]] in 1919, and the Liberian government was determined to safeguard its sovereignty.
The United States government under President Harding proposed anew (after an attempt made during World War I from Liberian President Howard to get a loan from the previous [[Woodrow Wilson]] Administration) to Congress a $5 million loan to Liberia. The House gave its approval but the Senate refused, creating great disappointment and a sense of desperation among Liberian officials, who worried that British and French designs on their country might now prove unstoppable. Liberia had become a charter member of the [[League of Nations]] in 1919, and Monrovia was determined to safeguard its sovereignty.


===Firestone Rubber Company===
===Firestone Rubber Company===
[[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone Rubber Company]] began exporting [[Natural rubber|rubber]] from Liberia in 1934, having obtained a concession to lease land in 1926. The Liberian economy soon came to depend on it. Through subsidiary Finance Corporation of America, Firestone also boosted the Liberian economy with a $5 million loan that permitted the government to consolidate and bond debts and fund public improvements.
In 1925, [[Firestone Tire and Rubber Company|Firestone Rubber Company]] agreed to a 99-year lease of {{convert|1000000|acres|sqkm}} of land in Liberia in order to grow [[Natural rubber|rubber]] on it.<ref>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/543932492/ Tire Magnate Starts Rubber Control Fight]". ''Associated Press''. The Baltimore Sun. p. 1.</ref> Firestone began exporting rubber from Liberia in 1934. The Liberian economy soon came to depend on it. Firestone's subsidiary Finance Corporation of America gave a $5{{nbsp}}million loan to the Liberian government, which Liberia intended to use to consolidate and bond debts and fund public improvements.<ref name=seven>"[https://www.proquest.com/docview/530714370/ Liberia Pays Seven Per Cent on Big Loan]". ''Afro-American''. May 5, 1928. p. 5.</ref> Under the terms of the loan, the President of the United States appointed a financial advisor to Liberia who had the power to approve and disapprove all expenditures by the Liberian government.<ref name= seven/> The Liberian government was also required to use $2.5{{nbsp}}million of the loan to purchase [[United States Treasury security|bond]]s at a ten{{nbsp}}percent markup.<ref name= seven/> Of the remainder, over $1.1{{nbsp}}million went toward loan repayments on a 1912 loan from the U.S.<ref name= seven/> As a result, very little of the proceeds of the 1934 loan were available to help the country.<ref name=seven/> Meanwhile, the loan repayments constituted 40{{nbsp}}percent of the Liberian government's annual income.<ref name=seven/>


===Presidential election of 1927===
===Presidential election of 1927===
[[File:LiberiaKing.jpg|thumb|250px|King, with his entourage on the steps of the [[Peace Palace]], The Hague, in 1927.]]
[[File:LiberiaKing.jpg|thumb|250px|King, with his entourage on the steps of the [[Peace Palace]], The Hague, in 1927.]]
King was challenged in the [[1927 Liberian general election|1927 presidential election]] by Thomas Faulkner. According to the official statement, King received 234,000 votes;<ref>{{cite book | last = Blundell | first = Nigel | title = The World's Greatest Mistakes | publisher = Bounty Books | location = New York | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-600-57232-3 |page=135}}</ref> however, Liberia only had 15,000 registered voters at the time. Thus, King was later listed in the ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'' for the most fraudulent election reported in history.<ref>{{cite book|title=Guinness Book of World Records 1982|year=1981|isbn=0-8069-0225-6 |last1=McWhirter |first1=Norris |publisher=Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated }}</ref>
King was stiffly challenged in the [[1927 Liberian general election|presidential election of 1927]] by Thomas Faulkner. According to an official statement, King received 234,000 votes;<ref>{{cite book | last = Blundell | first = Nigel | title = The World's Greatest Mistakes | publisher = Bounty Books | location = New York | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-600-57232-3 |page=135}}</ref> however, Liberia only had 15,000 registered voters at the time. Thus, King earned the dubious achievement of being listed in the ''[[Guinness Book of Records]]'' for the most fraudulent election reported in history.<ref>{{cite book|title=Guinness Book of World Records 1982|year=1981|isbn=0-8069-0225-6}}</ref>


===Forced labor and slavery scandal===
===Forced labor and slavery scandal===
After losing the 1927 presidential election to King, Thomas Faulkner accused many members of the True Whig Party government of recruiting and selling contract labor as slaves. Despite Liberia's firm denials and a refusal to cooperate, the League of Nations established a commission under the leadership of British zoologist [[Cuthbert Christy]] to determine the extent of forced labor and slavery still practiced by Liberia. U.S. President [[Herbert Hoover]] briefly [[Liberia–United States relations|suspended relations]] to press Monrovia into compliance.
After losing the 1927 presidential election to King, Thomas Faulkner accused many members of the True Whig Party government of recruiting and selling contract labor as slaves. Despite Liberia's firm denials and a refusal to cooperate, the League of Nations established a commission under the leadership of British zoologist [[Cuthbert Christy]] to determine the extent of forced labor and slavery still practiced by Liberia. U.S. President [[Herbert Hoover]] briefly suspended relations to press Monrovia into compliance.


