Thanaka
Thanaka (Burmese: သနပ်ခါး; MLCTS: sa.nap hka:; pronounced [θənəkʰá]) is a paste made from ground bark. It is a distinctive feature of the culture of Myanmar, seen commonly applied to the face and sometimes the arms of women and girls, and is used to a lesser extent also by men and boys.[1][2][3]
History
[edit]Thanakha has a longstanding heritage in Myanmar, first used during the Pyu era.[4]
The earliest extent evidence of thanakha appears in wall paintings of several Bagan pagodas, including the Gubyaukgyi, Nagayon, and Apayayadana temples, all of which depict young women with kyaukpyin.[4] The earliest literary reference to thanakha is in "Thonteiktin", a poem written in 1383 by the consort of King Razadarit.[4] Thanakha is also mentioned in the 15th-century literary works of Burmese monk-poet Shin Raṭṭhasāra (1486–1529), including Buridat Zat Paunggyo.[4][5] Following the 1930 earthquake, the kyaukpyin of Princess Yaza Datu Kalaya, the daughter of King Bayinnaung, was found among the ruins of Shwemawdaw Pagoda in Bago.[5]
Thailand began producing cosmetics containing thanakha c. 2017, and began cultivating the wood thereafter.[4] Thailand is currently working to register the scientific name of Hesperethusa crenulata (also known as Limonia acidissima) with the ASEAN Cosmetic Association, to get the species recognized with the World Plant List and given an INCI Name.[4] In 2020, Myanmar submitted thanakha to UNESCO for registration as an intangible cultural heritage, but the submission was rejected, due to insufficient data and evidence in the submission.[4]
Source and preparation
[edit]
The wood of several trees may be used to produce thanaka cream; these trees grow abundantly in central Myanmar. They include principally Murraya spp. (thanaka)[2] but also Limonia acidissima (theethee or wood apple).[6] The two most popular are Shwebo thanaka from Sagaing Region and Shinmadaung thanaka from Magway Region. A more recent contender sold as a paste is Taunggyi Maukme thanaka from southern Shan State. Thanaka trees are perennials, and a tree must be at least 35 years old before it is considered mature enough to yield good-quality cuttings. Thanaka in its natural state is sold as small logs individually or in bundles, but nowadays also available as a paste or in powder form.
Thanaka cream is made by grinding the bark, wood, or roots[2] of a thanaka tree with a small amount of water[6] on a circular slate slab called kyauk pyin,[7] which has a channel around the rim for the water to drain into.
Application, style and properties
[edit]Thanaka cream has been used by Burmese men, women, and children (especially women as make-up) for over 2,000 years.[7] It has a fragrant scent somewhat similar to sandalwood.[2][8] The creamy paste is applied to the face in attractive designs, the most common form being a circular patch on each cheek, nose, sometimes made stripey with the fingers known as thanaka bè gya, or patterned in the shape of a leaf, often also highlighting the bridge of the nose with it at the same time.[7] It may be applied from head to toe (thanaka chi zoun gaung zoun). Apart from cosmetic beauty, thanaka also gives a cooling sensation and provides protection from sunburn.[1] It is believed to help remove acne and promote smooth skin.[7] It is also an anti-fungal.[2] Marmesin has been proposed to be the principal UV blocking agent.[9] A study was conducted in 2010 by the Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok and the University of London. Thanaka bark is antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and absorbs UV rays. The research additionally revealed that Thanaka inhibits tyrosinase, the enzyme that triggers melanin synthesis and impacts pores and skin discolouration.[10]
-
Market stall keeper wearing thanaka, Mandalay -
Market children with thanaka, Mandalay -
Thanaka seller at Kaunghmudaw Pagoda, Sagaing -
A Karen child with thanaka on her face -
A Burmese Hindu woman wearing thanaka -
A girl wearing thanaka in Yangon
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]
- ^ a b Streissguth, Thomas (2007). Myanmar in Pictures. Twenty-First Century. pp. 44, 73. ISBN 978-0-8225-7146-9. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
- ^ a b c d e Mabberley, D J (1997). The Plant-Book: A Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants. Cambridge University Press. pp. 470. ISBN 0-521-41421-0. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
- ^ Kemp, Charles & Lance Andrew Rasbridge (2004). Refugee and Immigrant Health: A Handbook for Health Professionals. Cambridge University Press. p. 98. ISBN 0-521-53560-3. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The Uncertain Future of Myanmar's Thanakha". Build Myanmar - Media. 2024-10-20. Retrieved 2025-05-30.
- ^ a b Yeni (5 August 2011). "Beauty That's More Than Skin Deep". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.
- ^ a b Köllner, Helmut & Axel Bruns (1998). Myanmar (Burma). Hunter Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 3-88618-415-3. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
- ^ a b c d Moe, J. "Thanakha withstands the tests of time". Mizzima News, 17 September 2008. Archived from the original on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-06.
- ^ Baker, William & Ira Bruce Nadel (2004). Redefining the Modern. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 24. ISBN 0-8386-4013-3. Retrieved 2008-01-21.
- ^ Joo, Se-Hwan; Lee, Sang-Cheol; Kim, Seong-Ki (June 2004). "UV absorbent, marmesin, from the bark of Thanakha, Hesperethusa crenulata L.". Journal of Plant Biology. 47 (2): 163–165. Bibcode:2004JPBio..47..163J. doi:10.1007/BF03030648.
- ^ Wangthong, Sakulna; Palaga, Tanapat; Rengpipat, Sirirat; Wanichwecharungruang, Supason P.; Chanchaisak, Panpilai; Heinrich, Michael (November 2010). "Biological activities and safety of Thanaka (Hesperethusa crenulata) stem bark". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 132 (2): 466–472. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.046. PMID 20804839.
| |||||
| History |
| ||||
| Geography | |||||
| Politics | |||||
| Economy | |||||
| Society |
| ||||