In 1930, the League of Nations published the committee's report, dubbed the 'Christy Report' after the Committee's chairman. The report supported many of Faulkner's allegations and implicated many government officials, including vice president [[Allen Yancy]]. It was found that forced labor was used for the construction of certain public works such as roads in the interior. And certain tribes did practice domestic servitude that could be considered as slavery.
In 1930 the League of Nations published the committee's report, dubbed the ‘Christy Report’ after the Committee's chairman. The report supported many of Faulkner's allegations and implicated many government officials, including vice president [[Allen Yancy]]. It was found that forced labor was used for the construction of certain public works such as roads in the interior. And certain tribes did practice domestic servitude that could be considered as slavery.


The report found:
The report found:
Line 51: Line 51:


Subsequently, King and Vice-President Yancy, along with other implicated leaders, resigned.
Subsequently, King and Vice-President Yancy, along with other implicated leaders, resigned.

==Post-presidency==
King served as [[List of ambassadors of Liberia to the United States|resident minister to the United States]] from 24 to 25 July 1947, when the legation was raised to embassy. King continued to serve as ambassador until 1952.<ref name="state">{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/s/cpr/94097.htm|title=Diplomatic Representation for Republic of Liberia|date=17 March 2008 |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
King was first married to Janie E. Scott, and the couple had a son and two daughters.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=16 September 1961 |title=Ex-President King of Liberia Is Dead |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J9cmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xgIGAAAAIBAJ&pg=1241,3659584 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=The Afro-American}}</ref> His second wife was Cecelia Adeline Cooper and they had one son together.<ref name=":0" /> In 1919, King and his wife were guests of President [[Woodrow Wilson]] in the United States.<ref name=":0" />

He is the grandfather of [[Olubanke King Akerele]].


==See also==
==See also==
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==External links==
==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{wikiquote}}
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=f0VnzMelzm8C&dq=freetown+charles+d.b.+king&pg=PA1010 Google Books]
*[https://www.google.com/books?id=f0VnzMelzm8C&pg=PA1010&dq=freetown+charles+d.b.+king&sig=xKBOjiJViNTps66vLmc90tMJHkM Google Books]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=f0VnzMelzm8C&dq=freetown+charles+d.b.+king&pg=PA1010 Google Books]
*[https://www.google.com/books?id=f0VnzMelzm8C&pg=PA1010&dq=freetown+charles+d.b.+king&sig=xKBOjiJViNTps66vLmc90tMJHkM Google Books]


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{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
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{{Succession box|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Liberia)|Secretary of State]]|before=[[F. E. R. Johnson]]|after=[[Edwin Barclay]]|years=1912–1920}}
{{succession box|title=[[President of Liberia]]|before=[[Daniel E. Howard]]|after=[[Edwin Barclay]]|years=1920–1930}}
{{succession box|title=[[President of Liberia]]|before=[[Daniel E. Howard]]|after=[[Edwin Barclay]]|years=1920–1930}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Permanent Representative of Liberia to the United Nations]]|before=Position established|after=[[Richard L. L. Bright]]|years=1949–1951}}
{{s-end}}
{{s-end}}


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[[Category:Sierra Leone Creole people]]
[[Category:Sierra Leone Creole people]]
[[Category:Liberian people of Sierra Leone Creole descent]]
[[Category:Liberian people of Sierra Leone Creole descent]]
[[Category:Ministers of foreign affairs of Liberia]]
[[Category:Foreign Ministers of Liberia]]
[[Category:1875 births|King, Charles D.B.]]
[[Category:1875 births|King, Charles D.B.]]
[[Category:1961 deaths|King, Charles D.B.]]
[[Category:1961 deaths|King, Charles D.B.]]
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[[Category:Attorneys general of Liberia]]
[[Category:Attorneys general of Liberia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Liberia to the United States]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Liberia to the United States]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of Liberia to the United Nations]]
[[Category:20th-century Liberian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Liberian politicians]]

Revision as of 08:54, 17 June 2025

Charles D. B. King
King in 1919
17th President of Liberia
In office
5 January 1920 – 3 December 1930
Vice PresidentSamuel Alfred Ross (1920–1924)
Henry Too Wesley (1924–1928)
Allen Yancy (1928–1930)
Preceded byDaniel E. Howard
Succeeded byEdwin Barclay
Personal details
Born(1875-03-12)12 March 1875
Monrovia, Liberia
Died4 September 1961(1961-09-04) (aged 86)
Monrovia, Liberia
Political partyTrue Whig

Charles Dunbar Burgess King (12 March 1875 – 4 September 1961) was a Liberian politician who served as the 17th president of Liberia from 1920 to 1930. He was of Americo-Liberian and Krio descent. He was a member of the True Whig Party, which ruled the country from 1878 until 1980.

King was Attorney General from 1904 until 1912, and Secretary of State of Liberia from 1912 until he was elected president in 1919. In this capacity, he attended the 1919 Paris Peace Conference and the accompanying First Pan-African Congress. Though a moderate supporter of reform, he continued to support the patronage machine and corrupt dominance of the True Whig Party.

President King’s administration was marked with scandal. Charles D. B. King, was the first president of Liberia and one of the few presidents in the world to freely give out power of an elected office, to which the United States expressed concern. His economic agenda and development plan included bringing Firestone Rubber Company to Liberia. He was concerned about the educational status of Libertarians and imported architectural engineers to built Booker Washington Institute (BWI), which is still educating Liberians until today. He also opened C.D. B. King Elementary School, which still operates today.

In 1927, he won the presidential election with over 15 times more votes than there were electors, making it the second most fraudulent election ever recorded and causing concern for a rigged and corrupt election, but a forced labor and slavery scandal forced his resignation in 1930. Charles King was later appointed as the first Ambassador to the United States. He remained as Ambassador until his death.

Presidency (1920–1930)

King became Liberia's President in 1920 and served for 10 years. Though a moderate supporter of reform, he continued to support the patronage machine and dominance of the True Whig Party. As president, he helped establish the Booker Washington Agricultural and Industrial Institute in Kakata in 1929.[1]

Negotiation of a loan from the United States

By the early 1920s, Liberia's financial crisis had worsened to the point where President King headed up a commission which traveled to the United States to seek reorganization of its staggering debt burden. They arrived in March 1921, shortly after President Harding had taken office. The United States Congress had suspended all foreign credit and extension of foreign loans, even though the State Department was sympathetic to the request from the Liberian delegation. Negotiations dragged on until October before the State Department finally granted Liberia a loan for $5 million.

The United States government under President Harding proposed anew (after an attempt made during World War I from Liberian President Howard to get a loan from the previous Woodrow Wilson Administration) to Congress a $5 million loan to Liberia. The House gave its approval but the Senate refused, creating great disappointment and a sense of desperation among Liberian officials, who worried that British and French designs on their country might now prove unstoppable. Liberia had become a charter member of the League of Nations in 1919, and Monrovia was determined to safeguard its sovereignty.

Firestone Rubber Company

Firestone Rubber Company began exporting rubber from Liberia in 1934, having obtained a concession to lease land in 1926. The Liberian economy soon came to depend on it. Through subsidiary Finance Corporation of America, Firestone also boosted the Liberian economy with a $5 million loan that permitted the government to consolidate and bond debts and fund public improvements.

Presidential election of 1927

King, with his entourage on the steps of the Peace Palace, The Hague, in 1927.

King was stiffly challenged in the presidential election of 1927 by Thomas Faulkner. According to an official statement, King received 234,000 votes;[2] however, Liberia only had 15,000 registered voters at the time. Thus, King earned the dubious achievement of being listed in the Guinness Book of Records for the most fraudulent election reported in history.[3]

Forced labor and slavery scandal

After losing the 1927 presidential election to King, Thomas Faulkner accused many members of the True Whig Party government of recruiting and selling contract labor as slaves. Despite Liberia's firm denials and a refusal to cooperate, the League of Nations established a commission under the leadership of British zoologist Cuthbert Christy to determine the extent of forced labor and slavery still practiced by Liberia. U.S. President Herbert Hoover briefly suspended relations to press Monrovia into compliance.

In 1930 the League of Nations published the committee's report, dubbed the ‘Christy Report’ after the Committee's chairman. The report supported many of Faulkner's allegations and implicated many government officials, including vice president Allen Yancy. It was found that forced labor was used for the construction of certain public works such as roads in the interior. And certain tribes did practice domestic servitude that could be considered as slavery.

The report found:

  1. "In order to suppress the native, prevent him from realizing his powers and limitations and prevent him from asserting himself in any way whatever, for the benefit of the dominant and colonizing race, although originally the same African stock as themselves, a policy of gross intimidation and suppression has for years been systematically fostered and encouraged, and is the key word of the Government native policy;" and
  2. that, "...Vice President Yancy [of Liberia] and other high officials of the Liberian Government, as well as county superintendents and district commissioners, have given their sanction for compulsory recruitment of labor for road construction, for shipment abroad and other work, by the aid and assistance of the Liberian Frontier Force; and have condoned the utilization of this force for purposes of physical compulsion on road construction for the intimidation of villagers, for the humiliation and degradation of chiefs, of captured natives to the coast, there guarding them till the time of shipment [to Fernando Po and Sao Tome.]"[4]

Subsequently, King and Vice-President Yancy, along with other implicated leaders, resigned.

See also

References

  1. ^ Weiner, Tim (September 1, 2003). "Kakata Journal; An Army of Educators Saves a Liberian College". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  2. ^ Blundell, Nigel (1995). The World's Greatest Mistakes. New York: Bounty Books. p. 135. ISBN 0-600-57232-3.
  3. ^ Guinness Book of World Records 1982. 1981. ISBN 0-8069-0225-6.
  4. ^ Report of the International Commission of Inquiry into The Existence of Slavery and Forced Labor in the Republic of Liberia. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1931.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Charles D. B. King.
Political offices
Preceded by President of Liberia
1920–1930 		Succeeded by
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